Harpy ʻAmelika Hema ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea ʻaihue nui loa ma ka honua. Hiki i ko lākou ʻano makaʻu ʻole ke hoʻokau i ka makaʻu i nā puʻuwai o nā ʻano he nui i kona wahi noho. Ma ka piko o ke kaulahao meaʻai, hiki i kēia predator avian ke hopu holoholona i ka nui o nā mōneka a me nā sloths. ʻO ka ʻēheu nui o 2 mau mika, nā māiʻuʻu nui a me ka nuku lou o ka ʻīlio ʻAmelika Hema e hoʻohālikelike i ka manu me he mea hoʻomake hoʻomake lā ka lani. Akā ma hope o nā hiʻohiʻona weliweli o kēia mea pohihihi he makua mālama e hakakā ana no kona ola.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Harpy ʻAmelika Hema
ʻO ka inoa kikoʻī o ka harpy mai ka Greek Greek "ἅρπυια" a pili i ka moʻoʻōlelo o ka poʻe Helene Kahiko. He kino ko kēia mau mea ola e like me ka ʻaeto me ka helehelena kanaka a hali i ka poʻe make i Hades. Kāhea pinepine ʻia nā manu e like me nā dinosaur ola e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o kā lākou moʻolelo kūikawā mai ka manawa o nā dinosaurs. Ua iho mai nā manu o kēia au mai nā kolo kolo. ʻO Archeopteryx, he mea kolo i noho ma ka Honua ma kahi o 150 mil. makahiki aku nei, ua lilo ia i kekahi o nā loulou nui e hōʻike ana i ka ulu o nā manu.
ʻO nā mea kolo e like me nā manu me nā niho a me nā māiʻuʻu, a me nā unahi hulu ma ko lākou mau lālā a me ka huelo. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua lilo kēia mau mea kolo i manu. ʻO nā mea ʻānō o ka ʻohana Accipitridae i ulu i ka wā mua o Eocene. ʻO nā mea hōʻino mua kahi hui o nā mea hopu a me nā lawaiʻa. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua neʻe kēia mau manu i nā wahi like ʻole a hoʻomohala i nā mea adaptations i hiki ai iā lākou ke ola a maikaʻi.
Video: Harpy ʻAmelika Hema
Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema e Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1758 ma ke ʻano he Vultur harpyja. ʻO ka lālā wale nō o ka genus Harpia, ʻo ka harpy, pili pili loa i ka ʻaeto poni (Morphnus guianensis) a me ka ʻaeto New Guinea (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka subpiʻohana Harpiinae i ka ʻohana nui ʻo Accipitridae. Ma muli o nā kaʻina mole o nā genes mitochondrial ʻelua a me hoʻokahi intron nukelea.
Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo Lerner lāua ʻo Mindell (2005) ʻo ka genera Harpia, Morphnus (Crested Eagle) a me Harpyopsis (New Guinea Harpy Eagle) he kaʻina like loa a hana i kahi clade i wehewehe pono ʻia. Ua manaʻo ʻia he pili pili loa ka ʻaeto Pilipino i ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema, akā ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana o DNA e pili ana i kekahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana predator, ʻo ka Circaetinae.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: manu ʻīlio ʻAmelika Hema
Loaʻa i nā kāne a me nā wahine o ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema i ka plumage like. He hulu ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha i ko lākou kua a me kahi ʻōpū keʻokeʻo. Hinahina hina ke poʻo, he ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ma ka umauma e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa i nā kāne ʻelua i kahi kiʻekiʻe lua ma hope o ko lākou poʻo. Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia nā wahine o kēia ʻano, no ka mea, ulu ʻelua a nui ka nui ma mua o nā kāne.
ʻO Harpy kekahi o nā ʻaeto nui loa. ʻO ka ʻaeto kai o Steller ka mea wale nō i ulu nui aʻe ma mua o nā hika ʻAmelika Hema. I ka nahelehele, hiki i nā wahine makua ke kaumaha i 8-10 kg, ʻo ka nui o nā kāne he 4-5 kg. Hiki i ka manu ke noho i ka nāhelehele no 25 a 35 mau makahiki. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻaeto nui loa ma ka honua, e hiki aku ana i 85-105 knm ka lōʻihi ʻO kēia ka lua o nā lā lōʻihi loa ma hope o nā ʻaeto Pilipino.
