ʻO ka mea makemake liʻiliʻi i ke kumu o ka honua holoholona ma ka honua ʻike i kēlā bee kamana ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻelala kahiko loa ma ka honua. Hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ko lākou helehelena ma mua o ka helehelena o ke kanaka - 60-80 miliona mau makahiki i hala. A i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, i kekahi o nā mines ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Burma (Myanmar), ua ʻike ʻia kahi pepeke prehistoric o kēia ʻano, paʻahau i kahi kulu amber. A kēia loaʻa - noʻonoʻo wale nō! - ma kahi o 100 miliona mau makahiki.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kamana peʻa
Ua maʻa ke ʻono o ka meli i ke kanaka kahiko. Me ka hopu holoholona, hana pū kekahi poʻe kahiko i ka unuhi ʻana o ka meli mai nā pi ʻāhiu. ʻOiai, he mea nui ʻole ka meli o ka papaʻai o ko mākou mau kūpuna mamao, akā ʻo ia wale nō ke kumu o ke kō maoli i ʻike ʻia i kēlā mau lā.
ʻO ka puka ʻana o nā meli meli e pili pili ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu pua ma ka Honua. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā mea pollinator mua nā beetle - nā kolo i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā pi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hana nā mea kanu mua i ka nectar, ʻai nā nalo i kā lākou pollen. Me ka hiʻona o ka nectar, ua hele mai ka hanana evolution of insect i ke kahua o ka helehelena o ka proboscis, a laila i kona elongation a me ke ʻano o ka goiter meli, kahi ipu no ka lawe ʻana i ka nectar.
Video: Kamana peʻa
ʻO ia ka manawa i kū mai ai ka hymenoptera kiʻekiʻe - nā kūpuna kahiko loa o nā pi meli hou. Pahu lākou, kālai lohi i ka nui a me ka nui o nā ʻāina hou. Ua hoʻomohala lākou i kahi manaʻo e hoʻi no ka pollination i nā pua o nā ʻano like, a he mea nui kēia no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu pua. Ma loko o kahi wā lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana, ua kupu mai nā ʻano ʻā meli, a i kēia manawa ua ʻōnaehana nā ʻepekema ma mua o 20 tausani mau ʻano o kēia mau ʻano ʻelala.
ʻO kekahi o nā lālā nui loa o ka ʻohana pi meli ka ʻāmara kāmela. ʻO Xylocopa valga ka inoa ʻepekema. ʻAi aku ka ʻenekala i kona inoa "kamana" i kona ʻano ponoʻī, a me ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pūnana. Me ke kōkua o nā auwau mana, ʻūlū ka pi i ka mauʻu i ka wahie, e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā pūnana ma laila.
ʻO ka bee kamanā he pālua ka nui o kona mau hoahānau kokoke loa a ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻano ʻeleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻaʻole huehu kēia mau mea kolo a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā nalo meli.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Kamana bee insect
ʻO ka helehelena ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale koke ai i ka ʻāmara kāmela mai nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka laha. ʻO ka mea mua, nui loa nā mea kolo, hiki i nā wahine ke hōʻea i 3-3.5 knm ka lōʻihi. Liʻiliʻi iki nā kāne - 2-2.5 cm.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ke poʻo, ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū o nā kamanā ʻeleʻele loa, ʻōlinolino, ʻaʻohe mau kaha melemele-ʻeleʻele, e like me nā pi. ʻAneʻane uhi ka kino holoʻokoʻa i nā huluhulu poni maikaʻi. Hele wale lākou ma ka ʻōpū. Liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻeheu i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke kino, aniani a me he mea lā e ʻoki ʻia ma nā lihi. Ma muli o kēia ʻano, ua haʻi nui loa ko lākou polū polū-lila.
He mea hoihoi: ʻo ia no ke kala o nā ʻēheu e hoʻokaʻawale ai ka poʻe i nā pi kāmala i uliuli a me ka poni. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, koe wale nō ke kala, i ʻike ʻia ma kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia kēlā ʻāpana ʻaʻole he ʻepekema, akā ʻo philistine.
