Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano i loko o ka ʻohana o nā hana punawelewele - ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,800. ʻO ko lākou hiʻohiʻona nui loa he mau wāwae lōʻihi loa, no laila me he mea lā he ʻūhā wale kēia kolo, no ka mea he liʻiliʻi kona kino ponoʻī. No laila, kapa pinepine ʻia ia ʻo ke kumu lōʻihi. Punawelewele ʻo Haymaker noho pinepine i nā keʻena, ʻaneʻane ʻike ka poʻe āpau iā lākou.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Haymaker spider
Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka evolution o arachnids. Ua ʻike ʻia ua noho lākou i ko mākou Honua no nā haneli miliona o nā makahiki, a ʻo ko lākou poʻe kūpuna kahiko ka mea mua o ke kai i puka i ka ʻāina a hoʻomaʻamaʻa no ke ola ma luna. ʻO kā lākou waiwai nui i loaʻa i ka evolution ka pūnaewele.
Ma ka liʻuliʻu, ʻike nui nā spider i nā hoʻohana hou aʻe no ia mea, a ʻo nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i aʻo e lele i mea e pakele ai iā lākou a me kā lākou mau pūnaewele. I kēia manawa ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā lā kolo loa, no ka mea ke loli mau nei lākou, a ke hoʻololi nei nā ʻano hou i nā mea kahiko.
Wikiō: Haymaker Spider
No laila, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻohana spider hana manuahi "wale nō" 0.5-2 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei - e nā kūlana o ka ulu ʻana, he manawa pōkole loa kēia. Pehea ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā spider hana manuahi, kahi a lākou i kū mai ai, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia, ke hoʻomau nei kā lākou aʻo ʻana.
ʻO Pholcidae ka inoa o ka ʻohana ma ka Lākina. Ua wehewehe ʻia e K.L. Koch i ka makahiki 1850. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, aia he 94 mau moʻomeheu i kuhikuhi ʻia iā ia, a aia ma kahi o 1820 mau ʻano - a ke hoʻomau nei lākou i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea hou, no ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e noho nei i nā ʻāina tropika, pinepine i nā ʻāina ʻilihuna, nā wahi mamao o kā mākou honua.
I nā makahiki ʻelua wale nō i hala, ua wehewehe ʻo B. Huber i kekahi mau kakina genera, e like me nā ʻano haneli he nui e noho ana i nā wahi like ʻole o ko mākou honua: ʻo Arnapa i Indonesia a me New Guinea, Muruta a me Nipisa ma Malaysia, Pemona ma Venezuela, Magana i Oman, a pēlā aku. ...
Hōʻike kēia i ka nui o nā hana e hana ʻia e nā kaiāulu ʻepekema e pili ana i nā nananana i ka nui, a me ka ʻohana o nā hana punawelewele i kikoʻī: ʻo kahi wehewehe o kā lākou ʻano laha mamao loa, ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kiʻi maopopo o ka evolution - ke kumu e kūkulu hou ʻia ai kahi noiʻi.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Haymaker punawelewele i ke kūlohelohe
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka punawelewele, he ʻano nui nā hiʻohiʻona o kona ʻano. ʻO ka mea mua, pili ka ʻokoʻa i kona kino liʻiliʻi: i kekahi mau laha ua mahele maikaʻi ʻia ia i ka cephalothorax a me ka ʻōpū, i nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole maopopo loa ka mahele ʻana, a ʻo kekahi e elongated ana, a ʻo nā spherical kekahi, a pēlā aku.
Hiki ke loli nui ka nui o ka nui - hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kēlā me kēia me ka nui o ke kino e waiho ʻole ana i nā wāwae mai 2 a 12 mm. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ʻo nā wāwae elongated i manaʻo ʻia he hiʻohiʻona nui i ka ʻohana, he ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa hoʻi ko lākou lōʻihi, a ma kekahi ʻano laha ulu ʻaʻole lākou i ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi bipi keiki.