E like me ka hapanui o nā predators, he ʻike maka ʻole kā ka harpy. Hana ʻia nā maka i kekahi o nā pūnaewele sensory liʻiliʻi e ʻae i ka mea pio mai kahi mamao aku. ʻO ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema pū kekahi me ka lohe pono. Hoʻonui ʻia ka lohe ʻana e ka hulu o ka helehelena e hana ana i kahi diski a puni kāna mau pepeiao. Kūleʻa pinepine kēia hiʻohiʻona i waena o nā pueo. ʻO ke kinona o nā papahana disk e nalu pololei i loko o nā pepeiao o ka manu, e ʻae iā ia e hoʻolohe i kahi neʻe iki a puni ia.
Ma mua o ke komo ʻana o kānaka, he mea holomua loa ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema, i hiki ke luku ʻia nā holoholona nui ma ka luku ʻana i ko lākou mau iwi. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā māiʻuʻu a me nā peʻa ʻēheu pokole e ʻae iā ia e alualu kūpono i nā wao nahele paʻa. Akā ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka honi o nā hika, pili ka i ka ʻike a me ka lohe. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka hana a nā maka maka maka i ka pō. Manaʻo nā kānaka noiʻi he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike o ka pō ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ia.
Ma hea e noho ai ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema?
Kiʻi: Harpy ʻAmelika Hema
Hoʻomaka ka laulā o kahi ʻano laha ʻole ma ka hema o Mekiko (ma ka ʻākau o Veracruz ma mua, akā i kēia manawa, aia wale nō paha ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Chiapas), kahi o ka manu i aneane make. Ma ʻō aku o ke Kai Caribbean a i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a i Colombia, Venezuela a me Guiana ma ka hikina a me ka hema ma ka hikina o Bolivia a me Brazil a i ka ʻākau hikina o ʻAtenitina. I nā ululāʻau, noho lākou i ka papa e kū nei. ʻO ka ʻaeto ka mea maʻa mau loa ma Brazil, kahi i loaʻa ai ka manu ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nō nā ʻāpana o Panama. ʻAneʻane nalo akula kēia ʻano ma ʻAmelika Waena ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka ululāʻau o ka hapa nui o ka waoakua.
Noho ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema i loko o nā ululāʻau o ka ʻāina pāhune a hiki ke loaʻa i loko o kahi hale paʻa, ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa a me nā kapuaʻi e piʻi i 2000 m. Loaʻa mau ma lalo o 900 m, a ʻoi aku wale nō kiʻekiʻe. I nā wao nahele tropical, hopu nā ʻīlio ʻAmelika Hema i ka pākū a i kekahi manawa ma ka honua. ʻAʻole lākou e kū i nā wahi o ka uhi māmā o ka lāʻau, akā kipa pinepine i nā ululāʻau / wahi hānai semi-open i ka wā e ʻimi holoholona ana. Lele kēia mau manu i nā wahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ai ka nahele piha.
Loaʻa nā Harpies i nā ʻano nohona like ʻole:
- serrado;
- kaatinga;
- buriti (winding mauritius);
- nā ulu lāʻau pāma;
- mahi kihapai a me na kulanakauhale.
Hiki i nā Harpies ke ola no ka manawa pōkole i nā wahi kaʻawale o ka ululāʻau mua, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ululāʻau, a me nā wahi me kekahi mau lāʻau nui, inā hiki iā lākou ke pale i ka alualu a lawa ka ʻai. ʻAʻohe loaʻa iki kēia ʻano i nā ākea. ʻAʻole akahele loa ʻo Harpies, akā kahaha nō ke ʻike maka ʻole ʻia me ko lākou nui nui.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema?
Kiʻi: ʻAno kūmau ʻo ʻAmelike Hema
ʻAi nui ʻia ia i nā mea māmala liʻiliʻi, e like me nā sloths, nā mōneka, nā armadillos a me nā dia, nā manu nui, nā moʻo nunui a me nā moʻo nāhesa. Huhū ia i loko o nā ululāʻau, i kekahi manawa ma ka lihi o ka muliwai, a i ʻole hana i nā mokulele pōkole mai kahi lāʻau a i kahi kumulāʻau me ka dexterity kupaianaha, ke ʻimi nei a hoʻolohe nei i ka mea pio.
