ʻO Gopher he holoholona mammal holoholona ia no ka ʻohana squirrel, i pili i ke kaʻina o nā rodents (ʻo ia pū kekahi me ka muskrat a me ka ʻiole kula). ʻO kēia nā holoholona liʻiliʻi 17-27 cm, ke kaumaha nei a i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua kg. ʻO nā holoholona kaiāulu, noho i nā lua, kamaʻilio e ka ʻū a i ʻole ka ʻū ʻana. I ke kau anuanu a i ʻole kauwela maloʻo, hibernate lākou, no laila i loaʻa iā lākou ka inoa inoa "Sony".
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Ua mau ka pouli o ke kumu o nā gophers no kekahi manawa lōʻihi loa. Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia lākou i loko o nā ʻohana like ʻole, nā lāhui, a me nā ʻoka.
I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 38 mau ʻano o lākou a ʻo ka mea maʻamau nā mea penei:
- ʻEulopa;
- ʻAmelika;
- Nui;
- Liʻiliʻi;
- Kuahiwi.
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, he kūpuna like ko lākou i noho ʻia ma neʻe nei. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i nā pio GULAG i loaʻa he mau mummies o ka squirrels honua i ka lua o Yakutia ma kahi hohonu o 12 mau mika. Ma hope o ke kaʻina ʻana i kekahi o nā ʻāpana a me ke aʻo ʻana me kahi ʻano genetika molekiola, ua ʻike ʻia he 30 tausani kēia ʻano Indigir.
I ka wā o ka Oligocene, ua kū mai kahi pōʻaiapuni hou o ka evolution, ma muli o ke ʻano he ʻohana hou i kū mai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka squirrel, kahi nona nā ʻōiwi kahiko o ka honua, ʻo Indigirsky. ʻIke ʻia he pili pili loa nā gophers o nā marmots, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a nāwaliwali paha. A ʻo nā ʻūlū hoʻi, nā ʻīlio lele a me nā ʻīlio prairie.
ʻO ka ʻohana squirrel, a laila, pili i kahi ʻōhua ʻoi loa o nā rodents. Manaʻo kekahi mau ʻepekema ua hoʻomaka lākou i 60-70 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe he hoʻomau kūpono ia o ka evolution o ka wā Cretaceous. Akā, i kekahi hihia, hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo lākou kekahi o nā holoholona kahiko i ola a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
No nā rodents liʻiliʻi nā Gopher, no ka mea, mai ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 15 a 38 cm, a ʻo ka huelo mai ka ʻelima a i ka iwakālua ʻekolu knm. He mau pepeiao liʻiliʻi ko lākou e uhi ʻia i lalo. ʻO ke kala ʻokoʻa o ka hope mai nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ka poni. Ma ke kua he mau kaha ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā nalu. Mālamalama a ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻōpū. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka hulu a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, no ka mea ke hoʻokokoke mai nei ke anuanu.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā squirrels honua ʻEulopa e ka hae. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 16 a 22 mau kenimika, pōkole ka huelo: 5-7 cm wale nō. Ua pena ʻia ka kua i ka hina-ʻeleʻele me nā melemele melemele a keʻokeʻo paha. Lena melemele nā ʻaoʻao me ka ʻalani alani ʻaʻole hiki ke translucent. Hoʻopuni ʻia nā maka e nā wahi kukui, a me ka ʻōpū me ka aka melemele o ka melemele.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka gopher ʻAmelika ma mua o kona hoalauna ʻEulopa. ʻO ka poʻe noho ma Chukotka he 25-32 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻo ka poʻe ʻAmelika mai 30 a 40 knm. Kaupaona lākou he 710-790 gram. I ka nui, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa nā kāne mai nā wahine, akā kaupaona hou aʻe. He huelo huelo a nani hoʻi kā lākou a hiki i ka 13 cm ka lōʻihi.ʻO ka hope he brown-ocher i ke kala me nā wahi māmā, a ʻeleʻele ke poʻo. I ka hoʻoilo, e māmā ka hulu, a kū i waho nā ʻōpio me ke kala ʻōniʻoniʻo.
ʻO ka nui o ka squirrel honua nui a ʻo ka lua wale nō o ka melemele i ka nui. Loaʻa iā lākou ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 25-33 cm, a me kahi huelo o 7-10 cm.ʻO ke kaumaha i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua kilokika. ʻEleʻele mau ke kua, ʻeleʻele pinepine, ʻokoʻa i nā ʻulaʻula. Pāpī ʻia ke kua i nā kiko keʻokeʻo, a hina ka ʻōpū a melemele paha. Loaʻa i nā squirrels honua he 36 chromosome i loko o ka karyotype, ʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau hoahānau, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻomaka ai lākou e ulu i ka hulu hoʻoilo i Iulai.
ʻO ka squirrel lepo liʻiliʻi he 18-25 cm ka nui, a ʻaʻole hiki aku kona kaumaha i ka hapalua kilokika. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka huelo ma mua o ʻehā cm. He hina hina hina ko ka poʻe i ka ʻĀkau o ke kua, ma ka hema e lilo i hina melemele. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, aia a hiki i 9 mau mea lawelawe, ʻokoʻa i ka helehelena a lilo i mea liʻiliʻi i ka hema hikina.
He like nā ʻano o ka gopher mauna me ka mea liʻiliʻi; ma mua a ʻo kekahi mau kānaka i hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. ʻAʻole hiki i ka nui o ke kino i 25 knm, a ʻo ka huelo a hiki i 4 knm. Hinahina ka hope me kahi aniani melemele-melemele. Aia nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma ke kua. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻōpū ma mua o ke kua, me ka uhi melemele. ʻOi aku ka pouli o nā ʻōpio ma mua o ka poʻe mākua.