Akā nō naʻe, ʻo nā spider a pau e noho nei i ke kaiāulu o kahi kanaka he mau wāwae lōʻihi - ʻo kēia ke ʻike maʻalahi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ʻē aʻe, he mea kūpono ia e hōʻike he ʻehā mau paʻa o kēia mau wāwae, a me ka helu like o nā maka. Eia nō naʻe, i nā lāhui e noho ana i nā ana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā maka o nā maka.
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kāne i nā wahine i ka nui o ke kino ponoʻī, akā i ka manawa like he ʻoi aku ko lākou wāwae. Eia hou, ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi kā lākou mau pedipalps, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe.
ʻIke hoihoi: kapa ʻia nā spider Haymaker no ko lākou ʻano like me ka mauʻu mauʻu mau - huikau pinepine lākou. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili ka poʻe hana kolo i nā nananana i nā mea āpau, a no laila mai ulana i kahi pūnaewele. ʻAʻole lākou e noho i loko o nā hale kekahi; ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i nā nāhelehele a me nā māla, a me nā nāhelehele.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe inā he ʻawahia ka nūhou spider i ʻole ʻaʻole. E ʻike kāua i kona wahi e noho ai a me kāna mea e ʻai ai.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nananana?
Kiʻi: hana manuahi spider poisonous
ʻAneʻane hoʻokomo ʻia ka poepoe holoʻokoʻa i loko o kāna wahi noho; ʻaʻole lākou ma nā wahi anuanu o ka honua - ka Arctic a me ka Antarctic. Ma nā wahi a kahi kanaka e noho ai, hiki nō i kēia mau spider ke noho, aia lākou i Greenland, a ma nā kauhale ʻākau o Rūsia ma ʻō aku o ka Arctic Circle.
Akā pili kēia i ka poʻe noho i nā hale noho a me nā keʻena, ma ke ʻano makemake lākou e noho i nā wahi mehana, paʻakikī iā lākou ke hoʻomanawanui i nā hau hoʻoilo. No laila, i ka nahelehele he nui o lākou i ka tropic a me nā subtropics, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma nā latitude temperate, a ma nā wahi anuanu ʻaʻole lākou e loaʻa.
ʻOiai i loko o nā hale ma ka ʻākau, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi lākou - ʻoiai nō he mau. I ke kūlohelohe, makemake lākou e noho i nā ana, nā kahawai ʻē aʻe a me nā lua o nā kumulāʻau a lepo paha, nā ʻōpala kahiko o nā hale. I nā hale a me nā hale noho ʻole ʻia, makemake lākou i nā wahi mehana o nā kihi a ma hope paha o nā radiator - ma ke ʻano nui, makemake lākou i ka mehana a me ka maloʻo.
Mea hoihoi: hiki i ka punawelewele haymaker ke neʻe i kona mau wāwae lōʻihi, a me ka dexterous loa, ma muli o ka hoʻohui pū ʻana i nā loina mechanical a me nā loina. Hiki ke hoʻololi i nā wāwae ma muli o ke kaʻe ʻana o nā mākala, akā hūnā lākou no ke kumu ʻokoʻa loa - ma muli o ke kaomi ʻana o ka hemolymph.
Ikaika loa kēia ala o ka halihali. He mea hoihoi loa ka hana o nā wāwae o ka punawelewele haymaker i nā mea kākau ʻepekema me nā ʻano me ke ʻano like o ka hana, a ʻimi nā ʻepekema a me nā hoʻolālā e hana i kēlā mau ʻano hana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo - hiki nō ke ʻike ʻia.
He aha ka ʻai a ka nananana?
Kiʻi: Punawelewele weliweli weliweli
ʻO ke kumu o kāna papa kuhikuhi nā pepelu.
I waena o lākou:
- nalo;
- naonao;
- lele;
- kikiki;
- midges;
- makika;
- aphid
Luku loa lākou i nā mea ola e komo i loko o ka hale, a ʻaʻole e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻohua - maikaʻi loa kēia. Akā aia kekahi mea pohihihi maopopo ʻole o ko lākou noho ʻana i ka hale - ka pūnaewele. Nui loa lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā kolo, a no laila ʻike nui ʻia. Hiki i hoʻokahi punawelewele ke hoʻopili i ke kihi holoʻokoʻa a laila kuʻi i ka mea aʻe. Kū pinepine kā lākou ʻupena kokoke i ke kaupaku.
