Nahesa Yellowbelly - kahi ʻano o nā nahesa ʻawa ʻole i pālahalaha ʻia ma ka hema o Lūkia, no nā nāhesa līlū. I kekahi mau kamaʻāina ua kapa ʻia ia ʻo ka nahesa melemele belu a i ʻole ka nahesa melemele belu. ʻO kēia nā moʻo nui loa ma ka wahi ma hope o Soviet. Ma muli o kāna ʻano kolohe, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ka ʻōpū melemele i nā terrarium a ma ke ʻano he holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, pōmaikaʻi ka nahesa Yellowbelly i ka mahiʻai no ka mea hānai ia i nā koʻokoʻo i kumu e hōʻino nui i ka hua. Ma muli o kēia mau mea maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā wahi kūloko o ka ʻai ʻana i nā manu a me kā lākou mau hua.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Snake Belly Yellow
ʻO ka nahesa melemele belu he nahesa nui, non-mea ʻawa mai ka ʻohana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. I ka wā ma mua, ʻaʻole ʻo Colubridae kahi hui kūlohelohe, no ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e pili kokoke ana i nā hui ʻē aʻe ma mua o kekahi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻohana ma ke ʻano he "ʻōpala ʻōpala" no nā ʻauhau ʻokoʻa o nā nāhesa i kū ʻole i loko o nā hui ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā lāpole mole moleola i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻana o nā moʻo "gnarled", a me ka ʻohana i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he monophyletic clade. Eia naʻe, i mea e maopopo ai i kēia mau mea āpau, koi ʻia ka noiʻi hou ʻana.
Mai kona wehewehe mua ʻana e Johann Friedrich Gmelin i ka makahiki 1789, ua ʻike ʻia ka moʻo kele melemele e nā inoa he nui ma ʻEulopa.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka papa inoa o nā inoa ma lalo:
- C. Caspius Gmelin, 1789;
- C. acontistes Pallas, 1814;
- C. thermis Pallas, 1814;
- C. jugularis caspius, 1984;
- ʻO Hierophis caspius, 1988;
- ʻO Dolichophis caspius, 2004
Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i nā subspecies:
- Dolichophis caspius caspius - mai Hungary, Romania, ka hema hikina o ka Yugoslav Republic ma mua, Albania, Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey komohana, Russia, ke kapakai ʻo Caucasus;
- Dolichophis caspius eiselti - Mai nā mokupuni Helene o Rhodes, Karpathos a me Kasos i ke kai Aegean.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea i hana mua ʻia ʻaʻole ʻona a i ʻole he lāʻau make i hōʻino ʻole i nā kānaka.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Snake melemele-bellied ma ka moku ʻo Rostov
Ua piʻi ka nahesa melemele-bellied i ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 2.5 mika, a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka nui loa ma ʻEulopa, akā ʻo ka nui maʻamau he 1.5-2 m. ʻO ke poʻo he oval, elongated, hoʻokaʻawale iki ʻia mai ka ʻāʻī. Kupu a poepoe ka piko o ka ihu. Lōʻihi loa ka ʻōlelo a mānoanoa hoʻi. Lōʻihi ka huelo a lahilahi. ʻO ka lakio holoʻokoʻa o ka lōʻihi o ka nahesa i ka lōʻihi o ka huelo ʻo 2.6-3.5. Nui nā maka a he haumana puni. Kūleʻa ka lōʻihi o nā niho maxillary, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma ka hope o ka ʻāʻī, hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā niho ʻelua hope loa mai kekahi i kekahi e kahi āpau āpau.
Wikiō: Snake Belly Yellow
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike biometric i nā laʻana hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua: ka huina loa (poʻo + kumu + huelo) i nā kāne - 1160-1840 mm (awelika 1496.6 mm), i nā wahine - 800-1272 mm (awelika 1065.8 mm). ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ke kino (mai ka piko o ka ihu a i ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka ʻāpana cloacal) i nā kāne he 695-1345 mm (ma ka awelika 1044 mm); i nā wahine - 655-977 mm (ka awelika 817.6 mm). Ka lōʻihi o ka huelo: 351-460 mm (awelika 409.8 mm) i nā kāne, 268-295 mm (awelika 281.4 mm) i nā wahine. Ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo (mai ka piko a ka waha): kāne 30 mm, wahine 20 mm. ʻO ka laulā o ke poʻo (ana ʻia ma waena o nā kihi o ka waha) 22-24 mm no nā kāne a me 12 mm no nā wahine.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōpū melemele e nā unahi dorsal laumania. Hiki ke loaʻa nā lālani he ʻumikūmāiwa o ka unahi i ka waena, ʻoiai i kekahi manawa aia he ʻumikūmāhiku. ʻO nā unahi dorsal he ʻelua apos fossae ma ka palena hope. ʻOi aku ka māmā o lākou ma waenakonu ma mua o nā kaʻe. He hina hina ka kua o ka nahesa a he mau māka me ke ʻano o nā nahesa ʻōpio, akā nalowale me ka makahiki. He melemele a keʻokeʻo paha ka ʻaoʻao ventral.
