Pilikua pāpaʻa spider ʻO ia ka laha nui i ʻike ʻia a hiki ke ola i 100 mau makahiki. ʻO ka inoa Kepani no kēia ʻano he taka-ashi-gani, ka mea i unuhi maoli ʻia ma ke ʻano he "pāpaʻi wāwae kiʻekiʻe." Hoʻohui pū ʻia kona iwi puʻupuʻu me ka papa o ka moana pōhaku. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kuhihewa, hoʻonaninani ka pā kolo kolo i kona pūpū me nā ʻōpala a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai hoʻoweliweli kēia mau mea i ka hapanui o ko lākou ʻano helehelena, he kamahaʻo kupaianaha a pīhoihoi hoʻi ia e hūnā ʻia i ke kai hohonu.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Punawelewele Crab
ʻO ka pāpaʻi Kepanī (タ カ ア シ ガ ニ a i ʻole "crab leggy"), a i ʻole Macrocheira kaempferi, kahi ʻano pāpaʻi kai e noho ana i nā wai a puni ʻo Iāpana. Loaʻa iā ia nā wāwae ʻoi loa o kēlā me kēia arthropod. He lawaiʻa ia a manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻono. Ua loaʻa ʻelua mau mōʻalihaku i pili i ka genus like, ginzanensis a me yabei, i ka manawa Miocene i Iapana.
Video: Punawelewele Spider
Nui ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā laha e pili ana i nā ʻūlū a me nā mākua. Kākoʻo kekahi mau ʻepekema i ke kumumanaʻo o kahi ʻohana kaʻawale no kēia laha a manaʻoʻiʻo he pono hou ka noiʻi. I kēia lā ʻo ia wale nō ka lālā ola i ʻike ʻia o ka Macrocheira, a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā ramifi mua loa o ka Majidae. No kēia kumu, ua kapa pinepine ʻia he fossil ola.
Ma waho aʻe o kekahi ʻano i kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau mōʻalihaku i pili ʻia i ka genus Macrocheira:
- Macrocheira sp. - Pliocene Takanabe Formation, Iapana;
- M. ginzanensis - Miocene form of ginzan, Iapana;
- M. Yabei - Yonekawa Miocene Formation, Iapana;
- M. teglandi - Oligocene, hikina o Twin River, Wakinekona, USA.
Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ka pāpaʻi kolo i ka makahiki 1836 e Cohenraad Jacob Temminck ma lalo o ka inoa Maja kaempferi, ma muli o nā mea mai Philip von Siebold i hōʻiliʻili ʻia kokoke i ka mokupuni hoʻopunipuni o Dejima. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī i ka hoʻomanaʻo o Engelbert Kaempfer, kahi mea kūlohelohe mai Kelemania i noho i Iāpana mai 1690 a 1692. I ka makahiki 1839, ua hoʻonoho ʻia kēia ʻano i kahi subgenus hou, ʻo Macrocheira.
Ua hānai ʻia kēia subgenus i ke kūlana o ka genus i ka makahiki 1886 e Edward J. Myers. Ua hāʻule ka pā kolo (M. kaempferi) i loko o ka ʻohana Inachidae, akā ʻaʻole i kūpono i loko o kēia hui, a he mea pono paha e hana i ʻohana hou no ka genus Macrocheira.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Punawelewele pāhi holoholona
ʻO ka pāpaʻi nunui nunui ʻo Iapana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma ka honua i lalo o ka wai, ʻo ia ka arthropod nui loa i ʻike ʻia. ʻO kahi carapace helu pono ʻia ma kahi o 40 cm ka lōʻihi, akā ʻo ka lōʻihi o nā mākua hiki ke aneane 5 mau mika mai kahi kihi o ka heliped (maiuu me nā māiʻuʻu) i kahi ʻē aʻe ke kikoo. He ʻano poepoe ko ka pūpū, a kokoke i ke poʻo he ʻano peʻapeʻa ia. Kaupaona ka pāpaʻi holoʻokoʻa a 19 kg - ʻelua wale nō i ka ula o ʻAmelika i waena o nā mea ola āpau.
Loaʻa ka ʻōpū ākea akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōpū ma mua o nā kāne. Uhi ka puʻupuʻu Spiny a pōkole (ulu) i ka carapace, mai ka ʻalani ʻeleʻele a i ka brown brown. ʻAʻohe ona waihoʻoluʻu pohihihi a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kala. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka carapace ma ke poʻo i ʻelua mau ʻiwi lahilahi e kū ana ma waena o nā maka.