ʻOkoʻa nā wahine i nā kāne ʻaʻole wale i ka nui, akā i kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. No laila, ʻo kahi laʻana, he kuʻikuʻi ko nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā antennae me nā blotches ʻulaʻula, ʻike maka ʻia nā niho liʻiliʻi i ko lākou mau wāwae hope, a ʻo ke kala o ka villi e uhi nei i ke kino he poni ʻeleʻele wale nō, ʻoiai i nā kāne hiki ke ʻeleʻele.
ʻO nā maka o nā bee kamanamana ke ʻano like o ke alo e like me ka nui o nā ʻelala. Aia lākou ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke poʻo. Hoʻohui ʻia, aia ʻekolu mau maka kiko kikoʻī ma ka lei o ka pi.
I mea e kū pono ai ka bee kamanamana me kāna hana - ʻūlū lāʻau - hāʻawi pono ke ʻano iā ia me kahi iwi poʻo ikaika me nā chitinous septa a me nā auwaha ikaika. A ʻo kēia, ʻo ia nō nā hiʻohiʻona nui e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia ʻano ʻenekini mai kona ʻohana pili loa - nā pi meli maʻamau.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nalo kamana?
Kiʻi: Kamana bee maʻamau
Mai ka manawa o ko lākou helehelena ma ka honua, ua akamai nā pi i kahi kālaihonua. Ua haʻalele lākou i nā pūnana makua a holo wikiwiki i nā ʻāina hou. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka palena ma ka ʻākau a me ka hikina e ka Himalayas, a ma ka hema e ke kai, holo kiki nā pi ma ke komohana.
Ua hiki mua lākou i ka Hikina Waena a hoʻomaka e noho i ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAigupita. ʻO ka pae aʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana ua lilo ia i kahakai ʻākau o ʻApelika, a laila hiki i nā Moana ʻAkelanika a ʻoi aku - i ka Iberian Peninsula.
A hele mai lākou i ka palena o ko mākou ʻāina mai Central Europe, e hoʻolaha ana a hiki i ka Urals. ʻO nā kuahiwi Ural i hōʻike ʻia i mea keakea ʻole no ka meli meli. ʻO ke aniau o ia mau wahi he paʻakikī loa ia, a ʻaʻole i ʻae ka taiga coniferous pouli i nā pi e helu i ka nui o nā meaʻai. ʻAʻole hiki i nā meli meli ke komo i loko o Siberia a me ka Hikina hikina.
Akā ʻo kēia ka mōʻaukala āpau a me ka hoʻokaʻawale kūlohelohe o nā laha. ʻOiai, i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahi o nā meli meli, a mālama ka poʻe i kēia. Ma nā ala kalepa, kai a me ka ʻāina, lawe ʻia nā pi i ʻAmelika a me Mekiko, a laila i Australia a me New Zealand.
No ka bee kamana, aia nō nā wahi noho nui ma Central a me ʻEulopa Komohana a me Caucasus. No Rūsia hoʻi, ma aneʻi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano i nā kūlana ʻoluʻolu loa no ka noho ʻana. ʻO kēia ka Teritori Krasnodar a me ka Teritori Stavropol, ka Middle and Lower Volga, ka Central Black Earth Region a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me kahi ʻano like.
He aha ka ʻai a ka bee kamana?
Kiʻi: Pukeʻula ʻulaʻula ʻenala
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka papaʻai o nā meli kamana mai ka pi maʻamau:
- nectar;
- pollen;
- perga;
- meli.
ʻO ka mea mua, heʻoiaʻiʻo, he nectar a me ka pollen o nā mea kanu pua - ʻo ka meaʻai nui i ka manawa mai ka wā puna a hiki i ke kauwela. Eia kekahi, ʻai nā pi i ka perga (i kapa ʻia ka berena pi) a me kā lākou meli ponoʻī. ʻO ka mea makemake nui ʻia no ka bee kamanamana he akima a me ka pollen clover ʻulaʻula. Akā i ka laulā, pollination lākou i ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 mau ʻano o nā mea kanu melliferous.
Inā ʻoe e nānā pono i ka papa kuhikuhi o ka bee kamanā, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ia. No laila, no ka laʻana, i mea e ikaika a pono ai ka meaola o ka bee, ʻai nā ʻelima i ka nectar a me ka meli - nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe lokomaikaʻi.