ʻAʻole pili ka ʻupena, ʻo ka mea āpau ke kali ʻia ʻo ka mea i hopu ʻia i loko e hihia ana, a ʻo kēia ka mea e hāʻawi i ka spider manawa e hoʻouka iā ia. Hele mau ʻo ia i ka hopu holoholona ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. Ke hiki i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia i ka ʻupena, hoʻokokoke ʻo ia a hoʻopili hou iā ia, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona mau wāwae lōʻihi.
Ke hiki ʻole iā ia ke ʻalo a hoʻouka paha i ka pane, nahu ka spider haymaker iā ia, e hoʻokomo ana i ka lāʻau make - ʻaʻole ia he mea weliweli i nā kānaka. Ke make ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi enzyme digestive i loko o ia mea, a ma hope iho ua palupalu nā mea o ke kino, a lawe ʻia ia.
A ʻo ke koena ʻāpana hoʻi o ke kino o ka mea pio, hiki nō i ka nananana ke ʻai: haehae iā lākou me ke kōkua o chelicera, a laila ʻokiʻoki iā lākou me nā kaʻina hana i nā wāwae mua a ʻai pū hoʻi iā lākou. Inā ma hope o ka pāʻina he mea i koe, lawe ʻo ia i nā meaʻai a mālama iā ia no ka wā e hiki mai ana - ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole pono kēlā me kēia lā, i kekahi manawa ʻaʻohe mea e komo i kāna pūnaewele no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Hoʻomaka kekahi punawelewele pololi i kekahi manawa e holo wikiwiki e hopu, a ʻo ia wale nō e pili ana i ka pūnaewele, akā ʻaʻole i hihia i loko o ia mea - i kēia mau hihia, hiki i ka huli ʻana ke lilo i mea weliweli nona, no ka mea i kekahi manawa hiki i ka mea pio ke lilo i ikaika a dexterous ma mua ona iho.
I ka manawa pinepine pono ʻoe e pōloli i ka hoʻoilo, no ka mea, e liʻiliʻi ana nā mea ola. A laila hoʻomaka ka poʻe hānai e hānai i nā spider ʻē aʻe, e like me nā hoa ʻohana a i ʻole kā lākou mau hua. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻimi no nā mea nūhou ʻē aʻe: huki ka nananana lawehala i kā lākou mau ʻupena i mea e hoʻowalewale ai iā lākou, a laila nā pounces. ʻOiaʻiʻo, weliweli kēia: ʻokoʻa paha ka hopena o ka hakakā.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Inā nui a nui ka mea pio a makemake ʻole i kona hāʻule ʻana i loko o ka ʻupena, lūlū ka spider haymaker i ka ʻupena i hiki ke ʻike akāka ʻia, a hiki i nā mea pio hiki ke pale aku iā ia. A inā ua hopu ʻia ʻo ia, akā koe ka weliweli loa, hiki iā ia ke nahu i kekahi o nā pae iā ia i pakele ai ia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Spider centipede
Nui nā spider mai kēia ʻohana o synanthropus, ʻo ia hoʻi, hele pū lākou me kānaka a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka nāhelehele - ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou e noho i nā hale a me nā keʻena, kahi e maʻalahi ai a palekana hoʻi no lākou, no ka mea, palekana lākou i ka palekana mai nā mea ʻaihue nui.
ʻEleu lākou i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa - i ka hoʻoilo hoʻomau lākou i ka ulana ʻana i kahi pūnaewele me he mea lā ʻaʻohe mea i hana ʻia, e hoʻāʻo e hopu i nā pepelu, ʻoiai lākou e emi liʻiliʻi ana, i kekahi manawa hoʻomoe lākou i nā hua i kēia manawa o ka makahiki. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka ulu ʻana o nā spider hana manuahi ma mua i nā tropics, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea nui ke ʻano o ke kau iā lākou.
