Makahiki kuhikuhi ʻia i kekahi manawa he ʻeke keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa iā ia kēia inoa kapakapa ma muli o ke ʻano like o ka helehelena me nā ʻeke keʻokeʻo. ʻAi nā mānai i nā mea kanu i make, ma ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau, nā lau i heleleʻi, a i ʻole ka lepo. Ma muli o ka ʻai ʻana o nā ʻainaʻi i ka wahie, kumu lākou i ka pōʻino nui i nā hale a me nā kūkulu lāʻau ʻē aʻe.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Termite
ʻO ka Termite ke kauoha o nā kūpuna i kapa ʻia ʻo Blattodea. Ua ʻike ʻia nā kauā i nā makahiki he nui i pili pili loa i nā ʻāpā, kahi ʻano nui o ka arboreal. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua loaʻa nā ʻoka i ke kauoha Isoptera, a he suborder ia i kēia manawa. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia hoʻololi taxonomic hou e ka ʻikepili a me ka noiʻi ʻana he pōpilikia kaiapili maoli.
ʻO ke kumu o ka inoa Isoptera he Helene a ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelua mau ʻēheu pololei. No nā makahiki he nui, ua kapa ʻia ka inoa termite ke keokeo keʻokeʻo a ua huikau pinepine ʻia me ka naonao maoli. I ko mākou manawa wale nō a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o microscope ua hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua.
ʻO nā fossil termite mua loa i ʻike ʻia ma mua o 130 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole like me nā ants, i loaʻa i ka metamorphosis piha, ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia termite kahi metomorphosis kīnā ʻole, i puka aʻe ma o ʻekolu mau anuu: he hua manu, he nymph, a he makua. Hiki i nā kolone ke hoʻoponopono iā ia iho, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai lākou he superorganism.
Mea leʻaleʻa: Loaʻa i nā mōʻī wahine Termite ke lōʻihi o ke ola o nā mea kolo āpau i ka honua, me kekahi mau mōʻī wahine e ola ana i 30-50 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: ʻelima Termite
Hele mai nā anaina i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - mai 4 a 15 mau mile ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka mea nui e ola nei i kēia lā ʻo ka mōʻī wahine o ka lāhui termite Macrotermes bellicosus, ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻO kekahi pilikana ka ʻāpana termite Gyatermes styriensis, akā ʻaʻole ia i ola a hiki i kēia lā. I hoʻokahi manawa, ua ulu maikaʻi ia ma Austria i ka wā o ka Miocene a he 76 mm ka ʻūheu o kona mau ʻēheu. a me ka lōʻihi o ke kino 25mm.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā limahana a me nā kauā koa e makapō loa no ka nele i ka maka o nā maka. Eia nō naʻe, kekahi mau laha, e like me ka Hodotermes mossambicus, he mau maka hui pū kekahi a lākou e hoʻohana ai no ke kuhikuhi a no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka lā mai ka mahina. He maka ko nā kāne ʻēheu a wahine hoʻi a he maka ʻaoʻao pū kekahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻohana āpau.
Video: Termite
E like me nā pepeke ʻē aʻe, he lepe liʻiliʻi ko ka ʻololī me ka lehelehe luna o luna a me ka clypeus; Mahele ʻia ʻo clypeus i postclypeus a me anteclypeus. He nui nā hana a ka antite Termite, e like me ka pā ʻana i ka naʻau, ʻono, ʻala (me nā pheromones), ka wela, a me ka haʻalulu. ʻO nā ʻāpana nui ʻekolu o ka antite antite me ka scape, pedicel, a me ka flagellum. Aia nā ʻāpana o ka waha i nā ā luna, nā lehelehe, a me kahi o nā mandibles. He mau tentacles ka maxillary a me labia e kōkua ai i ka poʻe termite i ke ʻano a me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Wahi a ka anatomy o nā pepeke ʻē aʻe, aia ka thorax o nā termite ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: prothorax, mesothorax, a me methorax. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana he ʻelua mau wāwae. I nā wahine ʻēheu a me nā kāne, aia nā ʻeheu i ka mesothorax a me ka metathorax. Loaʻa i nā termites kahi ʻōpū ʻumi ʻumi me nā pā ʻelua, tergites a me sternites. ʻAno like nā ʻōnaehana reproductive me nā kūpuna, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻohe o ke ʻano genital i nā kāne, a me ka sperm he neʻe a aflagellate paha.
ʻO nā castite termite hua ʻole he wingless a hilinaʻi wale i kā lākou mau wāwae ʻeono no ka neʻe. Lele wale nā kāne ʻēheu a me nā wahine no ka manawa pōkole, no laila pili lākou i ko lākou mau wāwae pū kekahi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā wāwae e like me kēlā me kēia caste, akā nui a kaumaha hoʻi nā koa.