A ʻo ke kumu o ka protein no nā pi ʻo ka pollen. Kōkua ia e mālama i kā lākou endocrine a me nā ʻōnaehana muscular i kahi kūlana olakino. Ke hōʻiliʻili nei i ka pollen, hoʻomaʻū ka pī me ka lawai a me ka nectar i pulu ai, pili iki a ʻaʻole hāpepe i ka wā o nā huakaʻi lōʻihi. I kēia manawa, mahalo i ka mea huna o ka pi a me nā waiwai o ka pollen ponoʻī, hana ʻia ke kaʻina o ka fermentation pollen, ma muli o ka hopena o ka pi.
ʻAi nā pi a ʻōpio a me ʻōpio ma perga. Hoʻohana pū lākou iā ia e hoʻolilo iā ia i gruel a me / a i ʻole jelly aliʻi, pono no ka hānai ʻana i nā larvae, me ke kōkua o ka hūnā ʻana o nā aʻa iwi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Kamana peʻa
Me ka nui o kona nui e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kona mau hoahānau kokoke loa, ʻaʻole hiki i ka bee kamanamana ke hoʻoweliweli i kekahi mea ola i ka holoholona lōhiu. ʻAʻole ikaika loa kēia mau kolo. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i kahi kamana wahine ke hoʻohana i kāna mea kaua wale nō - kahi kuʻi, akā hana ʻo ia i kēia no ka pale pilikino ʻana a i ʻole inā he pilikia maoli i kona ola.
Eia nō naʻe, nui ka mahele lāʻau o ka lāʻau make i hoʻopili ʻia me ka nī meli kamana, no laila ke kumu o ka pehu ʻeha. Akā inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e hoʻouka i ka hale o ka nalo meli a mai hoʻomāʻewaʻewa iā ia iho, a laila ʻo ia, ʻaʻole paha e nānā i ke alo o kekahi. Ua lawa kāna hopohopo me ka ʻole o ia.
He hana maoli nā nalo meli a pau, akā ʻo ka bee kamanā he hana maoli. ʻOiaʻiʻo i kona inoa kapakapa, hana ʻo ia i nā tunnels hohonu i ka wahie kahiko a popopo. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i kekahi mea - nā hale mahiʻai, nā ʻano papa popopo āpau a me nā paukū, lāʻau make, kūʻā, nā lāʻau kahiko. Hoʻopili maʻalahi ka lāʻau palupalu i ke kaomi o ka mau ʻāpana bee mana, a ʻike ʻia nā hale noho pae he nui i loko ona, kahi e ola ai nā ʻūlū a ulu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka bee kamana i ka lāʻau kūlohelohe. Inā pena ʻia ka ʻili a mālama ʻia paha me nā mea pale a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, ʻaʻole hoihoi kēia mau gourmets iā ia.
Nui ka walaʻau o ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻōniu ʻana i ke ana, like ke kani o ka pi me ka kani o ka pahiolo liʻiliʻi. Lohe ʻia kēia kani i kahi mamao o kekahi mau mika. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o nā hana i noi ʻia e ka bee kamanā, hana ʻia kahi puka poepoe maikaʻi loa i ka pūnana a me nā ʻāpana pae pae kūloko a 30cm ka hohonu.
ʻAʻole ka nalo kamanā kahi nalo lūlū. ʻO kēia nā pepelu hoʻokahi. Hoʻonohonoho kēlā me kēia wahine i kāna kolone ponoʻī. Noho ka hana ʻo Bee mai Mei a Kepakemapa, a ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi - a hiki ʻOkakopa.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Kamana bee insect
ʻAʻole like me nā pi meli maʻamau, ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻohana bees kamana i mau aliʻi wahine, nā limahana, a me nā drone. Aia nā wahine a me nā kāne wale nō ma aneʻi. Akā, e like me nā mea kolo āpau o kēia ʻano, noho aliʻi ka mōʻī piha ma waena o nā kamana. ʻO kēia hierarchy ma muli o ka ʻo ka hana nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kolone, hānai a hānai ʻana i nā larvae i hāʻule ma ka wahine.
ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka hana a nā kāne, a ʻo kā lākou hana nui i ka momona ʻana i nā wahine. I ka wā hānau, hoihoi nui nā kāne iā lākou. Ke ʻike nei i kahi nalo meli kūpono, kū ke kāne i kahi kūlana ma luna o kekahi puʻu a kani nui ʻo ia e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻohuli i kāna manaʻo.
