Pangolin (i ka Lat. Pholidota) - ʻo kēia wale nō nā māmela ma ka honua, i uhi piha ʻia me nā unahi. ʻO ka inoa "pangolin" ma ka ʻōlelo Malakila "ke ʻalohi ʻana i pōpō". Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hana e nā holoholona inā pilikia. I ka wā ma mua, ua kapa pinepine ʻia lākou he scale anteater. He ʻumikūmāwalu mau lālani o nā unahi a like lākou me nā tile o kaupaku.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Pangolin
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Pangolins ma kahi o 60 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka wā o ka Paleocene, 39 o nā lāhulu nui loa i hala ma kahi o 50 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā ʻano Eomanis a me Eurotamandua i ʻike ʻia mai nā fossil i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele Messel ma ka Eocene. Ua ʻokoʻa kēia mau holoholona mai nā dinosaurs o kēia lā.
He mea hoihoi! ʻO nā mea i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū i mālama pono ʻia o Eomanis ma Messel e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā mea kolo a me nā mea kanu. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema ua ʻai mua nā pangolins i ka lau ʻai a ale wale ʻole i kekahi mau mea kolo.
ʻAʻohe o nā unahi pale pale nā moʻo prehistoric, a ʻokoʻa ko lākou poʻo i nā moʻo o kēia lā. Ua like lākou me he armadillo lā. ʻO kekahi ʻohana moʻo moʻo, i kū i ka hopena o ka Eocene, he ʻohana patriomanid. Loaʻa i nā genera ʻelua i loko, ʻo Cryptomanis a me Patriomanis, nā ʻano like ʻole o nā pangolins o kēia manawa, akā hoʻomau i nā ʻano o nā māmela makamae.
Video: Pangolin
Na ka Miocene, ma kahi o 30 miliona mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ulu nui nā moʻo. ʻO Necromanis, kahi ʻano o ka pangolin Palani i wehewehe ʻia e Henri Philhol i 1893, i kūʻē mai iā Eomanis a ua loaʻa i ka anatomy, kaʻai, a me nā hana e like loa me nā pangolin o kēia lā. Nā fossil i loaʻa i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Quercy.
Hōʻike nā noiʻi ʻiʻo hou o nā pili pili kokoke loa o ka pangolin nā predator a lākou i hana ai i ka papa Ferae. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa kahi noiʻi 2015 i kahi pilina pili loa ma waena o nā pangolins a me ka hui Creodonta pau.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻāpana ʻewalu o nā pangolins ola i nā makahiki 2000 i nā pangolins i ʻekolu mau hanauna: Manis, Phataginus a me Smutsia, i hui pū me ʻewalu mau ʻano + mau ʻohana fossil. ʻO ke kauoha o nā pangolins (ma ka ʻōlelo Lākina Pholidota) kahi lālā o ka ʻohana moʻo (Manidae).
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Pangolin holoholona
He poʻo liʻiliʻi koʻoi kā kēia mau holoholona. Liʻiliʻi ka maka a me ka pepeiao. He ākea a lōʻihi hoʻi ka huelo, mai 26 a 90 cm. He mana nā wāwae, akā pōkole. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae i mua a ikaika ma mua o nā wāwae hope. Loaʻa i nā wāwae ʻelima i nā māiʻuʻu meli. ʻO waho, ʻo ke kino scaly o ka pangolin e like me ka pine cone. ʻO nā unahi nunui, hāwīwī, ʻāwīwī uhi ʻia kokoke i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Palupalu lākou i nā pangolin hānau hou, akā paʻakikī i ka wā e ulu ai lākou.
ʻO ka waha wale nō, ka auwae, ka puʻu, ka ʻāʻī, kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka maka, nā ʻaoʻao o loko o nā lālā a me ka ʻōpū i uhi ʻole ʻia me nā unahi. I kekahi mau laha, wehe ʻia ka papa o waho o ka forelimbs. Uhi liʻiliʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana scaleless o ke kino me ka lauoho. He keʻokeʻo ka lauoho me ka ʻole o nā wahi scaly, mai ka huluhulu keʻokeʻo a i ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻeleʻele.
Hinahina ka ʻili i kekahi mau wahi me ka waihoʻoluʻu polū a ʻulaʻula paha. ʻEkolu a ʻehā paha mau lauoho ma ke kumu o kēlā me kēia unahi. ʻAʻohe o nā lauoho o nā ʻano ʻApelika. ʻO ka nui o ka raptor, me ke poʻo + kino, mai 30 a 90 cm. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.