Hoʻolilo lākou i ko lākou mau lā i nā kihi ʻeleʻele, ke kau nei i loko o kā lākou ʻāpana - hūnā lākou mai ka lā, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou makemake i kona mau kukuna, ʻoiai ʻo ke aloha i ka mehana, a hoʻomaha iki, loaʻa ka ikaika. Hāʻule ka wā o ka hana no lākou i ka pouli. ʻOiai e hiamoe ana ka poʻe, hiki i kēia mau spider ke neʻe ikaika a puni ke keʻena e ʻimi nei i kahi pio.
ʻOiai hiki i nā spider hay ke pōloli i kahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole palena ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o lākou, a inā ʻaʻohe mea pio i ka hale no ka manawa lōʻihi, haʻalele wale lākou ia - maʻamau ka hana ʻana i hoʻokahi mahina a me ka hapa ma hope o ka wī, a hele aku i nā wahi "palaoa" hou aʻe. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau a me ka hemo ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā midges e kōkua iā ia e pakele iā lākou.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Haymaker spider
Ua hele a moekolohe nā punawelewele ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki, a ma loko o lākou hemo lākou i ʻelima mau manawa. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomaka nā kāne e hoʻomohala i kahi huna no ka momona a nānā i ka wahine. Loaʻa iā ia kāna pūnaewele, ʻumeʻume ka kāne i ka nānā: no kēia, ke hehi nei i ka ʻupena, hoʻomaka e lulu.
Ke puka i waho ka wahine, ʻike ʻo ia iā ia me kona mau wāwae mua, e hōʻike ana ua mākaukau ʻo ia no ka male ʻana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā ʻaʻole e hoʻāʻo ka wahine e hoʻouka iā ia - mai poina ʻaʻole malihini ka cannibalism i kēia mau mea kolo. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻopaneʻe ka male ʻana i kāna hoʻouka kaua: ma hope koke o ka pau ʻana, holo ke kāne.
Inā nāwaliwali ʻo ia i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke pakele, a laila e ʻai ka wahine iā ia. No laila, weliweli loa kēlā me kēia male no ke kāne, a ʻo ka pinepine pinepine lākou i ka momona ma mua o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau wahine i ke ola. Akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o nā wahine, no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻāʻo e pepehi iā lākou ma hope o ka male ʻana.
ʻO ka maʻamau he mau kakini hua, a i kanalima. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole kūkulu ka wahine i kahi ʻoka, ma kahi o, huki wale ʻo ia i nā hua me ka ʻupena a hāpai pū me ia i ka chelicera. Ma muli o kēia, hāʻule kekahi - ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻomohala hou a make.
I kekahi mau pule ma hope mai, mai kēlā mau hua i koe i loko o ke koʻo, ʻike ʻia nā spider liʻiliʻi. A eia nō hoʻi, ʻaʻole laki nā mea āpau - huli kekahi o nā nananana i ka nāwaliwali ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻaʻole hiki ke haki i ka hua manu iā lākou iho a puka i waho. ʻAi wale ka nananana iā lākou. Hoʻonui wikiwiki ke koena a molt koke no ka manawa mua.
I ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, hoʻokahe lākou i ko lākou uhi - he hana ʻeha loa kēia, a ma hope iho ua pōkole nā wāwae o ka nananana, a ʻaneʻane aniani ke kino. ʻOiai e ulu ana nā spider a ʻike i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, hoʻomau lākou e noho me ko lākou makuahine - hāpai pū ʻo ia iā lākou me ia i kahi ʻupena i ulana ʻia no kēia.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka nananana
Kiʻi: Spider centipede
I ka nahelehele, nui ko lākou mau ʻenemi, e like me nā nananana ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā ʻano mea ʻaihue i ka ʻahaʻaina ʻana ma luna o lākou, me:
- manu;
- nāʻiole a me nāʻiole;
- nā polokina;
- toads;
- nā moʻo;
- nā mea kolo nui;
- nahesa.
ʻAʻole kau palena ʻia ka papa inoa i nā mea i helu ʻia - ʻaʻole lākou i hōʻole i ka hopu ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻaneʻane o nā predator i ka nui mai ka spider haymaker iā ia iho i ka squirrel. ʻAʻole makemake nui nā mea nui i ka maikaʻi o nā meaʻai, akā naʻe, hiki ke hopu ʻia iā lākou no ka hoihoi ʻole - no ka laʻana, hana nā pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio.
