ʻO kahi honu kahi kaʻawale nui o nā mea kolo, kahi e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o ʻekolu haneli mau ʻano. Noho nā honu i nā kai a me nā ʻāina āpau, koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica, nā latitude kiʻekiʻe a me nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe. Honu ʻāina pili i nā holoholona o ka "chordate" ʻano, papa "nā mea kolo", ke kauoha "manu kuhukukū" (lat. Testudines). Ua noho lōʻihi nā honu ma ka Honua no ka manawa lōʻihi loa - ʻoi aku ma mua o 220 miliona mau makahiki. Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka holoholona mai ka huaʻōlelo "testa" - "pōhaku lepo", "tile". Hōʻike ʻia nā kuhukū ʻāina e 16 genera, me 57 mau ʻano.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa nā ʻepekema i ka iho ʻana o nā kuhukukū mai kekahi o nā pūʻulu kolo o ka wā kahiko, ʻo ka inoa kūlana nona ka Permian cotylosaurus. ʻO nā mea kolo kolo i ko lākou helehelena ua like loa me nā moʻo. He pōkole kā lākou, akā i ka manawa like mana loa a ākea nā iwi ʻaoʻao, me nā miliona o ka evolution i lilo i pūpū. He holoholona kai lākou me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi lōʻihi a me ka huelo lōʻihi. ʻO nā kūpuna o nā kuhukū he omnivores - ʻai lākou i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. ʻOiai loaʻa ko lākou koena i kēia manawa ma nā ʻāina āpau, ʻae ʻia ka nui o nā Permian cotylosaurs i maʻa mau i ka manawa hoʻokahi.
Video: honu ʻāina
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā honu āpau ke kū ʻana o kahi pūpū, kahi e pale aku ai mai nā ʻenemi. Loaʻa iā ia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ventral a me dorsal. He kiʻekiʻe loa ka ikaika o ka pūpū, ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke kū i kahi ukana i ʻoi aku i ka kaumaha o ka holoholona - ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 manawa. Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha, loli ka honu ʻāina i ka nui a me ke kaupaona. Aia ma waena o lākou he mau pilikua ʻelua ke kaupaona ʻana i kahi tonine me kahi pūpū ma kahi o 2.5 mau mika, a liʻiliʻi loa, a ʻo nā honu liʻiliʻi, nona ka nui ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 g, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka iwi ʻo 8-10 cm.
Hoʻokaʻawale nā Zoologists i ʻelua mau lānai o nā honu, ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka hūnā ʻana i ko lākou poʻo ma lalo o ka pūpū.
- manu kuhukukū ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao - hūnā ʻia ke poʻo i ke ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao hema a ʻākau paha (ʻaoʻao);
- ʻāʻī huna - pelu ka ʻāʻī i ke ʻano o ka leka S.
Nā ʻano o ka honu ʻāina:
- Honu Galapagos. Hiki i kāna nui ke piʻi i nā semitones, a me kona lōʻihi - a i nā mika. ʻO ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā honu Galapagos kaukaʻi ʻia i kā lākou wahi noho. ʻO kahi laʻana, i nā wahi maloʻo, ua like ko lākou carapace me kahi noho lio; i nā wahi i kiʻekiʻe ka haʻahaʻa, aia i ka pūpū ke kinona o ke kope;
- Honu ʻAigupita. ʻO kekahi o nā honu liʻiliʻi loa. Noho ma ka Hikina Waena. ʻO ka nui o ka pūpū o nā kāne ma kahi o 12 cm, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine;
- honu panther. Noho ma ka ʻākau o ʻApelika. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka pūpū e pili ana i 80 cm, ke kaupaona 40-50 kg. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pūpū, kū i luna;
- Cape. Ka honu liʻiliʻi loa ma ka Honua. Noho ma ʻApelika Hema a me Namibia. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona pūpū ma mua o 9 cm, a ʻo kona kaumaha ma kahi o 96 - 164 g.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina ʻĀkia waena
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, he paʻakikī ko ka honu. He pūpū pale paʻakikī ko ka holoholona ma ka papa holoʻokoʻa o ke kua a me ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka carapace ponoʻī i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: carapace a me plastron. Aia ʻo Carapax i kahi pale kaua o loko, i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā papa iwi, a me ka papa waho o nā scute kornea. Loaʻa i kekahi ʻano laha i ka ʻili mānoanoa o ka ʻili ma luna o kā lākou mea kaua. ʻO Plastron kahi o nā iwi ʻōpū i hoʻopili ʻia, sternum a me ka iwi iwi.