He mea hoihoi! Hana ʻia ka uhi scaly o Pangolin mai keratin. ʻO kēia ka mea like me nā kui o ke kanaka. I kā lākou haku mele a me kā lākou hanana, ʻokoʻa loa lākou mai nā unahi reptile.
ʻAʻohe niho o kēia mau holoholona. No ka hopu ʻana i ka meaʻai, hoʻohana nā moʻo i kahi alelo lōʻihi a muscular e hiki ai ke hoʻolōʻihi i kahi mamao. I nā ʻano liʻiliʻi, aia ka elelo ma kahi o 16 a 18 cm. Ma nā kānaka nui aku, 40cm ka alelo. Pili loa ke alelo a poepoe a pālahalaha paha, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha.
Ma hea e noho ai ʻo pangolin?
Kiʻi: Lizard Pangolin
Noho ʻo Pangolins i nā wahi like ʻole, e like me nā ululāʻau, nā mānoanoa, nā wahi one, a me nā mauʻu ākea. Noho nā ʻano ʻApelika ma ka hema a me ke kikowaena o ʻAmelika, mai Sudan a me Senegal ma ka ʻākau a hiki i ka Repubalika o ʻApelika Hema i ka hema. Aia ka wahi noho o ka moʻo ma ʻAsia ma ke komohana hema o ka ʻāina. E moe ana ia mai Pakistan ma ke komohana a i Borneo ma ka hikina.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka laulā o kekahi mau ʻano penei:
- Noho ka India ma Pakistan, Bangladesh, ka hapa nui o India, kekahi mau wahi ma Sri Lanka a me Kina;
- Kina - ma Nepal, Bhutan, ʻĀkau ʻĀnia, Burma, ʻākau Indochina, hema Kina a me Taiwan;
- Loaʻa ʻo Pangolin Filipino ma ka mokupuni ʻo Palawan, ma ka ʻĀina Pilipino;
- Malay Pangolin - Hikina Hema ʻAsia + Thailand + Indonesia + ʻĀina Pilipino + Vietnam + Laos + Cambodia + Malaysia a me Singapore;
- Loaʻa ʻo Pangolin temminckii ma nā ʻāina a pau ma ka hema o ʻApelika, mai Sudan a me ʻAitiopa i ka ʻākau a hiki i Namibia a me Mozambique ma ka hema;
- Noho ka pilikua ma nā ʻāina he nui ma ka hema o ʻApelika. ʻO ka helu nui loa o nā kānaka e kau ʻia ma Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya;
- Arboreal Pangolin - Central + West Africa, mai Kongo ma ka hikina a Senegal ma ke komohana, me nā ipu ʻo Nigera a me Kongo;
- Loaʻa ka lōʻihi ma nā ululāʻau o ʻApelika Sahara ʻApelika, ma ke kahakai ʻAkelanika ma waena o Guinea a me Angola, ma o ka Central Africa Republic i Sudan a me Uganda.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā laikini huelo lōʻihi a me Malaysian pangolin i nā wahi mahiʻai, e hōʻike ana ke koi ʻia nei nā moʻo e hoʻokokoke i nā kānaka. I kekahi mau hihia, ua ʻike ʻia lākou i nā wahi i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e nā hana a ke kanaka. Noho ka hapa nui o nā moʻo ma ka ʻāina, i nā lua i ʻeli ʻia e lākou a i ʻole nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
He hoihoi kēia! Noho ka huelo lōʻihi a me ka ulu lāʻau (arboreal species of pangolins) i nā ululāʻau ma nā kumulāʻau a puʻuhonua i nā lua, kākaʻikahi wale ka hele ʻana i ka pāpū. Hiki i ka moʻo ʻInia ke piʻi i nā kumulāʻau, akā he burrow ponoʻī kāna i lalo, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia he honua ia.
Noho nā pangolins arboreal i nā kumulāʻau hollow, ʻoiai nā ʻāpana ʻāina e ʻeli i nā tunnels i lalo o ka honua i kahi hohonu o 3.5 m.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ʻo pangolin?