I loko o nā hale a me nā keʻena, ma waho o nā holoholona, i makemake pinepine ʻia i ka punawelewele, a i ka hopena pau loa ka hana ʻana iā lākou, ʻaʻohe ʻenemi o lākou, a no laila ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ko lākou ola ma mua o ke kūlohelohe. ʻO ko lākou mau ʻenemi nui nā spider hana manuahi a i ʻole nā nananana nunui o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Ma waho aʻe o nā mea neʻe, hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou e nā fungi parasite mai ka genus Cordyceps. Ulu lākou i loko o ka punawelewele maʻi a hiki i ko lākou hoʻopiha ʻana iā loko o loko - ma ke ʻano maʻamau, make ia. Ma hope o kēlā, haki lākou a ʻai pono ia, i kū ʻole ka membrane chitinous.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻoiai ʻaʻole palapa ka pūnaewele o ka nananana, hoʻohana kekahi ʻano i ka pelu. He lauoho ko lākou ma kā lākou pedipalps, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ke kāpili i ka wā e ʻimi holoholona ai. Me ke kōkua ʻana, hiki i nā spider hana mauʻu ke hopu i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia - ua lawa ia e hoʻopā aku iā ia i hoʻokahi manawa no ka mea ʻaʻohe ona manawa e pakele hou ai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: hana manuahi spider poisonous
Noho nā punawelewele ʻo Haymaking i kēlā me kēia hale ma ka honua - ua maopopo leʻa mai ka nui loa o kā lākou heluna a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli iā ia. ʻO kēia nā mea ola loa i hiki ʻole ke hōʻeha ʻia e ka ʻinoʻino o ke kaiapuni, a i ʻole nā kumu ʻē aʻe, ma muli o nā meaola ʻē aʻe i hopena i lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make.
Akā pili kēia i nā ʻano synanthropic - ua loli kūpono lākou i ka noho pū ʻana me nā kānaka a, ma muli o kēia, hoʻonui i ko lākou wahi noho. A no laila ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe e noho ana i ka nāhelehele - ʻike ʻia kēia e ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā laha hou āpau i nā kihi o ka honua.
Hiki ke kaupalena ʻia kā lākou laulā i nā wahi liʻiliʻi loa, a aia kekahi mau ʻano e noho wale ana i hoʻokahi ʻāina, aia ma nā kahawai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole makaʻu lākou i ka make ʻana no ka mea o ka loli ʻana o nā spider a ola i loko o nā kūlana ʻoi loa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma waho aʻe o ka mālama mau ʻana i ka hale maemae, e kōkua nō ia i ka hemo ʻana i nā nananana ma ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana iā lākou me nā pilau. Hoʻowahāwahā lākou iā lākou ke honi lākou i ka eucalyptus, ka lāʻau tī a me nā ʻaila pono o ka mint, a no laila ke kāpī ʻana iā lākou i nā manawa āpau e kōkua i ka paʻi ʻana i nā spider e neʻe i kahi hale ʻē aʻe.
A he mea pono paha e kipaku iā ia ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka kolo kolo ka hana i ka hay a hana ʻino ʻole i nā kānaka, hiki i nā ʻupena ke hoʻonāukiuki. Akā pono e hoʻomanaʻo i kēia mau spider hakakā pono i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, a no laila, ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui nui loa, a noʻonoʻo hou inā ke kuhi nei kahi punawelewele a ʻelua paha iā ʻoe.
Punawelewele Haymaking - kahi kamaʻāina maikaʻi ʻole a maikaʻi ʻole i nā hale. Kaua lākou i nā holoholona ʻino ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea nui ʻaʻole lākou i lilo i nui loa, no ka mea a laila ma kā lākou pūnaewele ka wahi āpau. Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano mea like ʻole o kēia mau nananana, i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole like ko lākou lunamakaʻāinana, a noho wale kekahi i ka holoholona lōhiu.
Ka lā paʻi: 22.06.2019
Lā hou: 25.09.2019 ma 13:31
