Kāpena paru - kahi pepelu lepidoptera mai ka ʻohana keʻokeʻo. ʻO kona inoa ʻelua, keokeo kāpeti, pili i ka inoa o ka ʻohana a me ka genus. ʻO kēia ʻano - Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Linisus e Pieris brassicae i ka makahiki 1758, no ka moʻo ia.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kapu kāpeti
ʻO ka inoa, ka Lākina a me ka Lūkini, hōʻike i ka mea kanu ʻai nui o ka larvae ka cabbage. Keʻokeʻo nā ʻeheu o kēia Lepidoptera, a maopopo pū ʻia hoʻi mai ka inoa. ʻElua mau ʻohana pili ʻē aʻe o ke kāpeti - ka turnip a me ka turnip, ʻano like ko lākou ʻano, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kāpeti. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kona nui me kekahi o nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, a me nā ʻano e pili pū ana, ka hawthorn, akā ʻaʻohe ona māka ʻeleʻele ma luna.
Loaʻa ʻaneʻane ma waena o Eurasia, i kekahi mau wahi a lākou e neʻe ai. I nā latitu ʻākau, lilo lākou i mea nui aku i waenakonu o ke kauwela, ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana mai nā wahi hema. ʻO nā mokulele mamao a me nā neʻe nui no kēia ʻano laha ʻole, no ka mea aia lawa ka lako o nā meaʻai ma nā wahi āpau, akā hiki iā lākou ke huakaʻi a i 800 km.
Mea leʻaleʻa: I ʻAukake 1911, ua kipa ʻo Professor Oliver i kahi mokupuni liʻiliʻi e pili ana i 2 mau eka ma Norfolk. Ua uhi ʻia ka hakahaka āpau me nā kumulāʻau kāpelu lele. Ua hopu ʻia lākou e nā lau lau o ka mea kanu lōkahi insectivorous. Hoʻopaʻa kēlā me kēia mea kanu liʻiliʻi i 4 a 7 mau butterflies. I ka wā i ʻike ai ka polofesa iā lākou, ʻaneʻane ola lākou āpau. Ua helu ʻo ia ma kahi o 6 miliona mau kānaka i paʻa i nā pahele.
Inā hoʻomaka ke kāne e hoʻowalewale i kahi wahine i hoʻomomona mua ʻia, a laila ua lele koke ʻo ia i ka mauʻu e hūnā mai ka mea aloha huhū. Pani ʻo ia i kona mau ʻeheu a kū mau, ke hilinaʻi nei i ka camouflage o ka ʻaoʻao lalo. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki i kahi mea hoʻopiʻi ke loaʻa iā ia, ma muli o nā pheromones i hoʻoili ʻia, e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻokau iā ia iho.
Pane mua ʻo ia ma ka hoʻoluliluli mālie ʻana mai kekahi ʻaoʻao ai kekahi ʻaoʻao. E ukali ʻia kēia e ka wehe ʻana o nā ʻeheu, kahi e pale ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana. Hāpai ʻo ia i kona ʻōpū ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (maliʻa paha e hoʻokuʻu ana i kahi pahu kemika) e hōʻailona i kona haʻalele ʻana i kāna kāne, a lele aku ke kāne.
Mea leʻaleʻa: Hāʻawi nā kāne i kahi ʻala ʻano like me ka pelargonium.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Insect butterfly insect
He ʻeheu keʻokeʻo ko Cabbage me nā kihi ʻeleʻele ma mua. He mau kiko ʻeleʻele ko ka wahine wahine ma nā ʻeheu o mua, ʻoi aku ka mālamalama; aia kekahi ʻāʻī ʻāpana kūnihi ʻeleʻele ma ka lihi haʻahaʻa o nā ʻeheu mua. Ma ka lihi mua o ka ʻēheu mua, ʻeleʻele kekahi o nā unahi, he ʻano uahi ke nānā aku. No laila nā ʻōleʻele ʻeleʻele, kokoke i ke kihi pono o ka ʻeheu, e māmā. Aia kekahi māka ʻeleʻele i ke kiko waena o ka lihi luna o ka ʻēheu lalo, ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia ke noho ana ka ʻenekia, no ka mea ua uhi ʻia e nā mea mua.