Ma hea e noho ai ka moʻo kele melemele?
Kiʻi: Nahesa kele kele
Loaʻa ka nahesa kele melemele i ka Balkan Peninsula, ma nā ʻāpana o ʻEulopa Hema a hiki i ka moku ʻo Volga a ma kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ʻAsia Minor. Hiki ke loaʻa i ke ākea ākea, i ka steppe a me nā ululāʻau mauna, ma nā kaʻe o nā ululāʻau, i nā ululāʻau kokoke i nā alanui, i ka semi-wao nahele, i ke one a me nā pali, kokoke i nā kahawai mauna, ma waena o nā ululāʻau i uhi ʻia me nā mea kanu, nā pōhaku a me nā pōhaku, ma nā pali o nā awāwa a me nā awāwa. , ma nā kapa pali ma nā kahawai a me nā ʻohe maloʻo.
I ka North Caucasus, komo ka ʻōpū melemele i nā wahi wao nahele me ke kai o ke one. I nā kau maloʻo, ʻike pinepine ia ma kahi kokoke i nā kahawai a i nā kahawai. Ke kolo pinepine nei i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai a me nā wahi no ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua ma nā wahi like ʻole, e like me nā hale o nā hale, nā hale i waho a i ʻole nā hale noho, ma lalo o nā mauʻu, i nā māla, ma nā pā waina, a me nā wahi like like. I nā kuahiwi, piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2000 m. I ka Caucasus, kū ia ma nā kiʻekiʻe mai 1500 a 1600 m.
Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā heluna o ka nahesa melemele-bellied i nā ʻāina e like me:
- Alepania;
- Pulukalia;
- Makekonia;
- Serebia;
- Kuleke;
- Koloatia;
- Helene;
- Romānia;
- ma ka hema o Solowakia;
- Molodowa;
- Monokenekelo;
- ma ka hema o Ukraine;
- I Kazakhstan;
- ma ka hema o Rusia;
- ma ka hema o Hungary;
- Ioredāne.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nohona ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa kokoke i nā muliwai nui e like me ka Danube a me ka muliwai ʻo Olt. Ma mua ua manaʻo ʻia ua pau ka nahesa melemele-belied i Moldova, hikina Romania a me ka hema o Ukraine, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ʻelua mau wahi noho a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nahesa mai ka makahiki 1937. Eia nō naʻe, ʻekolu mau hiʻohiʻona i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i Mei 2007 ma ka ʻāina ʻo Galatia o Romania.
Ma Hungary, ua manaʻo ʻia ma mua ua noho ʻo Yellowbelly i nā wahi ʻelua wale nō, akā ua ʻike ʻia kahi ana ʻana i kēia wahi i nā wahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia no kēia mau moʻo ma ke kahawai ʻo Danube. Ma ka hema o Crimea aia ka awelika o 1 kikoʻī no 2 km ², ma ka ʻākau ʻo Dagestan - 3-4 nahesa ma km km, a ma ka hema o Armenia - ma ka awelika 1 kikoʻī no 1 km ².
I kēia manawa maopopo iā ʻoe kahi o ka nahesa melemele e noho ai. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka nahesa melemele?
Kiʻi: Nahesa kele kele
ʻAi nui ia i nā moʻo: pōhaku, nimble, Crimean a me ke one. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, nā moa, nā manu a me kā lākou mau hua. A me nā koʻokoʻo hoʻi: nā squirrels, nā ʻiole, nā ʻiole, nā ʻami, nā hamsters. I kekahi manawa ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā moʻo ʻē aʻe i ka papaʻai, me nā mea ʻawaʻawa pū kekahi: ʻo ka viper maʻamau a me ka epha one, nona ka ʻawahia e hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka nahesa melemele belu. ʻAʻohe ʻai iki ka nahesa i nā amphibians; i nā wahi ʻūlū hopu ʻo ia i nā rana. Hiki i nā kolo nunui a me nā spider ke lilo i mau ʻino o ka ʻōpū melemele.