Inā ʻaʻole hōʻike ka wahine i ka hana kūpono a haʻalele ʻole i ka pūnana, a laila iho i ke keonimana iho i kona puʻuhonua a hoʻomau i ka "pachip" a hiki i ka mea i koho ʻia. He polygamous nā kāne, mālama kēlā me kēia o lākou i kāna "harem" liʻiliʻi, kahi e noho ai nā wahine he 5-6.
Ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi wahi pūnana, hoʻomoe ka wahine i ka pollen ma lalo o ke ana a hoʻowali iā ia me ka nectar a me kāna hū ponoʻī. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi hua manu i ka hopena o ka momona. Mai ka wahie i haʻalele ma hope o ka ʻānai ʻana i ke ana a kāpili ʻia me ka lawaiwai, hana ka pi i ka paukū, a pēlā e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka pūnaewele me ka larva o ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ma ka pā i hana ʻia, hohola hou ʻo ia i ka hui nectar nutritious, hoʻomoe i ka hua aʻe a hoʻopaʻa i ka cell aʻe. No laila, hoʻopiha ka pi i ke ana holoʻokoʻa a neʻe i kahi hou. A ʻo kahi hopena, loaʻa i ka pūnana nalo o ka hale kamana kahi ʻano nui a me nā lālā lālā.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: ʻo nā hale o nā nī meli kamana hiki ke kapa ʻia he "ʻohana ʻohana", no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā hanauna he nui o nā kānaka.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua, nānā ka wahine i ka pūnana no kekahi manawa a pale iā ia. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, make nā wahine wahine makua i ke anuanu hoʻoilo, akā inā mālama lākou i ke ola i ka hoʻoilo, a laila ka puna aʻe e hoʻomaka i kahi pōʻai hānau hou.
Ulu a ulu a kūʻokoʻa ka larvae. I ka hopena o ke kauwela, ua pupate lākou, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, ua noho ʻia nā pūnaewele e nā pi ʻōpio, i hoʻokau ʻia e hoʻopaʻa paʻa a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikaika.
I ka puna, ua makua piha, hoʻoikaika i nā kānaka e ʻānai i ko lākou ala i ke kūʻokoʻa a holo wikiwiki i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka nectar. Hoʻomaka ko lākou ola kūʻokoʻa, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou pūnana iho a hānau i nā kolone hou.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā bee kamana
Kiʻi: Kamana bee maʻamau
Ma muli o ka nui o ka nui a me nā hale lāʻau paʻa, ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻenemi kamana ma ka nāhelehele ma mua o nā nalo meli maʻamau. ʻO ka mea mua, eia nō, he manu, insectivorous manu - bee-eater, shrike, golden bee-eater a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui.
Ke waiho nei ka pōʻino i ke kali no nā bee kamana a ma nā wahi o nā rana. ʻAi kēlā poʻe i nā ʻano mea kolo like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo i ka pāʻina ʻana i ka nalo meli, e hopu ana iā ia i ka lele me ko lākou alelo palapū lōʻihi. ʻO kekahi ʻelele moho ʻē aʻe o nā ipo o kēia mau ʻano ʻelala ka nananana. Ulana ʻo ia i kāna pūnaewele ma kahi kokoke o nā pūnana pi a hopu i nā gape o nā kānaka me ia.
ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka makaʻu no nā bee kamanamana kahi ʻohana mamao loa e like me nā hornets. ʻElua a ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou, aloha nui loa a hiki ke luku i nā nalo meli nui no kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī.
ʻO kekahi kūlohelohe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ka ʻenemi weliweli loa o ka bee kamanamana nā dragonflies. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻouka pinepine, keu hoʻi ma nā ʻelele nui o nā pi. Makemake lākou i nā mea pio maʻalahi. Eia nō naʻe, i kēlā mau makahiki ke hana ikaika nā dragonflies, lawa ʻole ka meaʻai, a komo nā nī meli kamana i kā lākou papaʻai me nā ʻelala ʻē aʻe.
