ʻ beʻī ʻo Colorado (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) kahi ʻenemi no ke ʻoka Coleoptera a me ka ʻohana o nā nalo lau, no ka genus Leptinotarsa a ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i koho ʻia.
E like me ka mea i hoʻololi ʻia, ʻo ka homeland o kēia ʻenekia ma ka hikina hikina o Mekiko, mai kahi i komo mālie ai i nā panalāʻau e pili ana, me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi i hoʻololi koke ai i nā kūlana anilā. No hoʻokahi kenekulia a me ka hapalua, ua pālahalaha maoli ka ʻiʻo ʻuala ʻo Colorado ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a ua lilo ia i maʻi i nā mea kanu ʻuala a pau.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: beetle potato ʻo Colorado
No ka manawa mua, ua ʻike ʻia ka nīnū potato Colorado a wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia e ka entomologist mai ʻAmelika ʻo Thomas Sayem. Ua hoʻi ia i ka 1824. Ua hōʻiliʻili ka ʻepekema i kekahi mau kope o kahi nalo i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka ʻepekema ma ke komohana hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka inoa ʻo "potet beetle potato" ma hope - i ka makahiki 1859, i ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o kēia mau mea kolo i luku ai i nā māla ʻuala holoʻokoʻa ma Colorado (USA). I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku, ua nui nā beetle ma kēia mokuʻāina i koi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai kūloko e haʻalele i ka mahi ʻana i kaʻuala, ʻoiai ke kumu o ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ke kumukūʻai no ia mea.
Video: Beetle ʻUala ʻo Colorado
Ma ka liʻuliʻu, i kēlā me kēia makahiki, i nā paʻa o nā moku kai, i piha i nā ʻūpala, ua hele ka huʻi i ka Moana ʻAkelanika a hiki i ʻEulopa. I ka 1876, ua ʻike ʻia ma Leipzig, a ma hope o 30 mau makahiki, hiki ke loaʻa ka nīnū potato ʻo Colorado ma ʻEulopa Komohana, koe wale no Pelekane Nui.
A hiki i ka 1918, ua luku maikaʻi ʻia nā kikowaena hānau o ka beetle potato ʻo Colorado, a hiki i kona wā e noho ai ma Palani (ka moku ʻo Bordeaux). ʻOiai, ke kūpono o ke aniau o Bordeaux i kūpono i ka pest, mai ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai e hoʻonui nui i laila a laha maoli i loko o ʻEulopa Komohana a ma ʻō aku hoʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma muli o nā mea ʻano ʻē o kona ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki i ka beetle potato ʻo Colorado ke poholo i ka wai, no laila ʻaʻole nui nā wai o ka wai i mea keʻakeʻa koʻikoʻi iā ia i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Ua komo ka nīnū i ka panalāʻau o ka USSR ma 1940, a ma hope o 15 mau makahiki ua ʻike ʻia ia ma nā wahi āpau o ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka SSR ʻUkelena (Ukraine) a me ka BSSR (Belarus). I ka makahiki 1975, ua hōʻea ka ʻiʻo ʻuala ʻo Colorado i ka Urals. ʻO ke kumu o kēia ka maloʻo lōʻihi lōʻihi, ma muli o kahi hānai no nā holoholona (hay, straw) i lawe ʻia i nā Ural mai Ukraine. Maliʻa paha hele mai kahi ʻāpana pest me nā mauʻu.
Ua hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka USSR a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o kahi hoʻomoana socialist, ka pālahalaha nui ʻana o ka nalo i kūlike me ka hoʻomaka o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "kaua anuanu", no laila ua kau ʻia nā hoʻopiʻi o kahi pōpilikia i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i ka lawelawe malū ʻAmelika o ka CIA. Ua kākau nā nūpepa Polani a me Kelemania i kēia manawa ua kiloi ʻia ka beetle e nā mokulele ʻAmelika i ka panalāʻau o GDR a me Polani.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: kolo potato potato i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO ka nalo potato potato kahi ʻano kolo nui. Hiki i nā mākua ke ulu a 8 - 12 mm ka lōʻihi a ma kahi o 7 mm ka laulā. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino o nā nalo e hoʻomanaʻo hou i kahi kulu wai: oblong, pālahalaha ma lalo a convex ma luna. Hiki i kahi beetle makua ke kaupaona iā 140-160 mg.
Paʻa ka ʻili o ke kino o ka beetle a ʻālohilohi iki. I kēia hihia, melemele-ʻeleʻele ka hope me nā ʻāpana longitudinal ʻeleʻele, a ʻalani ka ʻōpū. Aia nā maka oblong ʻeleʻele o ka nalo ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo poepoe a ākea. Aia ma ke poʻo o ka nalo kahi kiko ʻeleʻele, e like me ka huinakolu, a me nā antennae hoʻoneʻe ʻia, me 11 mau ʻāpana.
