Kohola polū (luaʻi) ka mea noho nui loa o ko mākou honua. Kaupaona ia a hiki i 170 tone, a hiki i kona lōʻihi a 30 mau mika. ʻO nā ʻelele hoʻokahi wale nō o kēia laha e ulu i kēia nui, akā hiki ke kapa ʻia ke koena he nunui me ke kumu kūpono. Ma muli o ka luku ʻia o ka hana, ua emi nui ka heluna o nā polū, a ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia nei lākou i ka make.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: kohola polū
ʻO nā koholā, e like me nā cetaceans ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole iʻa, akā nā māmela, a me nā poʻe i iho mai nā artiodactyls ʻāina. ʻO kā lākou kūlike kūwaho me ka iʻa ka hopena o ka evolution evolution, kahi e noho ai nā meaola i nā ʻano like, i ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa loa kekahi i kekahi, loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona like a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa.
ʻO nā holoholona o kēia au, ʻo ka mea kokoke i nā koholā ʻaʻole ia ka iʻa, akā ʻo ka hippos. Ua hala ma mua o 50 miliona mau makahiki mai ka wā o ko lākou kūpuna i noho ai ma ka honua - ua noho ʻo ia ma ka ʻāina. A laila ua iho mai kekahi o nā ʻano ona mai iā ia neʻe i ke kai a hāpai aʻe i nā cetaceans.
Video: kohola polū
Ua hāʻawi mua ʻia ka wehewehe ʻepekema o nā blues e R. Sibbald i ka makahiki 1694, a no laila no kekahi manawa lōʻihi ua kapa ʻia ia he minke o Sibbald. ʻO ka inoa i ʻae ʻia a i kēia mau lā i ka inoa Latina Balaenoptera musculus hāʻawi ʻia e K. Linnaeus i 1758. Ua unuhi ʻia kāna ʻāpana mua ma ke ʻano he "winged whale", a ʻo ka lua - "muscular" a i ʻole "mouse".
No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, aneane ʻole e aʻo ʻia ka koholā polū, a ʻaʻohe manaʻo iki o ka poʻe ʻepekema i ke ʻano o kona ʻano: ʻaʻole pololei nā kiʻi ma nā puke kūmoleola o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa. Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia wale nō, ua hoʻomaka ka aʻo ʻōnaehana o nā lāhui, i ka manawa like i hoʻomaka ʻia ai kona inoa o kēia ao, ʻo ia hoʻi, "kohola polū".
Loaʻa i kēia ʻano ʻekolu mau ʻāpana:
- kohola polū dwarf;
- ʻākau;
- hema.
Kūlike iki lākou mai kekahi i kekahi. Noho nā blues Dwarf i ka moana ʻĀina mehana, a makemake nā ʻelele o nā mea ʻelua ʻelua i ka wai anuanu a neʻe i ka Arctic a i ʻole Antarctic i ke kauwela. Kuhi ʻia nā polū ʻākau i mau ʻāpana subspecies, akā ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka nui o nā blues hema.
Luai nā mea o loko e kūlike i ka nui o kona kino - no laila, kau kona puʻuwai he 3 tone. A i ka waha o kēia koholā e kūpono i kahi lumi waena.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: kohola polū holoholona
Hinahina ka ʻili me nā kiko. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao, a ʻo ke poʻo, ʻokoʻa ka mea ʻeleʻele. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpū ka ʻōpū, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai he kohola ʻōmaʻomaʻo melemele. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa o kēia au i ka holoholona no ka mea hiki ke kua i ke kua ke nānā ʻia ma o ka wai kai.
Māmā ka ʻili i ka hapanui, akā aia nā kaha ma ka ʻōpū a me ka puʻu. Noho nā parasite like ʻole ma ka ʻili a me ka whalebone o ka holoholona. Liʻiliʻi nā maka e pili ana i ke kino - he 10 kenimika wale nō ke anawaena, aia ma nā kihi o ke poʻo, e like me ka lio.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka iwi ā a puka i mua e 20 mau kenimika me ka waha i paʻa. Hoʻohana wela nā koholā, a hoʻolālā ʻia kahi papa momona e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana.