ʻO ke poʻo o nā kuhukukū, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke kino, ʻaʻole nui a stream stream. ʻAe kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka holoholona e lawe koke iā ia inā pilikia. Pōkole ka ʻāʻī o nā honu ʻāina āpau, no laila e kuhikuhi mau ana nā maka i lalo. E nahu nā holoholona a wili i ka meaʻai me ka nuku, kahi e pani ai i ko lākou mau niho. Maʻalahi ka helehelena o ka nuku me nā ʻōhū ʻano e pani i nā niho o nā holoholona.
Mea hoihoi: he mau niho maoli nā honu kahiko i hōʻemi ʻia i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
Pōkole ke alelo o nā kuhukukū a ʻaʻole hele i waho, ʻoiai ke kumu e kōkua i ka ale ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻAneʻane loaʻa nā ʻano honu i kahi huelo, hiki iā ia me ke ʻole o ka iwikuamoʻo i ka hopena. I nā manawa o ka pilikia, hūnā ka honu e like me kona poʻo, ma lalo o ka pūpū. I ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai nā honu, ʻoiai i nā ʻano ʻāina, ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia ka molting e like me ko lākou ʻohana kai.
Hiki i nā honu ʻāina ke hibernate i kekahi manawa, a hiki i ʻeono mau mahina. Hana ʻia kēia ma nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole: ka hau, ka maloʻo. Kūleʻa a lohi hoʻi nā kuhukukū no kēia kumu, inā pilikia lākou, ʻaʻole lākou e holo heʻe, akā peʻe i loko o kā lākou pūpū. ʻO kahi ala ʻē aʻe o ka pale e ninini koke i ka pākeke, kahi, ma ke ala, lumi loa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka honu ʻāina?
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina
ʻO ka wahi noho o nā kuhukukū ma ka ʻāina nui kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia: mai Kazakhstan a me Uzbekistan a Kina, a ma nā wao nahele, steppes, savannas, semi-desert o ʻApelika, ʻAmelika, Albania, Australia, ʻItalia a me Helene, Pakistan a me India. Kūleʻa ka honu ma nā wahi wela a ma nā wahi wela āpau.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo aʻe hiki ke loaʻa nā kuhukukū ma kahi o nā wahi.
- ma ʻApelika;
- ma ʻAmelika Waena;
- ma ʻAmelika Hema, koe wale nō ʻo ʻAtetina a me Kili;
- ma Eurasia, koe wale no nā latitude kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina a me ka ʻAlapia ʻAlapia;
- ma Australia, koe wale no New Zealand a me ka hapa hema o ka ʻāina nui.
ʻO ka nohona nui no nā honu ʻāina ka ʻāina, kahi mea kūpono. I kekahi mau manawa, hiki i nā holoholona ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou iho i ka wai no kahi manawa pōkole i mea e hoʻopiha ai i ka nalo o ka wai i ke kino.
ʻO nā honu lākou iho e ʻeli i ko lākou mau wahi mālama ponoʻī, kahi a lākou e aneane mau ai, a hiki i ka wā pōloli e hoʻoikaika ai iā lākou e hele i ka hopu holoholona. No kēia kumu, makemake nā mea kolo e noho ma nā lepo one a me nā loamy i uhi ʻia me nā mea kanu nui, kahi e lawa ai ka wai a me nā meaʻai. Makemake ʻia ka lepo loose e nā honu no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻeli ʻana.
He aha ka ʻai a ka honu ʻāina?