ʻAʻole like me nā ants, ua like ka loa o nā hindwings a me nā frontwings. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻo nā kāne ʻēheu a me nā wahine he mau pailota ʻilihune. ʻO kā lākou ʻano hana lele e hoʻolalelale iā lākou iho i ka lewa a lele i kahi ʻaoʻao kaulele. Hōʻike nā noiʻi, inā hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā anaina nui, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kau liʻiliʻi ke lele i kahi mamao. Ke lele nei kahi mea kau, noho mau nā ʻeheu i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau, a i ka wā e hoʻomaha ai kahi ana, hoʻomau like kona mau ʻeheu i kona kino.
Ma hea e noho ai nā kauā?
Kiʻi: Keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo
Loaʻa nā kauā ma nā ʻāina āpau koe ʻo Antarctica. ʻAʻole nui ka nui o lākou i ʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻEulopa (10 mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia ma ʻEulopa a 50 ma ʻAmelika Hema). Hoʻolahalaha nui nā kauā ma ʻAmelika Hema, kahi i ʻike ʻia ma mua o 400 mau ʻano. ʻO nā ʻano lope he 3,000 i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kēia manawa, ua loaʻa ʻo 1,000 ma ʻApelika. I kekahi mau ʻāina ʻike maʻamau lākou.
Ma ka ʻĀkau ʻo Kruger National Park wale nō, ma kahi o 1.1 miliona mau puʻu termite hana i hiki ke loaʻa. Aia he 435 mau ʻano lū i loko o ʻAsia, kahi i loaʻa nui ma Kina. I Kina, kaupalena ʻia nā ʻano manuahi i nā wahi tropical a me nā wahi subtropical hema o ka muliwai Yangtze. Ma Australia, nā hui kaiaolaola o nā mokuʻāina (pulu, maloʻo, lalo honua) he hopena ia no ka ʻāina, me 360 mau lāhui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.
Ma muli o kā lākou mau cuticle palupalu, ʻaʻole ulu nā termite i nā wahi anuanu a anuanu hoʻi. ʻEkolu mau pūʻulu kaiaola o nā kauapo: pulu, maloʻo, a me lalo. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻauana lāʻau Dampwood ma nā ululāʻau coniferous wale nō, a loaʻa nā ʻauana drywood i nā ululāʻau paʻa; noho nā ʻolelā o ka ʻāina i nā wahi like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o nā laha i ka hui pōhaku maloʻo ʻo ia ka termite India Komohana (Cryptotermes brevis), kahi ʻano kolohe ma Australia. I Lūkia, ʻike ʻia nā kauā ma ka ʻāina kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Sochi a me Vladivostok. Loaʻa ma kahi o 7 mau ʻano o nā anaina i ka CIS.
ʻAi ka poʻe ʻōpelu?
Kiʻi: holoholona holoholona
ʻO nā māpuna he detritivores e hoʻopau i nā mea kanu make i kēlā me kēia pae o ka palaho. He mea nui lākou i ke kaiaolaola e ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻōpala e like me ka lāʻau make, nā lepo, a me nā mea kanu. ʻAi nā ʻano he nui i ka cellulose me kahi midgut kūikawā e wāwahi i ka fiber. Hoʻokumu nā aneto i ka methane, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka cellulose.
Hilinaʻi nui nā māpuna i ka symbiotic protozoa (metamonads) a me nā microbes ʻē aʻe, e like me nā protist flagellate i loko o ko lākou mau ʻōpū, e ʻeli i ka cellulose, e ʻae iā lākou e omo i nā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia no kā lākou hoʻohana ponoʻī. Intestinal protozoa e like me Trichonympha, a laila, hilinaʻi i nā koʻohune simbiotic i hoʻokomo ʻia i ko lākou ʻili e hana i kekahi o nā enzyme digestive pono.