A ma kahi kokoke o ka ʻili o ka honua, e kakali ana nā nalo kamana no nā ʻiole a me nā meheu insectivorous ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o lākou ke hōʻea i nā pūnana kamana a luku iā lākou, e like me kā lākou hana ʻana me nā hives o nā meli meli maʻamau, akā hele pinepine nā mākua i ka ʻaina awakea me kēia mau mea ʻānō. Ma muli o ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana o nā bee kamanamana e nā kānaka a ʻaʻole mālama ʻia, ʻaʻole pono lākou e kali no ke kōkua i ke kaua kūʻē ʻana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Kamana bee insect
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kū ʻana o nā pi i ka nāhelehele he paʻakikī e hoʻonui i ka nui, ke emi mau nei ko lākou heluna kanaka.
Nui nā kumu no kēia:
- hoʻonui i ka helu o ka ʻāina mahiʻai;
- ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu pua me nā insecticides;
- maʻi;
- nā hoʻololi kūpilikiʻi ma muli o ke keʻa.
ʻO ke kumu e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me ka mahi ʻana o nā monocultures ma luna o lākou e hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kumu nui i ka emi ʻana o ka lehulehu o nā bee kamanā. I nā kūlana kūlohelohe - i nā nāhelehele, i nā ululāʻau - ola nā mea kanu me nā wā pua like ʻole. Mohala kekahi i ka mua o ka pua, kekahi i ke kauwela, a ʻo kekahi i ka hāʻule. I nā māla, kanu ʻia kahi moʻomeheu, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka pua ʻana ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa, ʻaʻohe mea ʻai a nā pi, a make lākou.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia e ʻumeʻume i ka nui o nā rodents. I ke kaua kūʻē iā lākou, hoʻohana ke kanaka i nā kemika he nui e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻohi. ʻO ka pi, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pollination i nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau kemika, loaʻa i kahi lāʻau make nui a i kekahi manawa make o ka lāʻau make.
ʻAʻole ʻinikua ʻia nā bee kamana i nā maʻi. Hoʻouka ʻia nā larvae, nā pupae a me nā mākua e nā parasites (mites) a loaʻa kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi - varratosis. Hiki i hoʻokahi kikiki ke pepehi i nā kānaka he nui.
Ke kamaʻilio nei no ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o nā bee kamanā, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke haʻi ʻole i ka hana a ke kanaka i ke kaʻina hana o nā mea hele. Hoʻonui ʻia nā hopena o ia mau hana i ka manawa, akā ua hoʻokumu mua nā ʻepekema i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mutation weliweli ma waena o nā ʻano hānau. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā pi e nā maʻi like ʻole, ʻaʻole kūpono ke aniau kamaʻāina iā lākou, a make wale nā kolone.
Pale pale piʻo kamana
Kiʻi: Kamana pipi mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Ke emi nei nā heluna piʻina kamana. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻemi nui i nā makahiki i hala aku nei. Ma waho aʻe o nā kumu i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻāpana mua, ua hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hana e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe wahi e noho ai nā pi nīʻau. Ke ʻoki ʻoki ʻia nei nā ululāʻau, pani ʻia nā hale lāʻau me nā mea hou o ka wā hou - pōhaku, pōhaku paʻa, pōhaku ʻula.
I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻoki i kēia ʻano, ʻike ʻia ka bee kamana ma ke ʻano he ʻano pale a helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book o Russia.ʻO nā wahi noho he nui o kēia insect kū hoʻokahi i mālama ʻia i nā mālama kūlohelohe.
ʻAʻole ia he mea hūnā i ka mea nui o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pi ʻāhiu ma ke kūlohelohe e pili wale ana me ka hiki ke hoʻohana i kā lākou waiwai melliferous, akā he mea nui ia no ka kaolaola o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻAneʻane ka hapakolu o nā meaʻai a nā kānaka e ʻai ai i ka pollination. ʻAʻole e hōʻike i nā kuleana nui a nā pi e hoʻokani ai i ka kaulahao meaʻai a me nā hana kūlohelohe i nā holoholona hihiu.
Pipi kamana - he lunamakaʻāinana kupaianaha o ka honua ola, ikaika a kūʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe ke mālama iā ia, koe wale nō ia e noho pū i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana kaiaola hoʻokahi me ia, me ka ʻole o ka hōʻeha, akā pale iā ia i kēlā me kēia ʻano.
Lā paʻi: 03/29/2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 11:22