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina nui
ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai no ka honu ʻāina nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi, kanu i nā meaʻai: ka mauʻu, nā lālā ʻōpio o nā laʻalāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau, nā hua momona, nā hua, nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu. I kekahi manawa, e mālama i ke kaulike o ka protein, hiki iā lākou ke ʻahaʻaina i nā meaʻai o nā holoholona: nā nīnū, nā slug, nā ilo a me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Loaʻa ka hamo no ke kino o ka honu mai nā ʻono momona o nā mea kanu, eia naʻe, inā pono, hiki iā lākou ke inu i ka wai, e hana ana i kēia i kēlā me kēia manawa kūpono. ʻAi nā kuhukukū pahu i nā laikini a me nā lau, me nā mea ʻawahia. Ma muli o kēia hiʻohiʻona, lilo kaʻiʻo a lākou i mea make a kūpono ʻole i ka meaʻai. Akā no ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, no ka mea, ʻo ka ʻiʻo o ka hapanui o nā honu i manaʻo ʻia he meaʻono, ʻo ia ke kumu e emi mau nei kā lākou helu.
Noho nā honu Central Asia i ko lākou hale malumalu i ka lā holoʻokoʻa, a hele wale e ʻai i ka wā pō. Kaulana kēia ʻano me nā ipo honu e like me nā holoholona, ʻoiai lākou e ʻai ʻaneʻane i kekahi mea. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole ʻai nā honu i kekahi mea, ke hele lākou i ka hibernation. ʻO kēia hana ma muli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, e liʻiliʻi loa ka meaʻai. Ka lōʻihi o ka hibernation o nā kuhukukū pae i ka aniau. I ka nahelehele, hala ia mai ʻOkakopa a Malaki.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ka mea e hānai ai i ka honu ʻāina ma ka home. E nānā pehea e noho ai i ka nāhelehele.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina i ke kūlohelohe
ʻOiai ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo i nā honu ʻaʻole ia i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe, he ʻike nui kā lākou. ʻO nā kuhukū ʻāina he mea kolo kolo wale. ʻAʻole hoʻomohala ʻia kā lākou ʻano holoholona. Ke ʻimi nei lākou i ʻelua no lāua wale nō no ka manawa moena, a ma hope a lākou e haʻalele palekana ai i ka hoa.
Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā honu āpau e ka lohi, kahi ʻano o ka hapanui o nā mea kolo. Eia hou, hiki i nā honu, e like me nā bea, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi (i nā mahina hoʻoilo) ke hibernate, kahi e ʻākoakoa ai nā hui liʻiliʻi. I ka wā o ka hibernation, lohi a pau nā hana o ke ola i loko o ko lākou mau kino, i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻomanawanui i ke anuanu hoʻoilo me ka pilikia ʻole. ʻO nā honu kekahi lōʻihi lōʻihi, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā kūlana o ke kanaka, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke noho i nā manawa he nui aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā kānaka. ʻO ka palena maʻamau o ke ola o nā kuhukukū ʻāina ma ke ʻano he 50-150 mau makahiki.
Mea leʻaleʻa: ʻO ka honu mua loa o ka honua i kēia lā kahi honu i kapa ʻia ʻo Jonathan. Noho ʻo ia ma ka mokupuni ʻo St. Hoʻomanaʻo paha ʻo Helena i nā manawa o Napoleon, i ka wā i noho ai ke aliʻi mōʻī Farani ma laila i kahi pio.
He kakaikahi loa nā hihia i ʻike ʻia o nā honu e hōʻeha ai i nā kānaka. Ua kaulana wale nā honu hopu no kēia, a laila i ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, ke hiki i ke kāne ke lawe i kahi kanaka no ka hoa paio a hoʻouka iā ia.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: honu pēpē
E like me ia, ʻaʻohe o ke kau moʻo i nā honu, no laila hana kope i nā manawa like ʻole, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha a me kahi. I nā kuhukukū ʻāina, hōʻailona ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pāʻani moena e hoʻokahi hanana: no ke kuleana e hoʻoulu i ka wahine, komo nā kāne i ke kaua me kekahi. I ka hana ʻana pēlā, hoʻāʻo lākou e hoʻohuli i ko lākou hoa paio a hoʻoikaika iā ia e hoʻi i hope. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano hana o ka hana - ikaika i ka hahau pinepine ʻana me ka pūpū ma ka iwi o ka hoa paio.