- Mekiko: ʻai lākou i nā iguana nui, nā moʻo punawelewele, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ia wahi. Ua kapa nā Indians kūloko i kēia mau hika "faisaneros" no ka mea ua ʻimi lākou i nā guanas a me nā capuchins;
- Belize: Harpy pio ma Belize me opossum, ʻāpala, porcupines a me nā ʻalopeke hina;
- Panamā: nā sloth, nā puaʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā manu, nā ʻīpō, nā makawā a me nā manu nui ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻai ka harpy i ke kupapaʻu o ka sloth ma kahi hoʻokahi no ʻekolu mau lā, a laila neʻe ia i kahi ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi kūpono o ke kino o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
- Ecuador: nā māmala ʻaumakua, nā ʻakaʻaka howler ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā ʻano lawaiʻa maʻamau nā sloth, macaws, guanas;
- Peru: nā moʻo nūnū, ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, slothsʻekolu manamana wāwae;
- ʻO Guyana: kinkajou, nā moʻo, sloths, posum, saki poʻo keʻokeʻo, coati a me agouti;
- Brazil: nā ʻīlio ʻokiʻula ʻulaʻula, nā primata e like me capuchins, saki, sloths, keiki bipi, hyacinth macaws a me nā caryams crested;
- Argentina: ʻAi i ka margais (nā pōpoki huelo lōʻihi), nā capuchins ʻeleʻele, nā pua puaʻa dwarf a me nā posum.
ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā holoholona me nā moa, nā keiki hipa, nā kao a me nā puaʻa ʻōpio i hōʻike ʻia, akā he mea liʻiliʻi loa kēia ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau. Mālama lākou i ka heluna o ka mōneka capuchin, kahi e ʻimi ʻimi nei i nā hua manu a hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i kahi wahi kūloko o nā laha.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Harpy ʻAmelika Hema
I kekahi manawa lilo ka poʻe ʻalalā i nā mea ʻaihue noho. ʻIke pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano i loko o nā mea hoʻomake i nā ulu lāʻau. I nā puʻupaʻa ʻAmelika Hema, hiki kēia ke noho lākou i nā lau a nānā no ka manawa lōʻihi mai kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o kahi kino wai kahi e hele ai nā mammal e inu wai. ʻAʻole like me nā mea wīwī ʻē aʻe o kā lākou nui, he mau ʻeheu liʻiliʻi ko nā ʻīlio wahine a me ka huelo lōʻihi. He hoʻololi kēia e hiki ai i kahi manu nui ke hoʻololi i kāna ala lele ma waena o nā mea ulu ulu ulu.
ʻO ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema ka mana nui o nā manu āpau. Ke ʻike ʻia kahi mea pio, lele ia iā ia me ka wikiwiki a hoʻouka i ka mea pio, e hopu ana i kona iwi poʻo i ka wikiwiki ma mua o 80 km / h. A laila, e hoʻohana ana i kona mau māiʻuʻu nui a ikaika hoʻi, haki ia i ka iwi poʻo o kāna mea i hoʻomake ʻia, a pepehi koke ʻia ia. Ke ʻimi holoholona ʻana, ʻaʻole pono lākou e alualu i kēlā me kēia lā. Lele hoʻi ka ʻaeto i kona pūnana me ka mea pio a hānai i nā lā aʻe i ka pūnana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi, hiki i kahi harpy ke noho me ka ʻai ʻole a hoʻokahi pule.
Kamaʻilio nā manu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā leo leo. Hiki ke lohe pinepine ʻia ka uē ʻana ke kokoke nā harikini i kā lākou pūnana. Hoʻohana pinepine nā kāne a me nā wahine i kēia mau haʻalulu kani e hoʻomau i ka pili ke hana lākou i ka makua. Hoʻomaka ʻo Chicks e hoʻohana i kēia mau kani ma waena o 38 a 40 mau lā o kou mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: he keiki hipa ʻAmelika Hema
Hoʻomaka ka ʻimi ʻana o nā ʻīlio ʻAmelika Hema i kahi hoa ma waena o nā makahiki o 4 a me 5. Noho nā kāne a me nā wahine o kēia laha i ko lākou ola me ka wahine like. Ke hui like ʻia kahi mau, hoʻomaka lākou e nānā no nā pūnaewele pūnana kūpono.
Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 40 m. Hana pū ʻia ka hana e nā papa ʻelua. Lālau nā harikini ʻAmelika Hema i nā lālā me ko lākou maiuu ikaika a paʻi i ko lākou mau ʻeheu, e haki ka lālā. Hoʻi kēia mau lālā i ka pūnaewele pūnana a laina like e kūkulu i kahi pūnana nui. ʻO ke kaulike harpy Nest he anawaena o 150-200 cm a me ka hohonu o 1 mika.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: hana paha kekahi mau kāne i nā pūnana i ko lākou wā e ola ana, ʻoiai koho kekahi e hoʻoponopono a hoʻohana hou i ka pūnana like i mau manawa hou.
Ke mākaukau kā lākou pūnana, hana i ka hoʻopili, a ma hope o kekahi mau lā e waiho ka wahine i 2 mau hua keʻokeʻo nui keʻokeʻo. Lawe ʻia ka hoʻouluulu e ka wahine, ʻoiai heʻuʻuku ke kāne. I loko o kēia wā, hana nā kāne i ka hapa nui o ka ʻimi holoholona a hoʻokomo i nā hua manu wale no kahi manawa pōkole, ke hoʻomaha ka wahine e hānai. ʻO ka manawa incubation he 55 mau lā. I ka manawa e kau ai kekahi o nā hua ʻelua, nānā ʻole ka wahine i ka hua ʻelua a hoʻololi loa i ka mālama makua no hoʻokahi keiki hānau hou.
ʻO nā mahina mua ma hope o ka hatching, noho ka wahine i ka hapa nui o ka manawa i ka pūnana, ʻoiai e ʻimi nā kāne. ʻAi nui ka moa, no ka mea, ulu koke ia a lawe i nā ʻeheu i ka makahiki o 6 mau mahina. Eia nō naʻe, koi ka ʻimi holoholona i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ke akamai, i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i nā makahiki ʻelua o kona pōʻaiapili. Hānai nā mākua i ka mea oʻo no hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha makahiki. Alakaʻi nā ʻōpio ʻAmelika Hema i kahi ola mehameha no nā makahiki mua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā hika ʻAmelika Hema
Kiʻi: ʻAmelika Hema ʻAmelika Hema i ka lele ʻana
Aia nā manu makua ma ka piko o ke kaulaʻai a ʻaʻole ʻimi pinepine ʻia. ʻAʻohe o lākou mea ʻaihue kūlohelohe i ka nāhelehele. Eia nō naʻe, ʻelua mau ʻīlio makua ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka nahelehele ma ke ʻāpana o kahi papahana hoʻihoʻi hou i hopu ʻia e ka jaguar a me ka mea ʻiʻo ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka ocelot.
Hiki i nā pīpī huhū ke makaʻu loa i nā manu manu ʻio ʻē aʻe ma muli o kā lākou liʻiliʻi, akā ma lalo o ka pale o ko lākou makuahine nui, ola paha ka pīpī. He kakaikahi kēia ʻano predation, no ka mea pale pono nā mākua i ka pūnana a me ko lākou ʻāina. Pono ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema e pili ana i 30 km² no ka huli holoholona kūpono. He holoholona teritori nui lākou a e kipaku aku i nā ʻano hoʻokūkū.
Nui a hewahewa nā hihia o ka make kūloko ma nā wahi me ka hana kanaka koʻikoʻi. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ia e ka luku ʻana o ka nohona ma muli o ke kālai lāʻau ʻana a me ka mahi ʻana Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau mea e pili ana i nā mahiʻai e ʻike nei i nā ʻīlio ʻAmelika Hema ma ke ʻano he pōpilikia holoholona weliweli e kī iā lākou i ka manawa mua loa. Ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei nā papahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūikawā no nā mahiʻai a me nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona e hāpai i ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo i ka mea nui o kēia mau manu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: manu ʻīlio ʻAmelika Hema
ʻOiai ʻike mau ʻia ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema i nā wahi nui, ke emi mau nei ka hāʻawi ʻana a me nā helu. Hoʻoweliweli nui ʻia ia e ka nalo ʻana o kahi e noho ai ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka lāʻau ʻana, ka hānau holoholona a me ka mahiʻai. Eia kekahi, hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻimi manu ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻoweliweli maoli i nā holoholona a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻike ʻia i ke ola kanaka ma muli o ka nui.
