Mallard - kahi lehulehu a kaulana nui o nā ʻāpō ma ka honua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma kahi o nā kino wai. ʻO ia ka nui o nā ʻāhiu hihiu āpau a no laila lilo pinepine i mea haʻuki, a i kekahi mau hihia ʻimi holoholona. Hānai ʻia ka hapanui o nā lūlū pālū hou e ka hānau ʻana mai nā mallarā hihiu, koe wale nō nā ʻano Muscat. He manu omnivorous kēia, maʻalahi ia i nā ʻano nohona like ʻole a noho ma nā ʻāina āpau koe ʻo Antarctica. E ʻike maikaʻi iā ia.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Mallard
ʻO nā pālule Mallard kekahi o nā ʻano manu he nui i hōʻike mua ʻia e Carl Linnaeus ma ka paʻi 1758 o ka The System of Nature Hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia i nā inoa binomial ʻelua: Anas platyrhynchos + Anas boschas. ʻO ka inoa ʻepekema mai ka Latin Anas - "duck" a me ka Greek Greek πλατυρυγχος - "me ka nuku ākea."
ʻO ka inoa ʻo "Mallard" i kuhikuhi mua ʻia i kekahi drake hihiu a hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi manawa pēlā. Hoʻokomo pinepine kēia mau manu me ko lākou mau hoahānau kokoke loa i ka genus Anas, e hopena ana i nā hybrids like ʻole. ʻAno ʻokoʻa kēia i waena o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ia paha no ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka mallard a i hala koke iho nei, i ka hopena o ka hopena o Pleistocene.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi genetic e pili kokoke ana kekahi mau mallard i ko lākou mau hoahānau Indo-Pacific, ʻoiai e pili ana kekahi i kā lākou mau hoahānau ʻAmelika. ʻO ka ʻikepili ma DNA mitochondrial no ke kaʻina D-loop e hōʻike ana ua ulu nui nā mallards mai nā wahi o Siberia. ʻIke ʻia nā iwi manu i nā koena o ka poʻe kahiko a me nā sediment ʻē aʻe.
Kūlike nā mallards i kā lākou DNA mitochondrial ma waena o ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Eurasia, akā hōʻike ka genome nukelea i ka nele o ke ʻano kūpuna. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hemahema o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mallard kahiko o ka Honua a me nā hale kūʻai o New World e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o ka genome ma waena o lākou e like me nā manu e like me ka ʻāpiki Chinese i ʻike ʻia e like loa me nā mallards kahiko o ka Honua, a ʻo nā manu e like me ka ʻumeke Hawaii like me kahi mallard o ka Honua Hou.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Drake mallard
He manu ʻo ka Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ma ka ʻohana Anatidae. ʻO kēia kahiʻano o nā moa wai i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha ma mua o ka nui o nā ʻāpē ʻē aʻe. ʻO 50-65 cm kona lōʻihi, a ʻo ke kino ma kahi o ʻelua hapakolu. ʻO ka mallard he eheu o 81-98 cm a kaupaona 0.72-1.58. kg. Ma waena o nā ana maʻamau, ʻo ka wing wing he 25.7 a 30.6 cm, ʻo ka nuku he 4.4 a 6.1 cm, a ʻo nā wāwae he 4.1 a 4.8 cm.
I nā mallards, hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe. ʻIke maopopo ʻole ʻia ke ʻano kāne e kāna poʻo ʻōmole ʻōmaʻomaʻo me kahi kola keʻokeʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i ka umauma ʻalani ʻalani mai ke poʻo, nā ʻēheu hina-ʻeleʻele, a me ka ʻōpū hina hina. ʻEleʻele ke kua o ke kāne, me nā hulu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, a me nā palena o ka hulu. He nuku melemele-ʻalani kā ke kāne me kahi kiko ʻeleʻele i ka hopena, ʻoiai he nuku ʻeleʻele ko ka wahine e kū mai ka ʻeleʻele a i ka ʻalani mottled a i ʻole brown.