ʻO ka nui o nā anaina, ʻoi loa i ka ʻohana Termitidae, hiki ke hana i kā lākou mau enzyme cellulose, akā hilinaʻi nui lākou i ka bacteria. Ua nalowale ʻo Flagella mai kēia mau kauā. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o ka ʻepekema i ka pilina ma waena o ka digestive tract of termites a me microbial endosymbionts aia nō i kona wā kamaliʻi; Eia nō naʻe, he aha ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā ʻano termite āpau e hānai nā limahana i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kolone me nā mea momona mai ka digestion o nā mea kanu mai ka waha a i ʻole ka anus.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa kekahi mau ʻano o nā termite i ka fungus. Mālama lākou i kahi "māla" o nā fungi kūikawā o ka genet Termitomyces, kahi e hānai ai i ka lepo o nā kolo. Ke ʻai ʻia nā ʻalalā, hele a paʻa nā spores ma o nā ʻōpū o nā kau e hoʻopau i ke pōʻaiapuni, e pīpī ana i nā pellets faecal hou.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana i nā hui ʻelua e pili ana i kā lākou ʻano ʻai: nā termite haʻahaʻa a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hapa nui nā termite e ʻai i ka wahie. ʻOiai paʻakikī ka wahie i ka wahie, makemake nā ʻōiwi e ʻai i ka lāʻau i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā fungi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka palu ʻana, a he kiʻekiʻe nā pūmele i ka protein. I kēia manawa, hoʻopau nā termite kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, e like me nā feces, humus, mauʻu, lau, a me nā aʻa. Loaʻa i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōiwi haʻahaʻa nā ʻano lōkō me nā protozoa, ʻoiai he nui wale nā ʻano o nā huaola i loaʻa ʻole nā protezoa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: E nau nā Termite i ke kēpau, aspphalt, puna, a i ʻole ka puna e loaʻa ai ka wahie.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: nā moku nui
Hiki ke paʻakikī ke ʻike i nā anaina, ke neʻe lākou i ka pouli a ʻaʻole makemake i ka mālam. Hele lākou i nā ala a lākou iho i kūkulu ai i ka lāʻau a i ʻole ka honua.
Noho nā ʻenemi i nā pūnana. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻē ʻia nā pūnana i ʻekolu mau mahele nui: lalo o ka honua (lalo loa o ka honua), ma luna o ka honua (e piʻi ana ma luna o ka ʻili) a hui ʻia (kūkulu ʻia ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau, akā pili mau i ka honua ma o nā hale hoʻomalu). He nui nā hana a ka pūnana e like me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi e malu ai a me kahi e hoʻomoe ai mai nā mea ʻaihue. Kūkulu ka hapa nui o nā anaina i nā kolone lalo o ka honua ma mua o nā pūnana multifunctional a me nā puʻu. Hoʻomoʻa pinepine nā termite primitive i nā kūkulu lāʻau e like me nā lāʻau, nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻāpana lāʻau make, e like me ka hana ʻana o nā anai miliona i mau makahiki i hala.
Kūkulu nā kauā i nā puʻu, i kekahi manawa e piʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe o 2.5 -3 m. Hāʻawi ka puʻu i nā pale me ka pale like me ka pūnana, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika. Aia nā kuahiwi i nā wahi me ka ua nui a me ka mau o ka ua e hiki ke luku ʻia ma muli o kā lākou hana waiwai pālolo.
Palapala. He makapō ka hapa nui o nā anaina, no laila ke kamaʻilio nui ʻia ma o nā hōʻailona kemika, mechanical, a me pheromonal. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻano kamaʻilio i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ka ʻai ʻana, ke ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hānau, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pūnana, ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea noho pūnana, ka lele ʻana o ka moena, ka ʻike ʻana a me ka ʻenemi hakakā ʻana, a me ka pale ʻana i nā pūnana. ʻO ke ala maʻamau e kamaʻilio ai ma o ka antenna.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻelima Termite
He ʻōnaehana caste kā nā anay.
- Mōʻī;
- Moiwahine;
- Moiwahine ʻelua;
- Moiwahine tersiile;
- Koa;
- Ke hana nei.
Lawe nā kauā limahana i ka hapa nui o ka hana ma ke kolone, kuleana no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pua i nā pūnana. Kau ʻia nā limahana me ka digesting cellulose i ka meaʻai, no laila ʻo lākou nā mea hana nui o ka lāʻau maʻi. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o nā anaina e hānai nei i nā kamaʻāina pūnana ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ʻo trofollaxis. ʻO Trofallaxis kahi taktika hānai pono no ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā mea nitrogenous.
Hoʻokuʻu kēia i nā mākua mai ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki āpau a koe ka hanauna mua, e ʻae nei i ka hui e ulu i nā helu he nui a hōʻoia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻōpū naʻau pono mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi hanauna. ʻAʻohe o kā nā ʻano termite he caste hana maoli, ma kahi o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā nymph e hana like i ka hana me ke kū ʻole ma ke ʻano he kime kaʻawale.
ʻO ka caste koa he anatomical a me nā loina lawena, ʻo kā lākou kumu wale nō e pale i ke kolone. Nui nā koa i nā poʻo nui me nā auwaha ikaika i hoʻololi nui ʻia i hoʻonui ʻia ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hānai iā lākou iho. No laila, ʻo lākou, e like me ka poʻe ʻōpio, hānai ʻia e ka poʻe hana. Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia nā ʻano he nui, me nā koa e nui aku ana, pouli nā poʻo a me nā mandibles nui aku.