Mālama mau ka carapace i ka nui i ka wā makua, akā hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā māiʻuʻu e like me nā makahiki o ka pāpaʻi. ʻIke ʻia nā pāpaʻi Spider no ka lōʻihi a lohi hoʻi o nā lālā. E like me ka carapace, ʻalani hoʻi lākou, akā hiki iā lākou ke mottled: me nā kiko o ka ʻalani a me keʻokeʻo. Pau nā mea hele wāwae me nā ʻāpana hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka wēlau o ka lālā hele. Kōkua lākou i ka mea ola e piʻi a pili i nā pōhaku, akā ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka mea ola e hāpai a hopu i nā mea.
I nā kāne makua, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā heliped ma mua o nā wāwae hele wāwae, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻākau a me ka hema e lawe ana i nā pincer o nā heliped. I kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka heliped pōkole o nā wahine ma mua o nā lālā hele wāwae. ʻO Merus (ʻūhā luna) ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka pāma (ka wāwae e loaʻa ana ka ʻaoʻao paʻa o ka māiʻuʻu), akā hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kona ʻano.
ʻOiai nāwaliwali pinepine nā wāwae lōʻihi. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi aia ma kahi o ʻekolu hapahā o kēia mau pāpaʻi e nalowale ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi lālā, ʻo ka pinepine o kekahi o ko lākou wāwae wāwae mua. ʻO kēia no ka mea lōʻihi a pili maikaʻi nā lālā i ke kino a hele i waho e pili ana i nā mea ʻaihue a me nā ʻupena. Hiki ke ola nā ʻōpala punawelewele inā he ʻekolu mau wāwae hele wāwae. Hiki ke ulu i ka wāwae wāwae i ka wā o nā molts maʻamau.
Ma hea e noho ai ka pāpaʻa spider?
Kiʻi: Pāpā kolo Iapana
ʻO ka wahi noho o ka pilikua lapana Iapana i kaupalena ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao Pākīpika o nā mokupuni Iapana o Honshu mai Tokyo Bay a i Kagoshima Prefecture, ma ka latitude ma waena o 30 a me 40 degere latitude ʻākau. ʻO ka manawa pinepine ʻike ʻia lākou ma nā kahakai o Sagami, Suruga a me Tosa, a ma waho hoʻi o ke kahakai o ka penikala Kii.
Ua loaʻa ka pāpaʻi a hiki i Su-ao ma ka hikina o Taiwan. He hanana hanana paha kēia. Hiki paha i kahi lawaiʻa lawaiʻa a i ʻole ke anilā lōʻihi i kōkua i kēia poʻe e neʻe i kahi hema aku ma mua o ko lākou home pae.
Noho pinepine nā ʻōpala Spider Kepani i ke one a me ka pōhaku o ka papa ʻaina o ka hohonu a hiki i 300 mau mika. Aloha lākou e peʻe i nā puka a me nā lua i nā wahi hohonu o ka moana. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā makemake o ke ana wela, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia nā pā kolo kolo i ka hohonu o 300m ma Suruga Bay, kahi ma kahi o 10 ° C ka mahana o ka wai.
ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole ke hui aku i kahi ʻāpana punawelewele no ka mea holoholo i ka hohonu o ke kai. Ma muli o ka noiʻi ʻana i loko o nā aquarium lehulehu, hiki i nā pāpaʻi kolo ke ʻae i nā mahana o 6-16 ° C, akā he mahana mahana o 10-13 ° C. Noho nā ʻōpio i nā wahi pāpaʻu me nā mahana wela kiʻekiʻe.
He aha ka ʻai a ka pāpaʻa kolo?
Kiʻi: Punawelewele crab
ʻO Macrocheira kaempferi kahi scavenger omnivorous e hoʻopau i nā mea kanu a me nā ʻāpana o ke kumu holoholona. ʻAʻole ia he predator hana. ʻO ke kumu, ʻaʻole alualu kēia mau crustacea nunui, akā kolo a hōʻiliʻili i nā mea make a me nā mea palaho ma kahakai. Ma o ko lākou ʻano, he detritivores lākou.
Pākuʻi ʻia ka diet spab crab diet:
- iʻa liʻiliʻi;
- kalaiwa;
- wai crustacea;
- kahakai kahakai;
- limu;
- macroalgae;
- mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kino.
I kekahi manawa ʻai lākou i ka limu a ola nā pūpū. ʻOiai neʻe mālie nā ʻōpala kolo nunui, hiki iā lākou ke hopu i nā kahakai kahakai liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hopu maʻalahi iā lākou. ʻIke kekahi poʻe i nā mea kanu palaho a me nā limu mai ka papakū, a kekahi pūpū hāmole o molluscs.