Video: ʻO Mallard
Hoʻololi ka nui o ka mallard wahine, me kēlā me kēia hulu e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻokoʻa keu i ke kala. Loaʻa nā hulu ʻelua i nā hulu ʻulaʻula a me ka hulu polū ma lalo o ka ʻēheu me nā kihi keʻokeʻo, kū i ka lele a i ʻole hoʻomaha, akā hoʻokahe ʻia i ka manawa o ka molt makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: kūʻai aku ʻo Mallards me nā ʻano pākī ʻē aʻe, i hiki ai i ka hybridization a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā laha. He mamo lākou na ʻāpiki kūloko. Eia hou, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mallar i loaʻa mai i nā lehulehu hihiu e hoʻoulu hou i nā ʻāpiki kūloko a i ʻole e hānai i nā laha hou.
Ma hope o ka hatching, melemele ka plumage o ka duckling ma lalo a ma ka maka a ʻeleʻele ma ke kua (me nā kiko melemele) a luna a me hope o ke poʻo. ʻEleʻele kona mau wāwae a me kona nuku. Ke hoʻokokoke nei i ka plumage, hoʻomaka ka ʻāpō e hina hina, e like me ka wahine, ʻoi aku ka ʻōniʻoniʻo, a nalowale nā wāwae i ko lākou ʻeleʻele hina hina. I ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehā paha makahiki, hoʻomaka ka ʻūlū e lele no ka mea ua hoʻomohala piha kona mau ʻeheu.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka mallard hihiu. E nānā kāua i kahi e noho ai kēia manu hoihoi a me kāna mea e ʻai ai.
Aia i hea ka mallard e noho ai?
Kiʻi: Mallard duck
Loaʻa ka mallard ma nā wahi o ka hemisphere ʻĀkau, mai ʻEulopa a i ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, aia wale aku ia ma ka ʻākau mamao loa ma nā wahi tundra mai Kanada a Maine a ma ka hikina a hiki i Nova Scotia. ʻO kāna kikowaena hāʻawi ʻAmelika Hema i ka wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo prairie wahi o North and South Dakota, Manitoba a me Saskatchewan. I ʻEulopa, aia ka mallard ma nā mauna wale nō, ma Scandinavia a me kahi kahakaha tundra ma Rūsia. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ma Siberia i ka ʻākau a hiki i Salekhard, ka papa o ka Lower Tunguska, ka Taigonos Peninsula a me North Kamchatka.
Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka mallard i Australia a me New Zealand. Loaʻa ia ma nā wahi a ke aniau e kūlike ai i ka mahele o ka hemisphere ʻākau. Ma Nūhōlani, ʻaʻole i kū mua nā mallard ma mua o ka 1862 a pāhola aku i ka ʻāina ʻAukekulelia, ʻo ia hoʻi mai ka makahiki 1950. He kakaikahi loa ia ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia pae ʻāina. Noho nui ʻo Tasmania, hikina hema a me kekahi mau wahi ma ke komohana hema o Australia. Noho ka manu i nā kaona a i ʻole nā wahi mahiʻai a ʻaʻole ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā wahi kahi kanaka ʻole ka nui. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻano lōkō nāna e hoʻohiolo i ke kaiaolaola.
Kūleʻa ka mallard ma nā awāwa hāmama a i ka 1000 m, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wahi pūnana kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 2000 m. Ma ʻAsia, piʻi ka pae i ka hikina o ka Himalayas. Hūnā ka manu i ka pāpū o ka ʻākau o ʻInia a me ka hema o Kina. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo ka laulā o ka mallard me Iran, Afghanistan, a ma waho o ka ʻāina nui, pūnana manu ma ka Aleutian, Kuril, Commander, nā mokupuni Kepani, a ʻo ia hoʻi ma Hawaii, Iceland a me Greenland. ʻOi aku ka makemake i nā wai pulu kahi e hoʻoulu nui ai nā wai i nā mea kanu. Hoʻopuka pū kekahi ʻo Wetlands i nā helu he nui o nā invertebrates wai e ʻai ai nā mallard.