ʻO nā ʻaoʻao ʻēheu o nā ʻēheu o nā wahine e ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo me ka pollen pouli a he mau kiko ma mua. I nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka buffy o ka lalo. Ke pelu ʻia nā ʻeheu e lawelawe ia me he camouflage maikaʻi. I kēia kūlana, aneane uhi nā ʻēheu hope i nā mua. ʻO ko lākou lōʻihi he 5-6.5 cm. ʻEleʻele a keʻokeʻo nā anttennae ma luna. ʻEleʻele ke poʻo, ka thorax a me ka ʻōpū me nā lauoho keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo ventrally.
Video: Kāpena kāpena
Pōmaʻomaʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā ʻenuhe me nā kaha melemele ʻekolu ma ke kino a me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. ʻO Pupa (2.5 cm) melemele-ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā kiko kiko hina. Kāʻei ʻia ia me kahi kaula silika i hoʻopili ʻia i ka lau.
ʻO Whitefish kahi ʻano aposematic, ʻo ia hoʻi he mau kala hoʻolaha lākou e pale ai i nā mea ʻaihue. Aia ka waihoʻoluʻu Aposematic i ka pae larval, pupa a me ka imago. Loaʻa iā lākou i loko o nā glycosides aila mākeke makewa mai nā mea kanu meaʻai. Loaʻa nā aila mustard i nā pūhui sulfur e hāʻawi i kahi pilau i nā larvae a me kā lākou lepo. Hoʻoweliweli ka pilau ʻoluʻolu ʻole i nā manu a me nā kolo hiki ke ʻimi iā lākou.
Ua hoʻomōhala maikaʻi ka pepelu i nā ʻōnaehana o ka hihiʻo a me kahi ʻano o ka pilau. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka lāʻau e like me nā antennae a me nā forelegs lawelawe he mau lālā o ka hoʻopā. Ma mua o ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua, noho ka wahine ma kahi lau o ka mea kanu, nānā pono iā ia, e hoʻāʻo ana no ke kūpono, a ma hope wale nō o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e kau.
Ma hea e noho ai ka pīpī kāpī?
Kiʻi: Kāpena belyanka kāpena
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia kēia ʻano Lepidoptera ma ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa, e like me nā mokupuni o ke Kai Kaiwaena a me nā wahi subarctic o Scandinavia. ʻIke ʻia ka kāpena kāpena i Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya a ma loko o ʻAsia a puni me kahi aniau ahiki i nā kuahiwi Himalayan. ʻAʻole kū maʻamau ia ma waho o kēia mau ʻāpana, akā hoʻolauna ʻole ʻia iā Chile.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke ʻano o ke kāpena i kekahi mau moku o ʻApelika Hema. Ua hopohopo nui ʻia kekahi e ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kēia mau arthropods ma 1995 ma Australia, a ma 2010 ma New Zealand. I kekahi mau manawa ua loaʻa kēia pest pest ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Maopopo ʻole ka butterfly i laila; hiki hewa ʻole paha me ka ukana.
Hoʻololi maikaʻi ka pepe i ka neʻe ʻana: ʻaʻole paʻakikī iā ia ke hoʻopiha hou i ka heluna kanaka ma nā mokupuni, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia ma ʻEnelani, kahi e lele ai ke kāpeti mai ka ʻāina nui. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai, nā pāka, nā māla mea kanu a me nā mahiʻai, makemake lākou i nā wahi ākea. Hiki iā lākou ke noho ma nā pā, nā kumu lāʻau, akā i nā manawa āpau kahi e loaʻa ai nā kumu mana ma kahi kokoke no ka hanauna e hiki mai ana. I nā kuahiwi piʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe o 2 mau mika.
I nā lā ʻālohilohi, lele ka poʻe mākua mai ka pua a kahi pua, e hānai ana i ka nectar, a i ke ao ʻalaleka lākou e noho ai ma ka mauʻu a i ʻole nā kumulāʻau haʻahaʻa, hāmama ka hapalua o ko lākou mau ʻeheu. No laila hoʻomehana lākou, kahi hapa o nā kukuna o ka lā, e hōʻike ana mai nā ʻeheu, a hāʻule i ke kino.
He aha ka ʻai a ka butter cabbage?
Kiʻi: Kapu kāpeti
ʻAi nā mea eheu i ka nectar o nā pua. E hana i kēia, he proboscis kā lākou i ʻōwili ʻia i loko o kahi wili. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou ma: dandelion, sivets meadow, alfalfa a me nā pua ʻē aʻe. Kumuwaiwai a punahele nā kumuwaiwai o ka wai nectar, ʻoiai makemake nā broods kauwela:
- kakalaioa;
- pua palaoa;
- marjoram;
- budley;
- scabiosum;
- hemp.