Hiki i ka nahesa ke neʻe i loko o nā lua o nā rodents a luku iā lākou. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, piʻi ʻo ia i nā kumulāʻau, kahi e luku ai i nā pūnana o nā manu i kū ʻole i ke kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻimi pinepine ka manu i nā pūnana i ka honua. I Crimea, nā meaʻai punahele a nā moʻo kolo kolo, nā moʻo a me nā moʻo nui - nā squirrels, shrews, voles, mice, a me nā hamsters.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma ka moku ʻo Astrakhan, hānai kahi nahesa maikaʻi ʻole ma nā wahi semi-wao i nā moʻo o ke one a me nā maʻi wawae a me ka waha wikiwiki (31.5%), kahi moʻo wikiwiki (22.5%), kahi māla a me ka loke crested, a me kahi ʻāhinahina hina (13.5%), omelet (9%), squirrels ground (31.7%), gerbils (18.1%), mice (13.5%), hamsters (17.8%) and insect and spider.
I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, makemake nā ʻōpio i nā moʻo, hānai maikaʻi nā mākua i nā ʻiole a me nā ʻiole keʻokeʻo. Hoʻopio kēia nahesa wikiwiki a ikaika hoʻi i kāna mea pio me ka wikiwiki kupaianaha. E ale ola ʻia e ka mea pio liʻiliʻi e ka mea pio belele melemele, me ka ʻole o ka ʻoki ʻana iā ia. ʻO nā holoholona nui e kūʻē i ka make ma mua o ka kaomi ʻana iā lākou me ke kino ikaika a i ʻole ka hopu ʻana iā lākou e ka waha a ʻokiʻoki iā lākou, a wahī iā lākou iho i nā apo a puni ka mea i hōʻino ʻia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Snake Belly Yellow
ʻO ka nahesa melemele belu e hoʻopili i nā lua rodent a me nā hale lepo ʻē aʻe. Noho ʻo Hibernation ma kahi o ʻeono mau mahina. No nā lā hoʻomaha hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka he ʻumi i ʻākoakoa pinepine i kahi hoʻokahi. Haʻalele ka ʻōpū melemele i ka hale i ka hopena o ʻApelila - Mei mua, a hoʻomaka e hōʻike i ka hana ma Pepeluali - Malaki, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka wahi, a hiki i Kepakemapa-ʻOkakopa. Ma Crimea a me ka North Caucasus, ʻikea ka nahesa ma luna o ka pae ma hope o ka hibernation i ka hopena o Malaki - i ka mua o ʻApelila, ma ka hema o Ukraine - i ka waena o ʻApelila a ma Transcaucasia i ka hopena o Pepeluali.
ʻO ka nahesa melemele belu he nahesa non-venomous diurnal i komo i ka lā, i hoʻomalu ʻia e kekahi mauʻu, a peʻe i ke kakali ʻana o nā moʻo. I ke kau a me ka lau, e hana ana ka nahesa i ka lā, a i ke kauwela, i ka hapa nui o ka lā, hoʻomaha ia, a hana i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. ʻO kēia nahesa ka wikiwiki loa i loko o kā mākou holoholona, lele i ka wikiwiki loa i hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe e ʻae i ka ʻōpū melemele e hopu i kahi pio wikiwiki loa.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi: ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hana maikaʻi ʻole o ka nahesa melemele-bellied ka huhū kūpilikiʻi. Ma waena o nā moʻo o kā mākou holoholona, ʻo kēia nāhesa (ʻoi aku hoʻi nā kāne) ʻoi loa ka ʻino a me ka hōʻino. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻāʻo e hūnā ke hele aku kahi kanaka, e like me nā moʻoheu ʻē aʻe, akā ʻōwili i loko o nā apo, e like me ka hana a nā ʻāpana ʻawaʻawa, a hoʻolei iā 1.4-2 m, e hoʻāʻo nei e pā i ka maka.