He aha ka mea a ka mallard e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Manuahi manu
ʻAʻole makemake ʻo Mallard i ka meaʻai. He lāhui omnivorous ia e ʻai i nā mea āpau e hiki ke ʻeli a loaʻa me ka hoʻāʻo iki. ʻIke koke ʻia nā kumuwaiwai hou a hoʻohana koke ʻia.
ʻO ka meaʻai a ka mallard duck ka nui o nā mea kanu:
- na anoano;
- huaʻai;
- limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo;
- nā mea kanu kahakai a me ka honua.
Pākuʻi ʻia ka papaʻai:
- pūpū;
- larva;
- pāpaʻi liʻiliʻi;
- keiki hānai;
- iʻa liʻiliʻi;
- rana;
- ilo:
- nahenahe.
Aia nā mea ʻai i nā loli o ke kau. Noho nā mallard o ʻEulopa ma nā mea kanu i ka wā hoʻoulu. ʻO kēia nā hua, e hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu, a laila nā greens greening hou. I ka manawa e hānau ai nā moa, ʻike lākou ʻaʻole wale nā mea kanu mea kanu, akā nui nā meaʻai holoholona i ke ʻano o nā ʻelala a me kā lākou larvae. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpona nā moa mallard i kahi papaʻai kikoʻī, e loaʻa ana ka lawa o nā mea momona i ke kaiapuni.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hopena o nā protein o nā holoholona i ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpio hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia. Hōʻike nā mallards ʻōpio i ka nui o nā protein o nā holoholona i nā helu ulu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka poʻe e ʻai nui i nā mea kanu. Ke holo wale nā keiki ʻōpio, ʻimi nui nā mallard i ka meaʻai i ka mahina ʻai. Makemake nui lākou i nā hua cereal pala. I ka hāʻule, ʻai nā mallard i nā acorn a me nā nati ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ke hoʻonui nei i ka laulā ʻai i lawe ʻia mai kaʻu ʻAmelika Hema. Ma Pelekane Nui, ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ʻai i ka wā hoʻoilo paʻakikī ma waena o 1837 a me 1855. I ka wā i hoʻolei ai nā mahiʻai i kaʻuala pala ma ka pā.
I nā wahi hānai, ʻai pū ka mallard i kekahi manawa i ka berena a me nā ʻōpala o ka lumi kuke. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ia i kāna papaʻai, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻai i nā mea kanu paʻakai. Ma Greenland, no ka laʻana, hānai ka mallard ma kahi o nā molluscs kai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: mallard duck
Loaʻa ma kahi o 10,000 mau hulu e uhi ana i lalo, kahi e pale ai iā lākou mai ka pulu a me ke anuanu. Hoʻopili lākou i kēia plumage i ʻole e komo ka wai i loko. Hāʻawi nā glands ma ke kumu o ka huelo i ka momona kūikawā. Lawe ka ʻūlū i kēia lubricant me kona nuku a hamo iā ia i loko o kona mau plumage. Lele nā Duck ma luna o kahi ʻeʻe lewa ma ka wai. Noho ka lewa ma waena o ka plumage a i lalo. Pale ka papa lepa i ke kino i ka nalowale o ka wela.
I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka wai, luʻu ke poʻo i nā poʻo nui, e pā ana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu ma luna o ka wai a laila hāʻule i luna. ʻO kēia kūlana o ke kino me ka huelo e piʻi i luna i waho o ka wai ke ʻakaʻaka loa. I ka manawa like, keʻimi nei lākou i ka meaʻai i ka lalo ma kahi hohonu o kahi hapalua mika. Ua nahu lākou i nā ʻāpana o nā mea kanu me ko lākou nuku a i ka manawa like e pahu ai i ka wai, a hopu lākou i waho. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ka nuku e like me ke kānana e paʻa ai ka meaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻaʻole anuanu nā wāwae o Ducks no ka mea nele lākou i nā hopena nerve a me nā kīʻaha koko. Kōkua kēia i nā pēpē e neʻe me ka mālie ma ka hau a me ka hau me ka ʻole o ke anuanu.