Hoʻomoe nā butterflies i kā lākou mau hua ma nā mea kanu keu, ʻoi aku i nā ʻanoʻano o ke kāpeti. He mea nui nā mea kanu me nā huakō aila me nā huinaʻi momona no ka meaʻai pono. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea i ka kāpena keʻokeʻo i kahi ʻala kūikawā e makaʻu i nā ʻenemi.
ʻIke hoihoi: Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu kahi e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā ʻūlima e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ʻike ma mua o ka ʻeleka. Ke koho ʻia, alakaʻi ʻia lākou e nā aka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
ʻAi pū nā ʻenuhe kolo, omo koke i nā lau, waiho wale i nā uaua, a laila neʻe i nā mea kanu pili. ʻO lākou kekahi o nā mea ʻino nui a hoʻopōʻino nui i ka ʻohana kāpeti i ulu i nā māla a me nā māla ponoʻī.
ʻO kēia mau ʻano ʻokoʻa a me nā derivatives o kāpī, keu hoʻi ʻo Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi, a me ka sinapi, rapeseed, he 79 mau ʻano o nā mea kanu kolose, me nā puʻupuʻu, zerushnik, radish. Makemake nui nā ʻenuhe i nā lau lahilahi o ka nasturtium a me ka mignonette.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Insect cabbage
ʻO nā keʻokeʻo kāpelu kekahi o nā mea e hōʻike koke i ka wā e mahana ai. ʻOiai i nā lā ʻōpua, ke koe mau nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou e kau ana ma luna o nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. He lele ikaika a kūleʻa lākou, a ma luna o nā mea keakea e like me nā lāʻau, nā lāʻau, nā hale, lele lele lākou mai luna a manuahi paha ma waena o lākou.
I ka hōʻea ʻana o ke keʻokeʻo cabbage i kahi o nā pua, noho lākou ma laila no kekahi mau lā. I ke anilā lā, lele lākou i nā wā pōkole akā maʻamau, kū iki i kēlā me kēia kekona e inu i ka nectar ma nā pua stunted.
Ulu nā hanauna ʻelua o nā pepepe i ke kau. Ma nā wahi hema, aia ka hanauna mua i ʻApelila-Mei, i ke kūkulu ʻākau - hoʻokahi mahina ma hope. I ka lua o ka manawa, ʻike ʻia nā mea hou aʻe, hāʻule ia i ka hapa lua o ke kauwela. E ulu paha kekahi hanauna i ka hema.
ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o nā ʻenuhe anuhe ma luna o ka mea kanu a lākou e hānai ai, hiki ke loaʻa nā pupae o kēia mau mea kolo ma nā kumu lāʻau, nā pā, nā paia, ma kahi mamao aku mai ka mea kanu hoʻokipa. I kekahi manawa pupation ma ke kumu a lau paha o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻopili ka pupa me kahi pae i kahi kū i luna.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻO kēlā mau pupae i hana ʻia ma ka pahu a lau paha o ka mea kanu hoʻokipa he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoiai nā mea e kū ana ma nā kumu hana ʻeleʻele melemele, mottled me nā kiko ʻeleʻele a me nā melemele.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Keoke keʻokeʻo
He polygamous nā keʻokeʻo, akā ʻo ka hapanui o nā wahine he hoʻokahi hoa. 2-3 mau lā ma hope o ke kāpili ʻana, waiho nā butterflies i nā ʻōpala Ribb nunui o nā kala melemele keʻokeʻo (ma kahi o 100 pcs.). I ka lā mua, lilo lākou i melemele ʻōlinolino a ʻike ʻia e kūʻē i ka hope o kahi lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo. He ʻumi mau lā ma mua o ka puka ʻana mai o ka larva mai iā lākou, pouli nā hua a ʻike maopopo ʻia ka iwi.
ʻIke hoihoi: Inā ʻike ka butterflies cabbage ua kau nā wahine ʻē aʻe i nā hua ma luna o ka mea kanu, a laila ʻaʻole lākou e waiho i kā lākou iho ma laila.
ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hana ʻia ke kau ʻana ma ke kua o ka lau, no laila ʻike ʻole ʻia ia e nā mea hōkai, ʻaʻole pili i ka hoʻonāukiuki a i ʻole ka ua.