I nā wahi ululāʻau me nā lāʻau a me nā laʻalāʻau, piʻi lākou i luna a hiki i ka nalowale ʻana i nā lau ma kahi kiʻekiʻe (a i 5-7 m). Hōʻike ka maʻalahi like iā ia iho ke neʻe i waena o nā pōhaku a me nā ʻūlili. ʻOiai ʻo ka nahesa melemele-bellied he nahesa non-venomous, ʻeha ke nahu o nā mākua, kahe ana ke koko, a i kekahi manawa maʻi ʻia, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Little Yellow Belly
Hiki i ka ʻōpū melemele ke oʻo kolohe 3-4 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka nahesa he 65-70 cm.ʻO ka dimorphism moekolohe i kēia ʻano he maopopo: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne kāne makua ma mua o nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou poʻo. I ka wā o nā pāʻani moʻo ʻana, hui ʻelua nā moʻohe. Ma nā wahi ʻākau ʻē aʻe o ka laulā, hānau ka moena ma ka hopena o Mei, a ma nā wahi hema, no ka laʻana, ma ka Crimea, mai ka waena o ʻApelila a waena o Mei.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: ʻAʻole nā genital o ka nahesa i waho o ke kino ma ke kumu o ka huelo, ʻoiai lākou e peʻe ai i ka ʻeke ma ke kumu o ka huelo, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka cloaca, kahi e loaʻa ai kā lākou ʻōnaehana wai a me nā ʻōpala paʻa. ʻO ke kāne kāne - nā hemipenes - i loko o nā peni ʻelua e pili ana, ua pili kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻokahi testicle, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻokaʻawale.
Lawe ke kāne o ka Snake Yellow-bellied i kahi ʻāʻī o ka wahine me kāna ʻāʻī a hoʻoliʻiliʻi iā ia, a wahī ʻia i kāna huelo a puni ʻo ia, a laila hana kope ʻia. I ka wā o ka male ʻana, nalowale ka moʻo kele melemele i ka makaʻala maʻamau. Ke pau ka moʻo ʻana o ka nahesa, hoʻopuehu lākou.
Ma hope o 4-6 mau pule, hoʻomaka ka wahine e hoʻomoe i nā hua manu ma kahi i koho ʻia i ka lā ma mua. ʻO Clutch he 5-12 (maximum 20) mau hua me ka awelika o 22 x 45 mm. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua manu i nā wahi hūnā: i nā lua kūlohelohe i ka lepo, i kekahi manawa i nā pahu a i ʻole nā māwae o nā kumu lāʻau. Hatch nā ʻōpū melemele liʻiliʻi i ka hapa mua o Kepakemapa a hōʻea i 22-23 knm (me ka ʻole o ka huelo) i ka pā ʻana. Aia kekahi mau moʻolelo o ka hānau hānau i ka pio. ʻO ke ola o ke kō melemele i 8-10 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka nahesa melemele
Kiʻi: Snake meli-bellied i Lūkia
Ma ke ʻano he mau hale malumalu, hoʻohana nā mea kolo i nā māwae i ka lepo, nā rodent hole, nā lua i nā puʻu o nā pōhaku, nā hana pōhaku ma nā awāwa steppe, nā lāʻau, nā lua kokoke i nā aʻa a me nā ʻauwai. Ke kū nei i kahi ʻenemi a i kona wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai, ʻaʻole hoʻāʻo ka nahesa ʻōpū melemele e hūnā, ʻauheʻe, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, lawe i kahi kiʻi hoʻoweliweli, e wili nei i nā apo a hāpai i ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kino e like me nā nahesa ʻawaʻawa, paʻi ikaika i ka waha hamama, me ka huhū nui i ka ʻenemi me nā lele lōʻihi a hoʻāʻo e hahau ʻenemi.
Hiki i nā hiʻohiʻona nunui o nā nahesa ke lele i kahi mamao o 1.5-2 m. ʻO kēia hana hoʻoweliweli e hoʻoweliweli i kahi ʻenemi hiki ke hana, hoʻomaha i ka nahesa e pakele. Hiki i ka hana kolohe o ka ʻōpū melemele ke hoʻoweliweli i kahi holoholona nui, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi lio. Inā hopu ʻia, huhū loa ka nahesa kele melemele a hana i nā leo hae, e hoʻāʻo ana e nahu i ka maka a i ʻole ka lima o ka mea hoʻouka.
Hana ʻia nā nahesa melemele-bellied i pio i nā manu nui, martens, ʻalopeke. Make pū lākou ma lalo o nā huila o kahi kaʻa: ʻaʻole kahi kaʻa kahi lio, ʻaʻole hiki ke makaʻu iā ia i nā leo nui a me nā lele hoʻoweliweli.
Lawe nā parasites o kēia moʻo i ka ʻeha melemele:
- nā mites gamasid;
- nā mea hoʻowahāwahā;
- iʻa lau;
- nematodes;
- haʻalulu;
- cestodes.