Ma hope o ka lele hilahila o kahi mea hoʻokūkū mai ke kahua kaua, hoʻomaka ke kāne lanakila i ka noho aloha ʻana. E huki i ka manaʻo o ka wahine, hiki i ka mea lanakila ke kuʻi me ka mālie i kona poʻo me kāna mau wāwae a hīmeni pū kekahi. Ma hope o kekahi manawa ma hope o ka male ʻana, hoʻomoe ka wahine i mau hua. E hana i kēia, ʻeli lākou i nā lua ma ke one kokoke i nā kino wai. ʻO ka pinepine, no kēia mau kumuhana, hoʻohana lākou i kā lākou lua lua a i ʻole nā pūnana crocodile. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka paʻa hua manu me ke one a i ʻole ka lepo a hoʻopili ʻia me kahi pūpū.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka helu o nā hua i loko o ka paʻa, e pili ana i nā ʻano - 100-200 mau hua. Hiki i nā hua manu ke ʻokoʻa: uhi ʻia me ka pūpū a i ʻole ka ʻiliʻili paʻa. I ka wā o ka moena, hiki i ka wahine ke hana i nā paʻa lima. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ma hope o 91 mau lā, hatch nā honu liʻiliʻi mai nā hua manu, a pili loa ko lākou moekolohe i ka mahana i hana ʻia ai ka manawa hoʻoulu. Inā ʻoluʻolu ia, a laila hiki i nā kāne ke pā, inā wela, a laila wahine. No nā kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻepekema, i kekahi manawa hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa incubation mai ʻeono mau mahina a i kekahi mau makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: I ka 2013, ua hana ʻia kahi hanana kupaianaha i ka hale hōʻikeʻike o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Dnipro (ʻo Dnipropetrovsk ma mua). Nā hua manu kuhukukū, i hōʻike ʻia no nā makahiki he nui, huki ʻia i waho o nā honu.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā kuhukukū ʻāina
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina
I loko nō o ka pale pono i ke ʻano o ka pūpū paʻakikī, nui nā ʻenemi o nā honu i ke kūlohelohe. ʻAlau nā manu lele (hawks, ʻaeto) iā lākou a hoʻolei iā lākou mai kahi kiʻekiʻe i nā pōhaku, a huki i loko o ka na. Hiki i nā keke, nā muries, nā ʻāpuaʻai ke ʻai i nā pēpē pūlehu pau ʻole. Aia kekahi mau hihia ke hoʻolei nā ʻalopeke i nā kuhukukū mai nā pōhaku a i nā pōhaku i mea e māhele ai i nā pūpū e ʻai ai.
Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻimi ʻia nā honu ʻāina e nā jaguars me ka kūleʻa loa. ʻAi akamai lākou i nā mea kolo mai kā lākou pūpū i hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena o kā lākou hana me ka hana o kahi scalpel o kahi kauka. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu nā mea hoʻomake me hoʻokahi honu, akā ʻai pinepine i hoʻokahi manawa, huli iā lākou me ko lākou mau wāwae ma nā kua i nā ʻāina pālahalaha, me ka ʻole o ka mauʻu a me nā pōhaku. I kekahi manawa e alualu ʻia nā kuhukū e nā ʻiole nui - nāʻiole, e nahu ana i ko lākou huelo a i ʻole nā lālā. I ka manawa like, ʻo nā ʻenemi nui nui o nā honu nā kānaka e ʻimi iā lākou no nā hua, kaʻiʻo, a no ka leʻaleʻa wale nō.
Ma waho aʻe o nā mea neʻe a me nā kānaka, hiki i nā ʻenemi o nā kuhukukū ke lilo i fungi, nā virus, nā parasites. ʻO ka pinepine, nā kuhukukū maʻi a nāwaliwali hoʻi, ma muli o ka lohi, lilo i meaʻai na nā ants, i hiki wawe ke ʻuwī i nā ʻāpana palupalu o ke kino. Komo paha kekahi mau kuhukukū i ka cannibalism ma ka ʻai ʻana i ko lākou mau kuhukukū inā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pakele a pale aku paha. A ʻo nā honu nunui ʻo Galapagos, me ko lākou nui a me ko lākou kaumaha, ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo Aeschylus - he mea pāʻani keaka Helene kahiko i make i kahi make hoʻomākeʻaka loa. ʻO kahi honu i hānai ʻia e ka ʻaeto, ua hāʻule ma luna o kona poʻo.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO 228 wale nō nā honu i loaʻa ke kūlana mālama o ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, a ʻo 135 o lākou e kokoke ana e make. ʻO ka honu ʻāina hoʻoweliweli kaulana loa ka honu ʻāina ʻAkia Waena.