I loko o ka wā o ka hoʻomohala, hele ka larvae ma waena o ʻelima mau instars ma o ʻehā mau pae o ka molting:
- Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mea mua e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e puka mai nā larvae mai ka hua manu o kahi kala melemele māmā me kahi kino palupalu, shaggy a me kahi poʻo pouli.
- I ka makahiki ʻelua, lilo ka tubercles i mea kino i ke kino, kahi e ulu ai nā lauoho.
- I ke kolu o ka makahiki, lilo lākou i mea hana, melemele-ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke kala me nā kiko ʻeleʻele, a ke hana nei i nā pohō nui loa.
- Ua like ka instar ʻehā me ke kolu, akā ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻenuhe, ʻoi aku ka hana, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke kino o ke kino.
- I ka makahiki ʻelima, lilo lākou i nui (40-50 mm), me kahi kino elongated, a me ke kala ʻulaʻula. I kēia wā, koʻikoʻi ka lako o ka meaʻai.
Inā loaʻa ʻole ka larvae i ka meaʻai kūpono kūpono i ka nui o ka nui, make paha lākou ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o nā butterflies. I ka wā pupal, ʻaʻole hoʻolōʻihi nā kānaka o ke kauwela, a ma hope o 2-3 mau wiki ua hānau ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻēheu keʻokeʻo hou. Inā kū ka pupation i ka hopena o ke kauwela a i ʻole ke kauwela, a laila hoʻoilo lākou a hiki i ka puna.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua hōʻike ʻia i nā noiʻi ua ʻoi aku ka ʻai o nā kāpena wahine i ka nectar o ke kākalaioa a me ka buddela. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka legect nectar i kā lākou papaʻai, a laila ʻaʻole ola kā lākou larvae, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loko o kēia mau mea kanu nā meaola e kōkua i kā lākou ulu ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka pīpī kāpī
Kiʻi: Kāpena keʻokeʻo
Ma kahi o 80 pākēneka o nā larva i luku ʻia e ka ʻāpā Apanteles, ʻo Apanteles glomeratus, ka mea nāna e hoʻokomo i kāna mau hua i loko o lākou. Hana ʻia kēia i ka wā liʻiliʻi o nā ʻenuhe. Hatch ka larva o ka mea ʻino i loko o ke kino o ka mea hoʻokipa, a ʻai mālie iā ia, akā hoʻomau ke ola ʻana o ka kāpeti a ʻai i ka meaʻai. Ke ulu ka larvae pi, ʻai lākou i nā mea ola o ka mea hoʻokipa a pepehi iā ia a haki i loko o ka ʻili.
I kekahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā koena maloʻo o ka ʻenuhe o kahi ʻenuhe ma kahi lau cabbage, i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka hōʻiliʻili o 80 a ʻuʻuku nā koleko fluffy melemele. I ka makahiki aʻe, puka mai nā mea holo mai kā lākou cocoons a lele i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻenuhe hou o ke keʻokeʻo kāpeti. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea hiki ke loaʻa, manaʻo ka wahine holo wahine iā ia me kāna antennae e koho i kona nui.
ʻO ka nui o ka larva e pono ai nā keiki e hoʻomohala i loko e lawa ka meaʻai. Hiki i ke kanaka ʻelemakule ke lilo i pupa ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka larva o ka ʻino parasite ma laila. Hoʻopili ka poʻe holo i ka mea pio me ka ovipositor a hoʻokuʻu i hoʻokahi hua ma laila. Hiki i ka wahine ke hana i nā ʻano injection i hoʻokahi ʻenuhe.
Nui nā pupae, ke hana wale a palupalu ka uhi ʻana o lākou, e hoʻouka ʻia e ka ʻūlū parasitoid Pteromalus puparum. Kau ʻo ia i kāna mau hua ma laila. Hiki i 200 predators hiki ke hoʻomohala i hoʻokahi pupa. I nā hebedoma ʻekolu, ulu ka larvae i ka pupa o ke kāpeti. Inā kū kēia i ke kauwela, a laila puka lākou i waho ma ke ʻano he mau pepelu makua, i ke kauwela, noho mau lākou i loko.
ʻAʻohe o ka pūʻulu keʻokeʻo cabbage i kahi hui kikoʻī o nā mea konohiki. ʻImi ʻia lākou e ka nui o nā manu like ʻole. ʻAi ʻia lākou e kekahi mau māmela, kākaʻikahi wale nā mea kolo, hoʻokahi mea kanu kino.