ʻOiai, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻike o ka poʻe ʻimi holoholona, a i nā manawa maʻamau wale nō lākou e ʻimi holoholona ai. Hoʻolahalaha kēlā ʻano hoʻoweliweli ma loko o kāna āpau āpau, ma kahi ʻāpana nui a ua lilo ka manu i mea nānā wale no ka manawa pōkole. Ma Brazil, ua aneane luku ʻia lākou a loaʻa wale nō i nā wahi mamao loa o ka Basin Amazon.
Kuhi ʻia nā heluna kanaka no 2001 i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau hānau he 10,000-100,000 mau kānaka. ʻOiai pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e kuhi hewa paha kekahi mau mea nānā i ka helu o kēlā me kēia kanaka a hoʻonui i ka heluna kānaka i nā tausani he ʻumi. ʻO nā kuhi i kēia laulā e kau nui ʻia ma ka kuhi manaʻo aia nō ka nui o nā helikoa ma nā Amazon.
Mai ka waenakonu o 1990, ua loaʻa ka harpy i nā helu he nui ma ka ʻāina ʻo Brazil ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka equator. ʻO nā moʻolelo ʻepekema mai nā makahiki 1990, eia naʻe, ke ʻōlelo nei e neʻe paha nā lehulehu.
Ke kiaʻi nei i nā ʻAikopika ʻAmelika Hema
Kiʻi: puke ʻĀpana Hema ʻAmelika Hema
Me nā hoʻoikaika ʻana a pau, hoʻomau ka heluna kanaka. Hoʻolahalaha ka ʻike ākea no ka mea nui o kēia laha i waena o nā kānaka, akā inā ʻaʻole e hoʻokū ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka wao nahele, hiki i nā manu ʻāpana nani o ʻAmelika Hema ke nalowale mai ka nahele mai i kēia mua aku. ʻAʻohe ʻikepili kikoʻī i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. Ua koho ʻia i ka makahiki 2008 ma lalo o 50,000 ka poʻe i koe i ka nāhelehele.
Hōʻike nā kuhi IUCN ua nalo ka laha i 45.5% o kona wahi kūpono i nā makahiki 56 wale nō. No laila, ua helu ʻia ʻo Harpia harpyja ma ke ʻano he “Pilikia” i ka Helu Papa Helu IUCN o 2012. He mea ʻino pū kekahi na CITES (Manaʻo I).
ʻO ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā ʻīlio ʻAmelika Hema kaukaʻi ʻia i ka pale o ko lākou wahi noho e pale aku ai iā lākou mai ke kiʻi ʻana i ke kūlana weliweli. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻaeto harpy e hoʻoweliweli ʻia ma Mekiko a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi i hoʻopau ʻia ai i ka hapa nui o kāna pae mua. Manaʻo ʻia he mea weliweli a hoʻopilikia paha ia i ka hapa nui o ka pae hema o ʻAmelika Hema. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o kona laulā, ma Argentina, loaʻa wale ia i nā ulu lāʻau o ke awāwa ʻo Paraná ma ka moku ʻo Misiones. Ua nalowale ʻo ia mai El Salvador a kokoke mai Costa Rica.
Harpy ʻAmelika Hema mea nui loa no ke kaiaola ulu lāʻau tropical. Hiki i ka hoʻopakele heluna ke kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā laha tropical i kaʻana like i kona wahi noho. Mālama kēia mau mea hōʻaiʻē i ka helu o nā māmala arboreal a me terrestrial i ka nahele ulu, kahi e ʻae ai i nā mea kanu e ulu pono. Hiki i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka harpy ʻAmelika Hema ke hoʻololi i ka kaiaolaolaola holoʻokoʻa o Central a me ʻAmelika Hema.
Lā paʻi: 05/22/2019
Lā hou: 20.09.2019 ma 20:46