ʻAʻohe ʻaila, hanu nā polū me ke kōkua o nā mumū ikaika: ʻaneʻane hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ea i ka manawa - e 90% (no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana: pono i ke kanaka e lawe i ʻeono hanu a me nā exhales e loaʻa ai kēia anakuhi).
Mahalo i ka nui o ko lākou mau māmā, hiki i nā koholā ke noho i ka hohonu a 40 mau minuke ma mua o ka pono o kahi ea hou. Ke piʻi aʻe kahi koholā i luna a hemo, puka mai kahi punawai o ka ea mehana, a hiki ke lohe ʻia ke kani i kēia manawa ma kahi mamao aku - 3-4 mau mile ka mamao.
I ka huina, aia he mau haneli mau pā kohola e ana ana iā 100 a 30 mau kenimika i ka waha o ka holoholona. Me ke kōkua o nā pā, holoi ka luaʻi i ka wai, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao a lākou e hoʻopau ai e kānana i ka plankton mai ia mea, kahi e ʻai ai ka kohola.
Ma hea e noho ai ke koholā polū?
Kiʻi: kohola polū nui
Ma mua, hiki ke loaʻa nā polū i nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua, akā laila ua emi nui ko lākou helu, a ua wāwahi ʻia kahi. Aia kekahi mau ʻāpana kahi e loaʻa pinepine ai kēia holoholona i kēia manawa.
I ke kauwela, he kāʻei ia o nā kino wai arctic a me Antarctic. I ka hoʻoilo, hele lākou a kokoke i ka equator. Akā ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ka wai mehana, a aneane ʻaʻole ʻauʻau i ka equator ponoʻī, ʻoiai i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana. Akā noho ka polū dwarf i loko o ka wai mehana o ke Kai ʻInikia a puni ka makahiki - ʻaʻole ʻauʻau i ke kai anuanu.
ʻAʻole maopopo maopopo i nā ala hele o ka uliuli, a hiki i kekahi ke hōʻailona i kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ko lākou alo. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoilo iā ia iho no kahi manawa lōʻihi i noho wehewehe ʻole ʻia, no ka mea, ʻo ka lako o nā meaʻai ma nā kai Arctic a me Antarctic e noho mau nei i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka wehewehe maʻamau loa i kēia lā e koi ʻia no nā cubs nona ka momona momona ʻaʻole lawa e noho i nā wai anuanu i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO nā hui polū ʻē aʻe he nui loa i ka Hemisphere Hema, ma ka ʻĀkau he liʻiliʻi loa lākou, akā i kekahi manawa ʻauʻau lākou i nā kapakai o Pokukala a me Sepania, hui pū lākou iā lākou ma kahakai Helene, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou eʻauʻau i ke kai Mediterranean. Hiki ʻole ke loaʻa iā lākou ma kahakai o Lūkia.
Aia kekahi mau lehulehu o nā koholā (i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā pūʻā hānai) Ma ke kai ʻākau, ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi 9 a 10 paha ka nui o ka lehulehu, ʻaʻohe ʻikepili e pili ana i ke kai hema.
He aha ka ʻai a ke kohola kohola?
Kiʻi: kohola polū kai
ʻO kā lākou papa kuhikuhi:
- plankton;
- iʻa;
- heʻe.
ʻO kahi hoʻonohonoho ʻilihune, i ke kumu o ka papaʻai ka plankton, ʻo ia hoʻi ka krill. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻāina, hiki i kēia mau ʻano ke ʻano o nā crustacea. ʻO ka iʻa, e like me ka hapanui o nā cetologists (ʻo kēia ka inoa o nā loea e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana o cetaceans), ʻike ʻia ma ka papa kuhikuhi a ke koholā wale nō, ke hele i laila i ka ale ʻana i nā crustacea, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole i ʻai ka kohola.
Eia nō naʻe, manaʻoʻiʻo kekahi poʻe cetologists inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ke koholā koholā ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka plankton e māʻona ai i ka makemake, a laila ʻauʻau pono i nā kula iʻa liʻiliʻi a ale iā lākou. Hana ʻia ka mea like me ka heʻe.
I kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻo ia ka plankton e hoʻomalu i ka papaʻai o ka luaʻi: ʻike ka holoholona i kāna hōʻiliʻili, ʻau pono i loko o lākou i kahi wikiwiki wikiwiki a komo i loko o ka waha i nā manawa he ʻumi mau tona o ka wai. Ke ʻai nei, lilo ka nui o ka ikehu, a no laila pono ke koholā e nānā no nā hōʻiliʻili nui o ka meaʻai - ʻaʻole ia e pane i nā mea liʻiliʻi.
No ka hānai piha ʻana, pono i kahi kohola polū e ʻoluʻolu i ka 1-1.5 mau tona o ka meaʻai. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, 3-4 mau tona e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā - no kēia mea, kānana ka holoholona i ka nui o ka wai. No ka meaʻai, luʻu ia i kahi hohonu o 80-150 mau mika - hana pinepine ʻia ia ʻano luʻu.
Ua luaʻi ʻoi aku ma mua o nā dinosaur nui loa, ʻo ke kaumaha o ia mau mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻepekema. 173 mau tona i kau ʻia, a ʻo kēia ʻo 65 tone i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka nui o ka dinosaurs i manaʻo ʻia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: kohola polū i ke kai
Auʻau pinepine lākou i hoʻokahi manawa, a i kekahi manawa ʻelua a ʻekolu paha. I nā wahi waiwai i ka plankton, hiki i kekahi mau hui like ke ʻākoakoa. Akā inā ʻo ke ʻauana o nā koholā i kahi hui, hana ʻē lākou i kahi mamao aku, a ma hope o kekahi manawa ua pehu lākou.
ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou kokoke i ke kapakai - makemake lākou i ka ākea a me ka hohonu. Hoʻolilo lākou i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa e ʻauʻau mālie mai kahi hōʻiliʻili o ka plankton i kahi ʻē aʻe - hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻano o nā mea mahi ʻai nā mea kanu ʻāina.
Ma ka awelika, ʻauʻau kahi koholā polū ma ka wikiwiki o 10 km / h, akā hiki ke ʻauʻau wikiwiki - inā makaʻu i kekahi mea, hiki i 25-30 km / h, akā no kahi manawa pōkole wale nō, no ka mea, lilo ia i ka nui o ka ikehu. ...
Hoihoi ke kaʻina hana o ke komo ʻana no ka meaʻai - koi ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻolei ka koholā i kona mau māmā, a laila hanu hohonu, luʻu pāpaʻu ma kahi o ʻumi mau manawa a kū hou i luna, a ma hope wale o ka luʻu hohonu a lōʻihi ʻana.
ʻO ka maʻamau, hele ka luaʻi i hoʻokahi haneli a ʻelua mau mika paha i ka hohonu i loko o ka wai, akā inā makaʻu ia, hiki iā ia ke hohonu hohonu - a i ka hapalua kilomita. Hana kēia inā e ʻimi nā kohola kohola iā ia. Ma hope o 8-20 mau minuke, puka mai ke kohola a hoʻomaka e hanu wikiwiki, e hoʻokuʻu i nā punawai i ka ea.
I ka "hopu ʻana i kona hanu" i mau minuke, hiki iā ia ke luʻu hou. Inā alualu ʻia ke koholā, a laila i ke kolamu wai hiki ke noho lōʻihi, a hiki i 40-50 mau minuke, akā nalo mālie ka ikaika.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: cub whale polū
Hoʻohana ʻia nā hōʻailona infronics mana me kahi alapine o 10-20 Hz e launa pū ai me nā koholā ʻē aʻe. Me kā lākou kōkua, hiki i nā polū ke hoʻomaopopo iā lākou iho i nā hoahānau e ʻauʻau ana i kahi mamao loa.
He monogamous kēia mau holoholona, a ua ʻauʻau pū nā kāne i hoʻokumu ʻia no nā makahiki he nui. Hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia mau makahiki ʻelua, ʻike ʻia kahi kohola i kēlā mau pālua - ma mua o kēlā, hāpai ka wahine iā ia no hoʻokahi makahiki. Hānai ʻia kahi keiki hānau hou me ka waiū momona nui no kahi ʻoi aku o ʻeono mau mahina, a ma ka papa waiū o ka waiū i kēlā me kēia lā e hoʻonui i hoʻokahi haneli kilokika.