He meaʻai kūpono lākou no kekahi:
- hymenoptera;
- hemiptera;
- coleoptera;
- Diptera;
- arachnids.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Kapu kāpeti
ʻO kēia Lepidoptera kahi ʻāpana hoʻokaʻawale nui a he mau mea hoʻopuʻupuʻu kūpilikiʻi kūpilikiʻi loa ia. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hakakā me lākou, a laila hiki i ke kāpeti ke alakaʻi i kahi nalowale o 100% o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano kāpeti, hiki ke ʻai i nā radish, nā turnipa, nā rutabagas, i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ka ʻike maʻalahi o ka poʻe mākua i ka neʻe ʻana he mea hoʻoweliweli i nā wahi i kahi o lākou i ka helu ma mua a i ʻole i ʻike mua ʻia.
ʻO ka hōʻino ʻia mai ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka waiwai o ka mea kanu. Ma waho, e nani ke nānā aku i nā poʻo kāpeti, akā i loko o lākou e ʻino pinepine ʻia e nā larvae. Hūnā pinepine nā ʻenuhe i loko o ka cauliflower, kahi e hoʻēmi ai i kona waiwai. ʻO ka localization kiʻekiʻe o nā larvae ke alakaʻi i ka ʻoi aku o kahi paʻa i ka mea kanu i ka iwi iwi, a hala i kekahi.
Hōʻike kēia pest i nā hana kemika o ka luku. Ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi, ʻohiʻohi ʻia nā ʻenuhe insect a me nā hua i ka lima. ʻOiai nānā pinepine ʻia ka heluna kanaka a hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā kānaka, manaʻo ʻia ka pepelu i pest ma nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa, ma Kina, Turkey, India, Nepal a me Rūsia, kahi e nalowale mau nei ka loaʻa makahiki i nā huaʻai like ʻole.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua ʻike mua ʻia ka butterfly ma New Zealand. I loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki, ua hoʻomāhuahua ia a ua helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he pest invasive koʻikoʻi a makemake ʻole ʻia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: I mea e paipai ai i nā keiki e hui pū me ka hana e kinai i ke kāpeti, ua hāʻawi aku ka ʻOihana Hoʻolālā ʻo New Zealand i nā keiki kula i kahi makana no NZ $ 10 no kēlā me kēia butterfly i loaʻa i nā wā hoʻomaha o ke kula. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā kope he 134 i loko o ʻelua mau pule. Ua hopu ka limahana o ka 'Oihana i 3,000 mau mākua, nā pupae, nā anuhe a me nā hui hua manu.
Ma waho aʻe o nā hana kemika a me nā mīkini, hoʻohana ʻia nā hana olaola e hakakā i nā keʻokeʻo kāpeti. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā nīnū predatory kūikawā i nā kula. Ua hoʻopau kūleʻa ʻia kēia hoʻolaha kaohi pest. ʻO kēia kūleʻa ma muli o ka hoʻāla koke ʻia ʻana o ka pū waikaua a lawe ʻia nā mea e hakakā ai i ke kāpena i nā wā mua. Akā ma Australia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hoʻomau kēia mau Lepidoptera i ka hana hou a hoʻolaha.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hōʻalo nā wahine keʻokeʻo i ka waiho hua ʻana ma kahi a lākou e ʻike ai i nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe. E hoʻopunipuni iā lākou, hiki i nā "hae" keʻokeʻo i hana ʻia i ka lole māmā ke waiho ʻia i waena o nā mea kanu ma nā kui a i ʻole ka uea, e hoʻohālike ai i nā mea hoʻokūkū o ka pest.
Kāpena paru hiki ke hoʻopiha i kāu pūnaewele me ka wikiwiki. I mea e pale aku ai i ka hana kope ʻana o ka cabbage, pono ʻoe e hakakā i nā nāhelehele kolose, kahili a i ʻole nā keʻokeʻo lāʻau keʻokeʻo, nā pā i ke kauwela a me ka puna e hemo ai nā pupae. I ke kau, pono e nānā pono i nā mea kanu a hōʻiliʻili i nā anuhe, hoʻomoe hua manu. ʻAʻole makemake ʻia e hoʻohana i nā ʻano pale hoʻomalu kemika i hiki ke pepehi i nā kolo kūpono. ʻOi aku ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻōiwi: infusions of wormwood, paka, chamomile, etc.
Lā paʻi: 08.03.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 19:45