Kiʻi: Battleship Pangolin
ʻO Pangolins nā holoholona insectivorous. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka liona o ka papaʻai he ʻano ʻelemu + ʻoki āpau, akā hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻohana. Kūlike lākou a mālama i ka ʻai ʻana i hoʻokahi a i ʻole ʻelua mau ʻano ʻelala, ʻoiai ke loaʻa nā ʻano he nui iā lākou. Hiki i ka moʻo ke hoʻopau iā 145 a 200 g o nā ʻelala i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO Pangolin kahi mea hoʻokele nui o nā lehulehu kau i ko lākou wahi noho.
He maka ʻilihune loa nā moʻo, no laila pili nui lākou i ka pilau a me ka lohe ʻana. ʻIke nā holoholona i nā mea pio e ka honi a hoʻohana i ko lākou mau wāwae i mua e haki i nā pūnana. ʻO ka nele o nā niho i nā pangolins i ʻae i nā ʻano kino ʻē aʻe e hōʻike e kōkua i nā naonao a me nā ʻelele e ʻai.
He hoihoi kēia! ʻO ke ʻano o kā lākou alelo a me ka ʻōpū ke kī i ke kōkua ʻana i ka unuhi ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana o nā mea kolo. Hoʻopaʻa ka laha kūpaʻa i nā ants a me nā kauapo i ko lākou alelo lōʻihi. ʻAʻole ka ʻae o nā niho e ʻae i nā pangolins e nau, akā naʻe, ʻoiai e huki ana i ka meaʻai, moni lākou i nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi (gastroliths). Ma ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i loko o nā ʻōpū, kōkua lākou i ka ʻānai ʻana i ka mea pio.
Ikaika ko lākou kino iwi, a he mea pono ko lākou forelegs ikaika no ka wāwahi ʻana i nā puʻu kau palena. Hoʻohana nā Pangolins i ko lākou mau māiʻuo ikaika e ʻeli i loko o nā kumulāʻau, ka lepo, a me nā mea kanu ke ʻimi nei i nā mea pio. Hoʻohana pū lākou i nā elelo elongated e nānā i nā tunnels insect a me ka forage no ka mea ʻai. Hoʻohana ka lāhui pangolin arboreal i kā lākou paʻa, huelo prehensile e kau i nā lālā lāʻau a wili i ka ʻili mai ka pahu mai, e hōʻike ana i nā pūnana insect o loko.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Beast Pangolin
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pangolins he holoholona nocturnal e hoʻohana i kahi ʻala hoʻomohala maikaʻi e loaʻa ai nā pepeke. ʻO ka raptor huelo lōʻihi ke hana pū i ka lā, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e moe ana i ka hapa nui o ko lākou wā hiamoe i ʻōwili ʻia i ka pōpō. Ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he poʻe i huki ʻia a hūnā.
Hele kekahi mau moʻo me ko lākou maiuu mua i kūlou ma lalo o ka uluna o ko lākou mau wāwae, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻohana i ka uluna holoʻokoʻa ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i kekahi mau pangolins ke kū i kekahi manawa i nā wāwae ʻelua a hele wāwae i kekahi mau ʻanuʻu me nā wāwae ʻelua. He ʻauʻauʻau maikaʻi ʻo Pangolins.
- ʻIke ʻia ka pangolin India ma nā ʻano kaiaolaola like ʻole, e laʻa me ka ululāʻau, nā ululāʻau, nā kula a me nā pali mauna. Noho ia i nā lua me kahi hohonu o 2 a 6 m, akā hiki ke piʻi i nā kumulāʻau;
- Noho ka Pākehā pangolin i nā ulu lāʻau subtropical a deciduous. He poʻo liʻiliʻi kāna me ka waha waha. Me nā wāwae ikaika a me nā māiʻuʻu, ʻeli ʻo ia i nā lua mau mika ma lalo o 5 mau minuke;
- ʻO Pangolin Filipino paha he heluna kanaka o Malay pangolin, i hōʻea mai Borneo i ka Pleistocene mua ma o nā alahaka ʻāina i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka glaciation;
- Noho ka Malay Pangolin i nā ululāʻau, savannas, a me nā wahi ulu nui. ʻO ka ʻili o nā wāwae he grainy a he oho hina a bluish paha me nā lauoho liʻiliʻi;
- He paʻakikī ʻo Pangolin temminckii e ʻike. Hoʻopiʻi e hūnā i nā mea ulu nunui. He poʻo liʻiliʻi kona e pili ana i ke kino. Noho ka moʻo nunui i nā ululāʻau a me nā sabana kahi e loaʻa ai ka wai. ʻO ia ka lāhulu nui loa, e piʻi ana i ka 140 cm ka lōʻihi i nā kāne a hiki i 120 cm i nā wahine;