I ka wā kahiko, ua haʻi nā luina i nā moʻolelo weliweli e pili ana i ka huki ʻana o kahi ʻōpala weliweli weliweli i kahi luina ma lalo o ka wai a ʻahaʻaina i ka hohonu o ke kai i kona ʻiʻo. Kuhi ʻia kēia he ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻole, ʻoiai e hiki paha i kekahi o kēia mau pāpaʻi ke pāʻina ma ke kino make o kahi luina i piholo mua. He palupalu ke ʻano o ka crustacean me ke ʻano naʻe o kona ʻano ʻiʻo.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka pāpaʻi e ka poʻe Kepanī no ka manawa lōʻihi ma muli o ka hōʻino hiki ke hana ʻia me nā maiuu ikaika. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ia no ka meaʻai a manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻono ma nā wahi he nui o Iapana a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Punawelewele pāpaʻi kai
ʻO nā pāpaʻi Punawelewele he mau mea noho mālie loa e hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o ko lākou mau lā e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai. E holoholo lākou i ka moana kai, e neʻe māmā ʻole ma luna o nā pōhaku a me nā puʻupuʻu. Akā ʻaʻole ʻike iki kēia holoholona kai i ka ʻauʻau ʻana. Hoʻohana nā pāpaʻi Spider i ko lākou mau māiʻu e wāwahi i nā mea a hoʻopili iā lākou i kā lākou pūpū. ʻO ka nui o ko lākou nui ʻana, ʻo ka nui o kā lākou nui. Ua hoʻokahe kēia mau pāhiʻi Punawelewele i ko lākou pūpū, a ulu nui nā mea hou i ka nui o ka makahiki.
Hoʻokahi kanahā mau makahiki o kekahi o nā ʻōpala nui loa i hopu ʻia, no laila ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike i ka nui o lākou ke hiki aku i 100 mau makahiki.
ʻAʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana o nā pāhiʻi kolo. Hōʻiliʻili pinepine lākou i ka meaʻai, a ʻaʻole pili iki ma waena o nā lālā o kēia laha, ʻoiai ke kaʻawale a me nā aquarium. ʻOiai ʻaʻole he poʻe ʻimi ʻumeʻume kēia mau pāpaʻi a ʻaʻohe nui nā mea ʻaihue, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ko lākou ʻōnaehana sensory e like me nā decapods ʻē aʻe i ka wahi like. Ma Suruga Bay ma kahi hohonu o 300 mika, kahi o ka mahana ma kahi o 10 ° C, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mākua wale nō.
ʻO nā ʻano pāpaʻi Kepani i kahi hui o nā pāpaʻi hoʻohanohano i kapa ʻia. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau pāpaʻi no ka mea hōʻiliʻili lākou i nā mea like ʻole i ko lākou kaiapuni a uhi i ko lākou pūpū me lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻano huna a pale paha.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Punawelewele ʻulaʻula
I ka 10 mau makahiki, lilo ka pāpale spider i oʻo makua. Pāpā aku ke kānāwai Kepani i nā lawaiʻa mai ka hopu ʻana iā M. kaempferi i ka wā o ka moekolohe ma mua o ka wā, mai Ianuali a ʻApelila, i mea e mālama ai i nā lehulehu a ʻae i ka ulu ʻana o nā laha. Pālua nā pālule nunui nunui i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, i ke kau. I ka wā o ka spawning, hoʻolilo nā pāpaʻi i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ka wai pāpaʻu ma kahi o 50 mau mika ka hohonu. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i 1.5.000 mau hua.
I ka wā o ka incubation, hāpai nā wahine i nā hua ma ko lākou kua a me ke kino o lalo a hiki i ka pā. Hoʻohana ka makuahine i kona mau wāwae hope e hoʻonāukiuki i ka wai e oxygenate i nā hua. Ma hope o ke kiko ʻana o nā hua, ʻaʻohe o nā mākua, a waiho ka larva i ko lākou hopena.
Hoʻomoe nā pāpaʻi wahine i nā hua momona i hoʻopili ʻia i kā lākou mau ʻōpū a hiki i ka hatch of larvae planktonic. Pili ka ulu ʻana o nā larvae planktonic i ka mahana a lawe ʻia mai 54 a 72 mau lā ma 12-15 ° C. I ka wā o ka wā larval, ʻaʻole like nā pāpaʻi ʻōpio me ko lākou mau mākua. Heʻuʻuku a aniani lākou, me kahi kino poepoe, wāwae ʻole e holo ana e like me ka plankton ma ka ʻili kai.
Hele kēia ʻano i nā pae o ka hoʻomohala. I ka wā o ka molt mua, e hele mālie nā larvae i ka papa kai. Ma laila, holo wikiwiki nā keiki i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa a hiki i ka kaomi ʻana i nā kākalaioa ma kā lākou pūpū. ʻAe kēia i ka cuticle e neʻe a hiki i ka wā manuahi.