Hoʻopili paʻa ka elytra paʻakikī a ikaika hoʻi o ka nalo potato i ke kino a ʻano melemele ʻalani, ʻemi iki melemele, me nā kaha lonikū. Pūnaewele nā ʻeheu o ka Colorado, hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, a ikaika loa, i hiki ai i ka nalo ke hele lōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine o nā nalo ma mua o nā kāne a ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa iā lākou i kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: hiki i nā nalo potato potato ke lele wikiwiki - i ka wikiwiki o 8 km i kēlā me kēia hola, a piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nalo potato potato?
Kiʻi: beetle potato Colorado ma Lūkia
Manaʻo nā Entomologists ʻo ka awelika o ke ola o ka nalo potato potato ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki. I ka manawa like, hiki i kekahi mau mea ʻoʻoleʻa ke hoʻomanawanui i ka hoʻoilo a ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi. Pehea lākou e hana ai? He mea maʻalahi ia - hāʻule lākou i ka diapuse (hibernation), no laila, no ia mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻaʻole ka makahiki i nā makahiki ʻekolu ka palena.
I ke kau mahana, noho nā mea kolo ma ka ʻili o ka honua a i ʻole nā mea kanu a lākou e ʻai ai. Kakali nā nalo ʻo Colorado i ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo, e heʻe ana i loko o ka lepo a hiki i ka hapalua mika, a hoʻomanawanui me ka mālie ma laila a hōʻemi ʻia i 10 kekelē. Ke hiki mai ka puna a hoʻomehana pono ka lepo - ma luna aʻe o 13 kekelē, kolo ka nalo mai ka honua a hoʻomaka koke e nānā no ka meaʻai a me kahi pālua no ka hānau ʻana. ʻAʻole nui loa kēia hana a maʻa mau ka 2-2.5 mau mahina, kahi e hoʻopilikia loa ai i ka hakakā me ka pest.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻano o ka nohona o ka beetle potato Colorado ua hoʻonui ʻia ma kahi o hoʻokahi mau kaukani mau manawa ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia a me ka hapa, aia kekahi mau ʻāina i ka honua kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia kēia pest i nā maka a ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he weliweli. ʻAʻohe Paleʻa ma Suedena a me Denmark, ʻIlani a me Nolewai, Morocco, Tunisia, Israel, Algeria, Iapana.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i hele mai ai ka nalo potato potato. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka nalo potato potato?
Kiʻi: beetle potato ʻo Colorado ma kahi lau
ʻO ka meaʻai nui o ka nalo beetles, a me kā lākou larva, nā ʻōpiopio a me nā lau o nā mea kanu o ka ʻohana Solanaceae. E ʻike ʻo Beetles i kā lākou meaʻai ma nā wahi āpau, nā tōmato, ka paka, nā eggplants, nā petunias, nā pepa ʻono, nā physalis. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻowahāwahā i nā mea kanu hihiu o kēia ʻohana.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea āpau, makemake nā beetles e ʻai i kaʻuala a me nā eggplants. Hiki i nā kolo ke ʻai i kēia mau mea kanu kokoke ʻaneʻane: lau, koʻokoʻo, paipū, hua. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, hiki iā lākou ke lele lele loa, i nā mile he ʻumi. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pepelu, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomanawanui i ka pōloli puʻupuʻu a hiki i ka 1.5-2 mau mahina, e hāʻule wale nei i kahi hibernation wā pōkole.
Ma muli o ka hānai ʻana o ka nalo potato potato Colorado i ka nui o nā mea kanu o ka ʻohana Solanaceae, kahi mea ʻona, solanine, e ʻohi mau i kona kino. Ma muli o kēia, he kakaikahi nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka beetle, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻai ka beetle a ʻona pū kekahi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo ka pīhoihoi, ʻo ka pōʻino nui loa i nā mea kanu ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā beetles makua o Colorado, akā na kā lākou larvae (pae 3 a me 4), ʻoiai ʻo lākou ka mea momona a hiki ke luku i nā māla holoʻokoʻa i kekahi mau lā ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: beetle potato ʻo Colorado
ʻOi aku ka momona o ka beetle potato Colorado, momona a hiki ke hoʻololi koke i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole, he wela a anuanu paha. Hele ka pest i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, hibernating no kahi manawa pōkole, a hiki iā ia ke hana i kēia i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki.