Wikiwiki a lele loa ka manu. Ke paʻi ʻana i kona mau ʻeheu, hoʻopuka pinepine ka mallard i nā kani sonorous, e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻāpala me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka maka. I nā poʻe lele, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kaha keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻāpana poʻohiwi huila. ʻO ka heʻe ʻana o ka mallard mai luna o ka wai he mākaukau loa. Hiki iā ia ke neʻe i ʻumi mau mika ma lalo o ka wai. Ma ka ʻāina, hele ʻo ia i loko o ka hele ʻana mai kekahi ʻaoʻao ai kekahi ʻaoʻao, akā hiki i ka poʻe ʻeha ke neʻe wikiwiki.
Ma hope o ka wā hānau, hana nā mallards i nā holoholona a neʻe mai ka latitu ʻākau a i nā wahi mehana o ka hema. Kali lākou i ka wā puna a hānai a hoʻomaka hou ka wā hānau. Eia naʻe, koho paha kekahi mau hale kūʻai aku e noho ma luna o ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi kahi nui nā meaʻai a me nā hale. Kūleʻa kēia mau mallard, nā heluna neʻe ʻole.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Nā moa Mallard
Kūkulu nā mallard sedentary i mau hui i ka ʻOkakopa a me Nowemapa i ka hemisphere ʻākau, a me nā manu neʻe i ka wā puna. Hoʻomoe nā wahine i nā hua i ke kakahiaka i ka wā e pūnana ai, e hoʻomaka ana ma kahi o ka wanaʻao. Huli pū, nānā nā kāne i kahi pūnaewele pūnana i hiki ke waiho ʻia ma kahakai, akā i kekahi manawa ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mile mai ka wai.
Hoʻololi ʻia ke koho ʻana o ka pūnaewele pūnana i nā kūlana o kēlā me kēia nohona. Ma nā wahi pālahalaha, loaʻa nā pūnana i nā wahi hānai, kokoke i nā loko me nā mea kanu i haʻi ʻia, i nā kula. I nā ululāʻau, hiki iā lākou ke noho i nā puha lāʻau. ʻO ka pūnana ponoʻī he kaumaha maʻalahi, pāpaʻu, kahi a ka wahine e hoʻopili ai me nā lālā ʻoʻoleʻa. Ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pūnana, haʻalele ka drake i ka ʻāpala a hui pū me nā kāne ʻē aʻe i ke kakali ʻana i ka wā moulting.
ʻIke hoihoi: Hoʻomoe ka wahine i 8-9 i keʻokeʻo momona me nā hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka ʻole o nā kiko, hoʻokahi hua manu i kēlā lā i kēia lā, e hoʻomaka ana i Malaki. Inā haʻalele ʻia nā hua mua ʻehā i waiho ʻia a hoʻopilikia ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe ʻaihue, e hoʻomau ka ʻūlū e hoʻomoe i nā hua manu i kēia pūnana a uhi i nā hua, a waiho ka pūnana no kekahi manawa pōkole
Ma kahi o 58 mm ka lōʻihi o ka hua a 32 mm ka laulā. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻouluulu ke kokoke ka paʻa o ka paʻa. ʻO ka manawa hoʻouluulu he 27-28 mau lā, a he 50-60 mau lā ka heʻe ʻana. Hiki i nā ʻāpō puaʻa ke ʻauʻau ke paʻa koke lākou. Noho kokoke lākou i ko lākou makuahine, ʻaʻole wale no ka mehana a me ka pale ʻana, akā e aʻo a hoʻomanaʻo hoʻi i ko lākou wahi noho a me kahi e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai. Ke ulu aʻe nā ʻūlū e hiki ke lele, hoʻomanaʻo lākou i nā ala neʻe kuʻuna.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka hale kūʻai
Kiʻi: Mallard duck
Kū pinepine nā hale kūʻai o nā makahiki āpau (akā ʻo ka poʻe ʻōpio hoʻi) i nā ʻano mea ʻaihue like ʻole, e like me nā mea hānai. ʻO nā mea ʻaihue kūpilikiʻi maoli o nā mallard makua he ʻalopeke (kahi e hoʻouka pinepine ai i nā wahine pūnana. A ʻo nā manu lele a i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manu lele: peregrine falcons, hawks, aeto gula, ʻaeto, ʻehoe, a me nā ʻaeto, nā ʻāpala nui, nā pueueue aeto. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā manu lele ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o 25 mau lā a me ka helu like o nā māmele karnivorous, me ka helu ʻole ʻana i kekahi mau mea ʻino o nā manu a me nā māmela e hoʻoweliweli nei i nā hua a me nā moa mallard.