A ʻo kahi hopena, ulu wikiwiki ʻo ia i kahi nui kupaianaha, a hiki i 20 mau tona, a i ʻole ke kaupaona. ʻO nā momona uliuli mai 4-5 mau makahiki, akā ʻoiai ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia wā, hoʻomau ka hana ulu - piʻi a 15 mau makahiki.
Kūlike ʻole nā manaʻo o ka poʻe noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano polū. ʻO ke kuhi palena iki he 40 mau makahiki, akā e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe e ola ʻelua a ʻoi ka lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kenekulia i hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki. ʻO ka manaʻo hea e kokoke ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia no kekahi.
ʻO Blues ka mea ola ola nui loa. ʻOi aku ka nui o lākou ma mua o ka ʻenekini mokulele o kahi mokulele. Hiki i nā ʻohana ke lohe i kā lākou mau mele ma kahi mamao o nā haneli a me nā kaukani mile.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā koholā polū
Kiʻi: kohola polū
Ma muli o kā lākou nui nui, ʻo nā kohola kohola wale nō kai ʻimi iā lākou. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou makemake i ka ʻōlelo o ke koholā. Akā hoʻouka wale lākou i nā koholā ʻōpio a maʻi paha - kahi hoʻāʻo e alualu i kahi mea olakino, me nā palaualelo a pau, ʻaʻole e alakaʻi i kahi mea maikaʻi - ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui.
Eia nō naʻe, i mea e lanakila ai ke koholā, pono nā koholā mea hoʻomake e hana i kahi hui, i kekahi manawa he mau kaukani mau kānaka. I ka wā e alualu ai, hoʻāʻo nā kohola kohola e hoʻokuʻi i kā lākou mea pio i loko o ke kolamu wai, ʻaʻole e ʻae iā lākou e ala aʻe a hoʻopihapiha i kā lākou lako ea. I ka pau ʻana, nāwaliwali ka ʻō koholā a kūpale hou aku, ʻoiai e hiki ke ola hou nā kohola kohola i ka wai. Hoʻouka lākou i ke koholā mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, haehae i nā ʻāpana o kona kino a hoʻonāwaliwali hoʻi, a laila pepehi.
Akā ʻaʻole like ka poino o nā kohola kohola i ka mea a ka poʻe i kau ai i nā koholā polū, no laila he kanaka i hiki ke kapa ʻia me ko lākou ʻenemi nui a hiki i ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Ma muli o ke kohola kohola e hoʻoweliweli ai nā polū. Mai kahi koholā like, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi he 25-30 mau tona o ka momona, kahi kohola waiwai nui, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā huahana he nui, mai nā palaki a me nā corset i nā kino kaʻa a me nā noho, a he ʻano ʻono ko kā lākou ʻiʻo.
Hoʻomaka ka luku ʻia ʻana o ke koholā polū ma hope o ke kū ʻana o ka pūkuniahi harpoon i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia ma mua o ka hope, a laila ua hiki ke ʻimi kūpono me ka maikaʻi loa. Ua piʻi ka wikiwiki ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ke kanaka i ka koholā humpback, a ua lilo ka polū i kumu hou o ka blubber a me ka whalebone. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hana ʻana i ka luaʻi ma 1966 wale nō.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: kohola polū holoholona
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka luku ʻia e kānaka, aia ka heluna kānaka i nā haneli haneli - e like me nā kuhi ʻokoʻa, mai 200,000 a i 600,000 mau kānaka. Akā ma muli o ka ʻimi loa ʻana, ua emi loa ka helu o nā blues. Ehia o lākou ma ka honua i kēia manawa he nīnau paʻakikī, a ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o nā kānaka noiʻi e pili ana i ka helu helu i hoʻohana ʻia.
Kuhi ka manaʻo palena iki aia mai 1,300 a i 2000 mau koholā polū ma ka honua, nona nā 300 a 600 paha mau holoholona e noho ana i ke kai ʻākau. Hāʻawi nā mea noiʻi ʻoluʻolu hou aʻe i nā helu o 3,000 - 4,000 no nā kai ʻākau a me 6,000 - 10,000 no nā mea hema.