ʻO ka nīnū potato ʻōpio ʻo Colorado (ʻaʻole ka larva) ʻalani ʻalani i ka waihoʻoluʻu a me kahi uhi waho palupalu loa. Ma hope o 3-4 mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, loaʻa i nā nalo mai nā pupa kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia. Hoʻomaka koke ka pepelu e hānai nui, ʻai i nā lau a me nā wana, a ma hope o 3-4 mau wiki e hōʻea i ka moekolohe. ʻO nā beetles ʻo Colorado i hānau ʻia ma ʻAukake a ma hope he hibernate ʻole me ka hānau ʻole, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e loaʻa i ke kauwela e hiki mai ana.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona i loaʻa wale i kēia ʻano beetles ka hiki ke hele i loko o ka hibernation hoʻolōʻihi (diapause), hiki ke hala i 3 mau makahiki a ʻoi aku paha ka lōʻihi. ʻOiai lele maikaʻi ka pest, i kōkua ʻia e nā ʻēheu ikaika, hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, no kekahi kumu ʻaʻole ia e hana i kēia i nā manawa o ka weliweli, akā hoʻohālike ua make, kaomi ʻana i kona mau wāwae i ka ʻōpū a hāʻule i ka honua. No laila, ʻaʻohe koho a ka ʻenemi akā haʻalele wale. ʻO ka beetle, ʻoiai, "hiki i ke ola" a laila hele i kāna ʻoihana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: nā nalo beetles
E like me ia, ʻaʻohe o ka nohona kaiāulu o ka beetles Colorado, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻano ʻelala ʻē aʻe (nā popo, nā nalo, nā kauā), no ka mea he mau pepeke hoʻokahi lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ola kēlā me kēia kanaka a ola iā ia iho, ʻaʻole ma nā hui. Ke mahanahana ia i ka wā puna, ua kolo ka nalo i holomua i ka honua a, me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ikaika, hoʻomaka nā kāne e ʻimi i nā wahine a hoʻomaka koke i ka wahine. Ma hope o nā pāʻani moena i kapa ʻia, hoʻomoe ka wahine wahine hoʻohua ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o nā lau o nā mea kanu a lākou e ʻai ai.
Hoʻokahi wahine makua, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke aniau a me ke aniau o ia wahi, hiki ke waiho ma kahi o 500-1000 mau hua i ke kau kau. ʻAlani nā hua kala colorada, 1.8 mm ka nui, oblong-oval, aia i nā hui o 20-50 pcs. I nā lā 17-18, hatch ka larvae mai nā hua manu, i ʻike ʻia no ko lākou momona.
Nā kahua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lālani nalo potato potato:
- i ka pae mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻeleʻele ka larva o ka nalo potato potato me kahi kino a hiki i ka 2.5 mm o ka lōʻihi a me nā lauoho iki. ʻAi ʻia i nā lau ʻōpio ʻōpio keu, e ʻai ana i ko lākou ʻiʻo mai lalo;
- i ka lua o ka pae, ua ʻulaʻula nā larvae i ke kala a hiki i nā nui o 4-4.5 mm. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i ka lau holoʻokoʻa, waiho wale i hoʻokahi aa waena;
- i ke kolu o ka pae, hoʻololi ka larva i ke kala i ka melemele a hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi i 7-9 mm. Ua hala nā lauoho ma ka papa o ke kino o nā kānaka o ke kolu o ka pae;
- i ka papa ʻehā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻololi hou ka larva beetle i ke kala - i kēia manawa i ka ʻalani ʻalani a ulu a 16 mm. Ke hoʻomaka nei mai ke kolu o ka pae, hiki i nā lūlū ke kolo mai kahi mea kanu a kahi mea kanu, ʻoiai e ʻai ana ʻaʻole wale ka pulp o nā lau, akā ʻo nā ʻōpiopio pū kekahi, no laila e hōʻeha nui i nā mea kanu, hoʻolohi i kā lākou ulu ʻana a hoʻonele i nā mahiʻai i ka ʻohiʻohi i manaʻo ʻia.
ʻO nā pae ʻehā a pau o ka hoʻomohala ʻia o ka larva beetle potato ma hope o 3 mau pule, a ma hope iho ua lilo ia i pupa. Ke kolo nei nā larvae "mākua" i loko o ka lepo i kahi hohonu o 10 cm, kahi e pupate ai lākou. ʻO ka pupa he ʻulaʻula a melemele melemele paha. Aia ka lōʻihi o ka pae pupa i ke aniau. Inā mahanahana ia ma waho, a laila ma hope o 15-20 mau lā, lilo ia i pepeke makua e kolo ana i luna. Inā maikaʻi, a laila e hoʻolohi kēia hana i 2-3 mau manawa.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā nalo potato potato
Kiʻi: beetle potato ʻo Colorado
ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o ka nalo potato potato nā perillus bug (Perillus bioculatus) a me podizus (Podisus maculiventris). ʻAi nā mākua makua, a me kā lākou larvae, ʻai i nā hua o nā nalo beetles. Eia kekahi, he kōkua nui i ke kaua kūʻē i ka pest i hana ʻia e nā nalo dorophagous, nā mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa e waiho i kā lākou larva i ke kino o ka Colorado.