- Hiamoe ka lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau i nā lālā lāʻau a i ʻole ma waena o nā mea kanu. I ke kaʻapuni ʻana, hiki iā ia ke hāpai i nā unahi a hana i nā neʻe me lākou, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mākala e hoʻoneʻe i nā unahi i hope. Hōʻike i nā kani kolohe ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia;
- Loaʻa ka huelo o ka pangolin huelo lōʻihi ma kahi o 60 cm. ʻO ia ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa. Ma muli o ka nui a me ka huelo prehensile, alakaʻi ia i kahi nohona arboreal. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kali o ke ola ma ka nahelehele, akā hiki ke ola no 20 mau makahiki i ka noho pio ʻana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Lani Pangolin
He holoholona mehameha ʻo Pangolins. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, a kaupaona ʻia 40% ʻoi aku. Ua hiki lākou i ka moekolohe ma ka makahiki ʻelua. Loaʻa i nā lāhui ʻApelika hoʻokahi keiki i kēlā me kēia hāpai ʻana, hiki i nā laha ʻAsia ke loaʻa hoʻokahi i ʻekolu. ʻAʻole i ʻike maopopo ʻia ke kau male ʻana. Hiki i nā Pangolins ke hānai i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka manawa mai Nowemapa a Malaki.
He mea hoihoi! ʻOiai he holoholona wale nō nā pangolins, pono lākou e ʻike kekahi i kekahi e nā mehe o ka pilau. ʻO ke kāne, ma kahi o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wahine, kaha i kona wahi me ka mimi a me nā feces, a nānā nā wahine iā lākou.
Ke hoʻokūkū nei no ka wahine, hoʻohana nā mea noi i ka huelo ma ke ʻano he maʻi i ke kaua no ka manawa kūpono e male. Kū ka manawa hānau mai ʻehā a ʻelima mau mahina, koe wale nō nā dinosaurs Pilipino, kahi i hala ai ka manawa hānau i ʻelua mau mahina wale nō.
Hānau ʻia kahi cubi pangolin ma kahi o 15 cm ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ma waena o 80 a 450 g. I ka wā hānau, hāmama nā maka a palupalu ke kino wīwī. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, paʻakikī a pouli hoʻi lākou, like me nā dinosaurs makua. Mālama nā makuahine i kā lākou ʻōpio ma ke kāwili ʻana iā lākou i loko o ko lākou kino i ʻōwili ʻia a, e like me nā mea hānai a pau, hānai iā lākou me ka waiū, i loaʻa i loko o hoʻokahi mau mammary
Aia nā pahu i ko lākou makuahine a hiki i ka piha ʻana o ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mau makahiki. Hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, haʻalele lākou i ka lua no ka manawa mua a hoʻomaka e hānai i nā kauā. I loko o kēia mau puka, noho kokoke loa nā keiki i ka makuahine (i kekahi mau hihia, pili lākou i ka huelo, piʻi i luna). Kōkua kēia i ka pēpē, inā pilikia, e hūnā koke ma lalo o ka makuahine ke wili ʻo ia a pale iā ia iho. I ka makahiki ʻelua, lilo nā keiki i ka moekolohe a haʻalele ʻia e ka makuahine.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā pangolins
Kiʻi: Pangolin
Ke hoʻoweliweli lākou i nā pangolins, hiki iā lākou ke wili i kahi pōpō e pale iā lākou iho. ʻO nā unahi maka ʻoi loa i kēia manawa ke ʻano pale kaua, pale aku i ka ʻili ākea a pale aku i nā mea ʻaihue. I ka manawa e wili ʻia ai i kahi kinipōpō, paʻakikī loa e hoʻohele iā lākou.
Hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi kinipōpō, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe ma nā pali, e kalaiwa ana iā 30 m i 10 kekona. Hiki i nā Pangolins ke pīpī i nā mea kū mai me ka wai ikaika a pilau.
He mea hoihoi! Hoʻokuʻu ʻo Pangolins i kahi kemikona ʻaʻala-ʻala mai nā glands kokoke i ka anus e like me ka spray skunk.
Hoʻohui ʻia i nā kānaka, nā mea predators nui o nā pangolins:
- Liona;
- Tigers;
- Leopadi;
- Python.