ʻO ka mahana ʻoi loa ka mālama ʻana no nā pae larval āpau he 15-18 ° C a ʻo ka mahana ola he 11-20 ° C. Hiki ke ʻimi ʻia nā pae mua o nā larva i nā hohonu papau, a laila neʻe ka poʻe e ulu ana i nā wai hohonu. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o ke ola o kēia ʻano ma mua o ko nā decapod ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina.
I ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ma lalo o nā kūlana ulu maikaʻi loa, ma kahi o 75% wale nō e ola i ka pae mua. Ma nā pae hope aʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻemi ka helu o nā ʻīlio ola i kahi o 33%.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka pāpaʻu kolo
Kiʻi: Giab Japanese Spider Crab
ʻO ka pāpaʻi Punawelewele makua e lawa ka nui o nā predators. Noho ʻo ia i ka hohonu, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka palekana. Hoʻāʻo ka poʻe ʻōpio e hoʻonaninani i kā lākou pūpū me nā ʻenemi, limu, a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe i kūpono no ka uhi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā mākua i kēia hana no ka mea mālama ka nui o lākou i ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻino mai ka hoʻouka kaua aku.
ʻOiai e holo lohi ana nā pāhiʻi kolo, hoʻohana lākou i ko lākou mau māiʻuʻu e kūʻē i nā mea ʻānai liʻiliʻi. Kōkua ka exoskeleton pale kaua i ka holoholona e pale aku i nā mea ʻino nui aʻe. Akā ʻoiai nui kēia mau ʻōpala, pono lākou e kiaʻi no ka mea ʻaihue manawa e like me ka heʻe. No laila, pono lākou e uhi pono i ko lākou kino nui. Hana lākou i kēia me nā ʻōpala, kelp a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ko lākou pūpū nalu a kaulike ʻole e like me ka pōhaku a i ʻole kekahi hapa o ka papakū.
Ke hoʻomau nei nā lawaiʻa Kepanī i ka hopu ʻana i nā pāpae kolo, ʻoiai ke emi nei ko lākou helu. Makaʻu nā ʻepekema i ka nui o ka heluna o kāna heluna kanaka i nā makahiki he 40 i hala. ʻO ka pinepine i nā holoholona, ʻo ka nui o ia, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona ola ʻana. E nānā wale i ka ʻelepani, i hiki ke ola ma mua o 70 mau makahiki, a me ka iole, e ola ana ma ke awelika a 2 mau makahiki. A ʻoiai hiki i ka crabā punawelewele i ka wā ʻōpio, loaʻa kahi manawa e hopu ʻia ia ma mua o kona hiki ʻana i ia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Punawelewele, a kahi kāne
He mea pono a waiwai nui ʻo Macrocheira kaempferi no ka moʻomeheu Iapana. Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia kēia mau pāpaʻi i mea mālama i nā kau lawaiʻa o kēlā me kēia a ʻai ʻia nā maka a moa hoʻi. Ma muli o ka lōʻihi loa o nā wāwae o ka ʻupena kolo, hoʻohana pinepine nā mea noiʻi i nā uaua o nā wāwae i kumuhana e aʻo ai. I kekahi mau ʻāpana o Iāpana, he mea mau ka lawe a hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka pūpū o ka holoholona.
Ma muli o ke ʻano mālie o nā pāpaʻi, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā spider i nā aquarium. ʻAʻole hiki iki iā lākou ke launa pū me nā kānaka, a ʻo nā māiʻuʻu nāwaliwali he mea maikaʻi ʻole ia. ʻAʻole lawa ka ʻikepili ma ke kūlana a me ka heluna kanaka o ka pāpaʻi Kepani Kepani. Ua hōʻole nui ka hopu ʻana o kēia ʻano i nā makahiki he 40 i hala. Ua noi kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi i kahi hana hoʻōla e pili ana i ka hoʻopiha hou ʻana i ka waihona me nā pāpaʻi iʻa i mahi ʻia.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 24.7 mau tona i ka 1976, akā 3.2 wale nō mau tona i ka makahiki 1985. Aia ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ma Suruga. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pāpaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻupena trawl liʻiliʻi. Ua hōʻole ka heluna kanaka ma muli o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, kaohi ʻana i nā lawaiʻa e neʻe i kā lākou lawaiʻa i nā wai hohonu e ʻike a hopu i ka ʻono momona. Pāpā ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā pāpaʻi i ka wā puna i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai lākou e hoʻohua i ka wai pāpaʻu. Nui nā hana e hana ʻia i kēia manawa no ka pale ʻana i kēia laha. ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o nā kānaka i hopu ʻia e nā lawaiʻa i kēia manawa 1-1.2 m.
Lā paʻi: 28.04.2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:07