ʻO nā kumu nui e hoʻoweliweli i ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o nā kuhukukū ʻāina:
- ʻaihue;
- nā hana mahiʻai;
- nā hana kūkulu.
Eia hou, nā holoholona honu ʻāina nā holoholona aloha nui loa, ʻaʻole ia e pōmaikaʻi iā lākou. ʻOiaʻiʻo, no kēia mea, hopu mau ʻia nā kuhukukū a mālama ʻia i ke pio ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana, a ʻaʻole mau i nā kūlana maikaʻi.
ʻO ka ʻiʻo manu kuhukukū kahi mea ʻono maikaʻi, a ʻo ia ke kumu i makemake nui ʻia ai me nā poʻe restaurateurs. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lawe ʻana o nā honu, no laila lawe ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he "canned food". Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka pūpū o nā holoholona i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomanaʻo like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻonani lauoho wahine kuʻuna.
Mea leʻaleʻa: I ka hapanui o nā mokuʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻae ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā kuhukukū e like me nā holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ma Oregon, pāpā loa ʻia kēia. Pākuʻi ʻia, pāpā ʻia ke kānāwai pekelala o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa nā heihei honu, a ʻo ke kālepa a me ka lawe ʻana o kekahi kanaka i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 cm.
Ka mālama ʻana i nā kuhukukū ʻāina
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina mai ka puke ʻula
Ke alakaʻi o nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa i nā ala āpau e hōʻike ana i kā lākou hana i ke kaua ʻana i ka luku ʻia o nā laha manuahi o nā kuhukukū ʻāina:
- ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka hoʻolilo ʻia ʻana o nā laha laha ʻole, ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā pāpā koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kuhukukū, ma ke kālepa ʻana i ka iʻa o nā kuhukukū, a me kā lākou mau hua a me nā pūpū. I kēia hopena, alakaʻi nā luna i nā huakaʻi maʻamau i nā kahua mokulele a me nā mākeke e ʻimi nei i nā mea kūwaho a kūʻai aku ʻole ʻia me ka ʻole.
- ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana no ka consumeriousness a me ke olakino olakino. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke koi aku nei ke aupuni ʻo Mekiko i nā kamaʻāina ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki e ʻaʻole e kauoha i nā pā honu i loko o nā hale ʻaina, mai ʻai i nā hua manu kuhukukū, a i ʻole kūʻai mai i nā trinket (kāmaʻa, kāʻei, ʻāpana) i hana ʻia i nā pūpū. ʻOiai ua pale ʻia kekahi mau ʻano o nā honu mai ka makahiki 1960, ʻaʻole ia a hiki i nā makahiki 1990 kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai kahi hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi no ka ʻaihue ʻana i loko o ka pāʻālua kalaima Mekiko;
- e hakakā ana i nā mahiʻai honu. Aia kekahi hakakā hakakā me nā mahi honu, kahi e hānai hānai ʻia ai nā holoholona. Mālama ʻia nā honu i nā kūlana weliweli. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou e maʻi nui ana a he mau kīnā ʻole.
Mea hoihoi: ua ʻōlelo ka moʻolelo Uzbek e pili ana i ke kumu o ka honu: "Ua hoʻopunipuni a hoʻopunipuni kekahi mea kālepa hoʻopunipuni a huli lākou iā Allah no ke kōkua. Ua huhū loa ʻo Allah, ua kaomi i ka mea hoʻopunipuni ma waena o nā unahi ʻelua āna i kaumaha ʻole ai a ʻōlelo: "E mau loa ana kāu hōʻike i kāu hilahila!
He mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pūnaewele propaganda ma lalo o ka malu o ka WSPA e kāhea ana i ka pāpā piha loa ma ia mau mahiʻai. Honu ʻāina pono i kā mākou kōkua, me ka ʻole o kēia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi piha i ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau mea nani.
Lā paʻi: 11.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/24/2019 ma 22:09