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui i ka pangolin nā kānaka. I ʻApelika, ʻimi ʻia nā pangolins i meaʻai. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā ʻano iʻa o ka ʻiʻo hihiu. Noi pū ʻia ʻo Pangolins ma Kina no ka mea he mea ʻai ia ka ʻiʻo, a manaʻo ka poʻe Kina (e like me kekahi poʻe ʻApelika) ʻo nā unahi pangolin e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka mumū, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kahe ʻana, a kōkua i ka hana ʻana i nā wahine i ka waiū
Ua hōʻemi nui nā Pangolins i ka palekana ma muli o ke ʻano o ka genetic, kahi mea nāwaliwali loa ia. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, maʻalahi lākou i nā maʻi e like me ka niumonia, ulcer, a pēlā aku, ka mea e hiki ai i ka make make.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: holoholona Pangolin
ʻImi ʻia nā ʻano mangolins āpau no ka ʻiʻo, ka ʻili, unahi a me nā ʻāpana kino ʻē aʻe i mahalo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau kuʻuna. ʻO ka hopena, ua hōʻole nā lehulehu o nā ʻano āpau i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.
Nui nā mea hoʻoweliweli i ka pangolin:
- Predators;
- Nā ahi e hoʻopau i ko lākou wahi noho;
- Mahiai;
- Hana hoʻomāinoino pesticide;
- Holo holoholona.
Ua hopu nā luna i nā kalaka, nā pahu a me nā ʻeke o ka ʻiʻo, nā unahi a me nā mea ola. Kūʻai aku nā mea kālepa holoholona iā lākou i nā mea kūʻai mai e hoʻohana ana i nā holoholona no ka meaʻai. Hoʻonui ka trafficking ʻo Pangolin i Kina i nā mahina anuanu ma muli o ka hilinaʻi ʻo ke koko pangolin e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela o ke kino a hoʻonui i ka hana moekolohe. ʻOiai pāpā ʻia, aia nā hale ʻaina Kina e lawelawe mau nei i kaʻiʻo pangolin ma nā kumukūʻai mai 50 € a 60 € per kg.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Pangolins he mana hoʻokalakupua kāna. ʻO nā unahi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ke apo he talisman no ka rumatika. Hoʻohui kekahi mau pūʻulu kanaka i nā unahi me ka ʻili mai nā kumulāʻau, me ka manaʻo he pale kēia mai nā hana kilokilo a me nā ʻuhane ʻino. I kekahi manawa puhi ʻia nā unahi e mālama i nā holoholona lōhiu. Manaʻo kekahi mau ʻohana ua hana ka ʻiʻo pangolin ma ke ʻano he aphrodisiac. A i kekahi mau wahi e mōhai ʻia lākou i nā hana ua.
Kiaʻi ʻo Pangolin
Kiʻi: puke ʻulaʻula ʻo Pangolin
Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka ʻaihue, ua hōʻole ka heluna kānaka o nā lāwalu a pau i kahi pae koʻikoʻi a ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā holoholona i ka pau ʻana i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 21.
Ma kahi leka! Ma o 2014, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka IUCN ʻehā mau ʻano Vulnerable, ʻelua mau ʻano - Indian pangolin (M. crassicaudata) a me Philippine pangolin (M. culionensis) - e like me ka ʻaneʻane pau, a ʻelua mau ʻano - M. javanica a me Chinese pangolin - e like me ka hoʻoweliweli. nalowale. Ua helu ʻia lākou āpau i ka Buke Ulaula.
Ua hoʻomāinoino nui ʻia kēia mau holoholona, a ua ʻelele nā ʻelele i ka 17th Conference on International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna (CITES) ma Johannesburg, ʻApelika Hema e pāpā i ka ʻoihana kalepa kūwaho i 2016.
ʻO kekahi ala e kūleʻa ai i ke kalepa ʻana o ka pangolin ʻo ia ka “hahai kālā” no nā holoholona e hōʻino ai i ka loaʻa kālā a nā poʻe pōpoki ma o ka hoʻokū ʻana i nā kahe kālā. I ka 2018, ua hoʻomaka kahi hui aupuni aupuni Kina i kahi neʻe - Pangolin ke kahea nei no nā hana like e mālama i ka māmala kū hoʻokahi. Ua ʻike ka hui ʻo TRAFFIC i nā ala pōkole he 159 a makemake e kāpae iā lākou.
Ka lā paʻi: 10.04.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 16:07