ʻAʻole mālama ʻia nā nāhesa melemele belele i nā terrarium ma muli o kā lākou hana kolohe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Nahesa kele kele
ʻO ka hōʻino, hoʻohiolo a me ka wāwahi ʻana o nā wahi noho, hoʻonui ʻia o ka mahiʻai a me nā pae ʻāina, ka wao nahele, mākaʻikaʻi a me nā kūlanakauhale, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides a me nā mea mahiʻai mahiʻai, ka luku pololei ʻana e nā kamaʻāina kūloko, ka hōʻiliʻili kūpono ʻole a me nā kaʻa ke kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o ka helu o ka nahesa Yellowbelly.
ʻO ke ʻano ʻino o ka ʻōpū melemele ke kumu o ka makemake nui ʻole i nā kānaka. Hoʻohui kēia i ka nohona lehulehu a me ka nui nui a alakaʻi i ka luku pinepine ʻana o ka nahesa. E like me nā kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka pāpū a me nā hiʻohiʻona ākea, ʻeha ka lāhui i nā ʻano ʻano hana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. No laila, ke hāʻule wikiwiki nei ka helu o ka nahesa melemele-bellied, akā ʻaʻole makaʻu ka nahesa i ka luku ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke aniau kekahi o nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui i nā mea ola. ʻO nā meaola e like me nā amphibians a me nā mea kolo e pilikia loa no ka mea pili pono nā kūlana o ke aniau iā lākou.
ʻAʻohe o ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ke kūlana mālama o ka nahesa melemele belu i nā wahi he nui. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia he mea maʻamau ia ma ka moku ʻo Dobruja, kākaʻikahi kēia a hoʻoweliweli ʻia i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā nahesa i luku ʻia ma ke alanui kahi "ʻike maka" no nā kamaʻāina kūloko. Hiki i nā make e pili ana i ke kaʻa ke kumu o ka heluna kanaka. ʻO ka lilo o ka nohona ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o nā lāhui i ʻEulopa. I Ukraine, noho ka nahesa melemele-bellied i nā pāka ʻāina āpana a me nā mea kūʻai aku (i nā wahi he nui i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano laha).
Kiaʻi moʻohe melemele
Kiʻi: Snake melemele-bele mai ka Red Book
I ka IUCN Worldwide Red List of Conservation Status of European Reptiles, ua helu ʻia ka nahesa melemele-bellied ma ke ʻano he LC ʻano ʻē ʻole ka hopena - ʻo ia ka mea hopohopo ʻole loa. Akā paʻakikī ka nānā ʻana i ka heluna kanaka ma ka pae honua a me ka hoʻoholo pololei ʻana i ka hoʻākoakoa ʻana o kahi laha no nā meaola ʻaneʻane pau. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia moʻo kele meli meli i loko o ka Appendix o ka Buke ʻulaʻula o Lūkia a me Teritori o Krasnodar (2002).
I ka Romanian Data Data Book, manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano he palupalu (VU). Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ʻo Dolichophis caspius i loko o ka Red Data Book o Ukraine ma ke ʻano he ʻano palupalu (VU), ma ka Red Data Book of the Republic of Moldova a me Kazakhstan. I Rumania, pale ʻia ka nahesa melemele-belele e ke kānāwai No. 13 o 1993. Pale ʻia ka laha e ka Berne Convention (Appendix II), me ka European Directive 92/43 / EEC o ka European Community (Appendix IV).
ʻIke hoihoi: pale ʻia ʻo Yellowbelly e kahi ʻāpana kūikawā a ke aupuni e pili ana i ke aupuni o nā ʻāina kūlohelohe i pale ʻia, ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi kūlohelohe, nā mea ulu hihiu a me nā holoholona, i ʻae ʻia me nā loli hou a me nā hoʻohui, i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano nāwaliwali e pono ai ka pale.
ʻO nā wahi haʻahaʻa e like me nā steppe, nā ululāʻau a me nā ululāʻau, nā wahi i makemake ʻia o ka Caspian nahesa melemelepalupalu a maʻalahi hoʻi i nā loli hoʻohana ʻāina ma muli o kā lākou waiwai e like me ka mahiʻai a me nā mahi ʻai. Hoʻohui ʻia, pili nui kēia mau wahi i nā fluctuations liʻiliʻi i ka wela a me ka mahana, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā hopena o ke aniau. I nā ʻāina kūkulu, ke hoʻokō ʻia nei nā hana mālama i ka wikiwiki a ʻaʻole paha he mea nui.
Ka lā paʻi: 06/26/2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 21:44