Minamina, makemake kēia mau nalo i ke aniau mehana a mehana loa, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e noho i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. Eia kekahi, hānai nā mea kolo kūloko kamaʻāina i nā hua a me nā ʻōpio o ka nalo potato o Colorado: nā ʻiʻo lepo, nā ladybugs, nā nalo lacewing.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo he nui nā ʻepekema i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka hakakā ʻana i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, e like me nā nalo o Colorado, ʻaʻole ia no nā kemika, akā no kā lākou mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe ia, no ka mea he kūlohelohe kēia ʻano hana a ʻaʻole ia e hōʻeha nui i ke kaiapuni.
Hoʻohana kekahi mau mahiʻai kūlohelohe i nā turkeys a me nā manu guinea e kāohi i ka nalo potato potato. Makemake nui kēia mau manu moa i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mākua a me kā lākou larvae, ʻoiai he hiʻohiʻona kēia o nā lāhui, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou iā lākou i kēlā ʻano meaʻai kokoke mai nā lā mua o ke ola.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: beetle potato Colorado ma Lūkia
No hoʻokahi kenekulia a me ka hapalua ma hope o ka loaʻa a me ka wehewehe, ua hoʻonui ka wahi o ka nalo potato potato ma mua o ʻelua tausani manawa. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka nalo potato ka mea nui nāhelehele o nā mea kanu uala ʻaʻole wale i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai nui, akā i nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi, a me nā mahiʻai ponoʻī. No kēia kumu, ʻoiai no kekahi kamaʻāina o ke kauwela, pili mau ka nīnau no ka pehea e hoʻopau ai i ka nalo potato potato. Nui ka ikaika o ka hakakā me Colorado.
I kēia lā, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻelua ʻano o ka kaohi pest:
- kemika;
- nā lāhui ʻōiwi.
ʻO nā wahi nui o nā kanu uala i nā mahiʻai nui e mālama mau ʻia me nā insecticides ʻōnaehana kūikawā i kumu ʻole i ka hōʻalo i nā nalo. Nui a pipiʻi lākou. He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hopena hope loa e pono ai e lawe ma hope o 3 mau pule ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana, mai ka hōʻiliʻili o nā toxins weliweli i nā kūmaka potato. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua puka mai nā ʻākena hoʻokolohua olaola no ka beetle potato ʻo Colorado. ʻAʻole hōʻiliʻili kēlā ʻano lāʻau i loko o nā wana a me nā kūmole. ʻO ka hemahema nui loa o kēia ʻano hana ka pono no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka helu a me ka wā o nā mālama. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hopena i makemake ʻia, pono e hana ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻekolu mau lapaʻau me ke kau o hoʻokahi pule.
Pono e hoʻohana pololei i nā kemika (insecticides, biological action) ma hope pono o nā ʻōkuhi, i paʻi mau ʻia ma ka ʻōpala, e pili ana i kekahi mau lula a hoʻohana mau i nā pono pale pilikino. No laila ʻaʻole ʻeha nā māla, nā mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana mahiʻai i ka kaohi pest, ua hana nā mea hānai no nā makahiki he nui e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano o kaʻuala a me nā nighthades ʻē aʻe i kūpaʻa i ka nalo potato potato. Eia kekahi, pili paha kēia lepili i nā kumu he nui - nā lula o ka mālama, ka ʻono o nā lau, a me nā mea ʻepekema i kēia manawa i hana i kekahi mau hopena e pili ana i kēia.
E kiʻi i nā kūmole e ʻai ʻole ʻ beʻī ʻo Colorado, ʻaʻole lanakila nā mea hānai, akā hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kekahi mau mea kūʻē. ʻAʻole ka hapa iki o kēia e pāʻani ʻia e nā ʻenehana hoʻololi gen, ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka genome o kekahi i loko o ka genome o hoʻokahi meaola, nāna e hoʻololi loa i ka maʻalahi i nā maʻi, nā mea ʻino, a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke aniau. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa i ka pāpāho, ke hōʻeuʻeu nui nei nā mea kūʻē i nā GMO a me nā hoʻolālā i kēia wahi, inā hoʻokō ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻolaha nui ʻia.
Lā paʻi: 05.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/24/2019 ma 20:21