I kēlā me kēia hihia, hoʻowahāwahā nui ʻia ko lākou heluna kanaka, no ka hopena i hāʻawi ʻia nā polū i ke kūlana o kahi ʻano ʻaneʻane make (EN) a aia lākou i lalo o ka pale. Ua kapu loa ka lawaiʻa ʻoihana, a ua kāpae ʻia hoʻi ka lawaiʻa ʻana - ua loaʻa ka hopena i nā hoʻopaʻi no ka poʻe lawaiʻa kaulana, a ʻano liʻiliʻi nā hihia o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā koholā polū.
ʻOiai kēia, aia lākou i lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli, a ke hoʻi mālie nei ko lākou heluna kanaka no ka paʻakikī o ka hānau hou ʻana a me kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe:
- haumia o ka wai kai;
- hoʻonui i ka helu o nā pūnaewele laumania lōʻihi;
- hoʻokuʻi moku me nā moku.
ʻO kēia nā pilikia nui āpau, no ka laʻana, i ka heluna kohola i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā ʻepekema, 9% i hōʻike i nā ʻili mai nā hoʻokuʻi ʻana me nā moku, a he 12% nā māka mai nā ʻupena. Eia nō naʻe, i nā lā i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopaʻa iki ʻia ka helu o nā koholā polū, kahi e hāʻawi ai ka manaʻolana no ka mālama ʻia o kēia laha.
Akā ke ulu lohi nei ka heluna kanaka. Ma waho aʻe o nā pilikia i helu ʻia, ʻo ke kumu no ka noho ʻana o ka niche e nā koholā liʻiliʻi, nā koholā minke. ʻAʻole nānā ka poʻe iā lākou, no ka mea ua hoʻonui lākou a ʻai i kēia manawa i ka nui o ka krill ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā blues mālie a clumsy iā lākou.
ʻO ka lolo o kahi koholā polū he mea liʻiliʻi ia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā mea ʻē aʻe - he 7 wale nō kilokilo kona kaumaha. I ka manawa like, he koholā akamai nā koholā, e like me nā dolphins, ʻike ʻia lākou e nā hiki ke lohe kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouna a loaʻa i nā kiʻi ma o ke kani, a ke hana nei ko lākou lolo 20 mau manawa i ka ʻike ma mua o ke kanaka.
Mālama ʻia nā koholā polū
Kiʻi: kohola polū mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
ʻO kahi ana nui no ka pale ʻana o nā koholā polū mai ko lākou hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ka Red Book kahi pāpā paʻa. Ma muli o ko lākou noho ʻana i ke kai, ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe i nā ana palekana aʻe ʻoi loa, ʻoiai ʻo ka wai a lākou e hoʻolilo ai i ka hapa nui o ka manawa ʻaʻole no kekahi o nā mokuʻāina.
Akā ʻaʻole pono kēia. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma kēia hihia, hoʻokani ka nui nui i ke keu o nā koholā polū - paʻakikī loa e hopu iā lākou. Pono kēia hana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kahi moku nui, kahi e aneane hiki ʻole ai ke ʻike ʻole i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka lawaiʻa ʻana.
ʻAʻole like me ka iʻa liʻiliʻi, i hopu ʻia i ka pāpā ʻana i nā pāpā, kū ka hopu o nā blues ma hope o kā lākou hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i ka Red Book. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hanana like ʻole i loko o nā makahiki he nui.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe e keakea ana i ka hoʻi hou ʻana o ka heluna kohola, akā paʻakikī loa ke kaua ʻana iā lākou - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokū i ka haumia mau o ka wai, a me ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka nui o nā moku e holo ana i luna a hōʻike i nā ʻupena laumania.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hopena hope e hiki ke hakakā kūleʻa: i nā mokuʻāina he nui, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kaulike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka nui a me ka ʻae o nā pūnaewele. I kekahi mau mana, koi ʻia hoʻi e hoʻēmi i ka wikiwiki o nā moku i nā wahi kahi e nui ai nā koholā.
Kohola polū - he mea kupaianaha, a ʻaʻole ma muli wale nō o kona nui a me kona ola lōʻihi. Ke ʻimi pū nei nā kānaka noiʻi e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana o kā lākou mau hōʻailona kani - ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a ʻae i ka kamaʻilio ma kahi mamao loa. I kekahi hihia ʻaʻole pono e ʻae ʻia ka luku ʻia o kahi ʻano hoihoi no ka noi ʻana.
Lā paʻi: 05/10/2019
Lā hou: 20.09.2019 ma 17:41