Ma waena o kekahi mau kauā, hiki i nā koa ke hoʻohana i ko lākou poʻo poʻo kinipōpō e ālai i kā lākou mau tunnels haiki. I nā ʻano ʻāpana o nā kau, hiki i nā koa ke nui a liʻiliʻi, a me nā ihu i loaʻa kahi kīʻaha kī me ka wanaʻao mua. Hiki i kēia mau koa kūʻokoʻa ke pīpī i nā mea huna ʻino, palapū e pili ana i nā diterpenes i ko lākou poʻe ʻenemi.
ʻO ka caste reproductive o kahi kolone makua e pili ana i nā wahine momona a me nā kāne i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka mōʻī wahine a me ka mōʻī. ʻO ke mōʻī wahine o ke kolone ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i nā hua no ke kolone. ʻAʻole like me nā naonao, pili ka mōʻī me ia no ke ola. I kekahi mau ʻano, puhū nui ka ʻōpū o ka mōʻī wahine, e hoʻonui ana i ka momona. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka laha, hoʻomaka ka mōʻī wahine e hana i nā ʻēheu hānau i kekahi mau manawa o ka makahiki, a puka aʻe nā puaʻa nui mai ke kolone ke hoʻomaka ka lele male ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā anaina
Kiʻi: Manu kau manu
ʻAi ʻia nā aneto e nā ʻano predator. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua loaʻa ka laha termite "Hodotermes mossambicus" i loko o nā ʻōpū o 65 mau manu a me 19 mau māmela. ʻAi ka nui o nā arthropods i nā mānele: nā ants, centipedes, cockroache, crickets, dragonflies, scorpions and spider; nā mea kolo e like me nā moʻo; nā amphibians e like me nā rana a me nā toads. Nui nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e ʻai i nā anaina: aardvark, anteater, bats, bear, nui o nā manu, echidnas, ʻalopeke, ʻiole a me nā pangolins. ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: hiki i ka aardwolf ke hoʻopau i nā kaukani kau i hoʻokahi pō i ka pō e hoʻohana ana i kona alelo paʻa lōʻihi.
ʻO ka ʻenemi ka ʻenemi nui loa o nā kauā. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kekahi genera o nā naonao i nā anaina ʻimi holoholona. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo Megaponera kahi ʻano-ʻai wale nō. Hana lākou i kahi hoʻouka kaua, kahi o kekahi e hala mau ana i mau hola. Akā ʻaʻole ʻo nā moʻo wale nā invertebrates e hoʻouka. Nui nā nalo sphecoid, me Polistinae Lepeletier a me Angiopolybia Araujo, i ʻike ʻia e hoʻouka i nā puʻu wāwī i ka wā o ka lele ʻana o nā ʻāne.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Termite
ʻO nā mānī kekahi o nā pūʻulu pepeke i kūleʻa nui loa ma ka Honua, ka mea i hoʻonui i ko lākou heluna kanaka i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa.
Koi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina, koe ʻo Antarctica. ʻO kā lākou mau kolone mai kekahi mau haneli mau kānaka a i nā kaiāulu nui o kekahi mau miliona mau kānaka. I kēia manawa, ma kahi o 3106 mau ʻano i wehewehe ʻia, a ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō, aia he mau haneli mau laha hou aʻe e koi ana i ka wehewehe. Hiki i ka nui o nā kau ma ka Honua ke hōʻea i 108 biliona a ʻoi aku.
I kēia manawa, ke emi nei ka nui o nā wahie i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka mahiʻai ma ke ʻano he kumuʻai no nā kau kau, akā ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā poʻe ʻau. Hele pū kēia ulu me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā kau i ke anuanu a me ke ʻano maloʻo.
I kēia lā, ʻike ʻia he ʻohana 7 mau kauā:
- Mastotermitidae;
- Termopsidae;
- Hodotermitidae;
- Kalotermitidae;
- Rhinotermitidae;
- Serritermitidae;
- Termitidae.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻoi aku nā kau ma ka Honua i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka ma ka Honua, e like me nā naonao.
Pepelu kauā He koʻikoʻi maikaʻi ʻole kona no ke kanaka, ʻoiai lākou e luku ana i nā kūkulu lāʻau. Pili ʻia ke kū hoʻokahi o nā anaina me ko lākou mana ma ka pōʻaiapuni honua o ke kalapona a me ke kalapona, ma ka nui o nā kinoea hoʻomehana i ka lewa, a he mea nui ia no ke aniau o ka honua. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokuʻu i ke kinoea methane i ka nui. I ka manawa like, ʻai ʻia he 43 mau ʻano o nā anaina e nā kānaka a hānai ʻia i nā holoholona kūloko. I kēia lā, ke kiaʻi nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka heluna kanaka, kahi a lākou e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e alualu ai i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kau.
Lā paʻi: 18.03.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 16:41