ʻO nā pākeke Mallard kekahi mea i hōʻino ʻia e nā mea ʻino e like me:
- hina ʻākena;
- mink;
- pōpoki;
- pōpoki hihiu;
- pika ʻākau;
- ʻīlio lākihi;
- otter;
- skunk;
- martens;
- nā mea kolo.
Hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia nā mallards e nā anseriformes nui e like me ka swans a me nā geese, kahi e kipaku pinepine ai i nā mallard i ka wā hānau ma muli o nā paio kūloko. Hoʻopilikia a pepehi paha nā mano kūpuna iā lākou inā manaʻoʻiʻo lākou he hoʻoweliweli ka ʻāpō i kā lākou keiki.
I mea e pale aku ai i kahi hoʻouka kaua, hoʻomaha ka pālua me ka maka o ka maka i ka wā e hiamoe ana, e ʻae ana i kahi hemisphere o ka lolo e hana mau i ka wā e hiamoe ana ka hapalua. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia hana ma nā mallar, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ua pālahalaha nui ʻia i waena o nā manu i ka nui. Ma muli o ka makemake o nā wahine e ʻimi holoholona i ka wā hānau, nui ka nui o nā drakes ma mua o nā duck. I ka nahelehele, hiki i nā ʻāpō ke noho ma waena o 10 a 15 mau makahiki. Ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana o ka poʻe no 40 mau makahiki.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Mallard wahine
ʻO nā pato mallard ka mea nui a nui aku o nā moa wai āpau. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, kī ka poʻe ʻimi holoholona i mau miliona o ka poʻe me ka liʻiliʻi a me ka hopena ʻole o kā lākou helu. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i nā mallard ka nalowale ʻana o ka nohona, akā maʻalahi lākou i nā hana hou a ke kanaka.
Mea hoihoi: Mai ka 1998, i ka IUCN Red List, ua helu ʻia ka mallard ma ke ʻano he lāhui ʻaneʻane ʻaneʻane make. Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ka nui o ka laulā - ma luna o 20,000,000 km², a no ka mea e hoʻonui nei ka nui o nā manu, ʻaʻole e emi. Eia hou, nui loa ka lehulehu o ka mallard.
ʻAʻole like me nā moa wai ʻē aʻe, ua pōmaikaʻi nā mallard mai ka loli ʻana o ke kanaka - no laila ke loea i kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he ʻano lūlū i kekahi mau wahi o ka honua. Noho lākou i nā paka o ke kūlanakauhale, nā loko, nā loko a me nā kino wai kūpili ʻē aʻe. ʻAe hoʻomanawanui pinepine ʻia lākou a paipai ʻia i nā wahi noho kanaka ma muli o ko lākou ʻano mālie a me nā waihoʻoluʻu nani, anuenue.
Kūleʻa ka noho ʻana o nā Duck me nā kānaka i pili ka pilikia nui o ka mālama ʻana i nā laha me ka nalo ʻana o ka lāhui like ʻole i waena o nā pēpē kuʻuna o ka ʻāina. Ke hoʻokuʻu nei i nā mallar hihiu ma nā wahi ʻaʻole lākou he ʻōiwi i kekahi manawa ke hana i nā pilikia ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā moa wai maoli. ʻO kēia mau mallards neʻe ʻole i hui pū me nā lāhui kūloko o nā ʻano pato e pili kokoke ana, e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻohaumia kino a me ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā keiki momona.
Mallard ʻo ke kupuna o nā ʻāpiki kūloko. Kona haumia evolusione wai wai wai wai e pili pū ana haumia ʻia e nā poʻe popilikia. ʻO ka hybridization piha o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka loko ʻāhiu mallard hihiu e alakaʻi aku ai i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka moa wai kūloko.
Lā paʻi: 25.06.2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 21:36