Ma hea e noho ai ka gopher?
ʻO ka squirrel ground European i lilo i steppe a noho i ka nahele-steppe, e like me ka marten, ʻoiai i kēia manawa he kakaikahi loa ia. Noho i ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ke kikowaena a me ka hikina o ʻEulopa. ʻO ka manawa pinepine ma Kelemania, ma Polani ma nā Silplian Uplands. Noho pū kekahi ma ʻAukekulia, Czech Republic, Moldova. Makemake pū au i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Turkey a me Solowakia. Ma ke komohana hema o Ukraine, loaʻa wale ia ma Transcarpathia, Vinnitsa a me Chernivtsi wahi.
Noho wale ka gopher ʻAmelika ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika ʻAkau ʻĀkau, akā ma ka hikina hoʻi o Lūkia. Ma ka ʻākau hikina o Siberia, noho ia ma Chukotka, Kamchatka a me ke Kolyma Upland. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa nā lehulehu ʻo Yanskaya a me Indigirskaya mai nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau. Ma ka ʻĀinapuni ʻAmelika ʻĀkau nui ka nui ma Alaska a me Kanada. Noho ka squirrel honua nui i ka steppes foothill a me nā pāpū o Kazakhstan a me Lūkia. Hoʻomaka ka wahi noho ma ka muliwai Volga ma ke komohana a hoʻopau i ka wahi ma waena o nā kahawai ʻo Ishim a me Tobol ma ka hikina. I ka hema, holo ka palena ma waena o nā kahawai ʻo Bolshoi a me Maliy Uzen, a ma ka ʻākau ma ke kahawai ʻākau o ka Agidel.
Hoʻomāhele pinepine ʻia nā squirrels mauna ma kahi kokoke i nā kahawai ʻo Kuban a me Terek, a ʻo kahi ʻo Elbrus. Piʻi kiʻekiʻe loa: 1250 - 3250 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai. ʻO kahi e noho ai he ʻekolu haneli mau kaeka, he nui loa ia a kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi helu maikaʻi. Noho lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa: ma kahi o nā mea kanu hiki ke ʻai ʻia.
He aha nā mea e ʻai ai nā gophers?
I ka wā ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia nā gophers ʻEulopa he mau vegetarians keu, no ka mea, ʻo ka meaʻai nui ka mea kanu. Ma hope ua hoʻololi ʻia ua ʻai lākou i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole o nā holoholona. Ma ka hopena o ke ala ʻana, ʻahaʻaina lākou i nā puʻupuʻu o nā mea kanu, a laila hoʻololi i nā ʻanoʻano cereal. I ke kauwela, ʻai nui lākou i nā mea kanu a me nā hua. Hiki ke hōʻino i nā māla liʻiliʻi.
Aia nā meaʻai liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi kahi e noho ai ka gopher American, no laila ua mākaukau lākou e ʻai i nā mea āpau i ko lākou ala. Ma mua o ka hele ʻana i loko o ka hibernation, hoʻonani lākou iā lākou iho i nā rhizome a me nā ʻōpuʻu o nā mea kanu, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hua a me nā lau i hiki iā lākou ke hui. Ma muli o ke anuanu o ke anuanu, pono ʻoe e ʻai i nā ʻenuhe, nā ʻiʻo lepo, filly, a i kekahi mau manawa ʻo nā kino make. Ke hele nei i kahi hoʻonohonoho, loaʻa iā ia ka meaʻai i loko o nā ipu ʻōpala, i kekahi manawa aia kekahi mau hihia o ka ʻai kanaka. Weliweli ke ola o ka groundhog ʻAmelika: hiki iā ʻoe ke make i ka pōloli a ʻai ʻia paha e kahi hoahānau.
Noho nā squirrels lepo nui i nā kūlana maikaʻi a hānai i nā hua a me nā mea kanu pua. I ka puna, makemake lākou e ʻike i nā ipukukui a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu, neʻe i nā pua a me nā lau. ʻO ke kokoke loa i ke kauwela, ka rai, ka palaoa, ka palaoa a me nā ʻoka e hoʻohui i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole. ʻAʻole mālama lākou i nā meaʻai no ka hoʻoilo. ʻAi nā squirrels lepo liʻiliʻi i nā aʻa, nā lau a me nā pua o nā mea kanu. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā lākou i ka meaʻai holoholona. Hoʻonui waiwai ʻia ka meaʻai e ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu i ulu e nā kānaka. Ke ʻeli nei nō hoʻi i nā ʻākala a me nā ʻanoʻano o ka maple a me ka hazel. Mai nā hua e like me ka apricot.
ʻAneʻane loaʻa i nā gophers nui ka meaʻai nui loa, pono e ola nā mea ʻAmelika, a noʻonoʻo ʻole nā gophers mauna e pili ana i ka mea e kali nei iā lākou i kēia lā no ka ʻaina kakahiaka, ʻaina awakea a me ka ʻaina ahiahi. ʻOi loa i nā kuahiwi ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hele a puni. ʻAneʻane e ʻai ʻia nā ʻāpana lewa āpau o nā mea kanu, i kekahi manawa diluting ʻai o nā holoholona, akā liʻiliʻi loa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO ke aloha o ka squirrel ground European i ka pāpū ma ka steppe a me ka steppe ulu lāʻau, e noho ana ma nā ʻāina kahi e ʻai ai nā pipi a kūpono ʻole no ka lūlū ʻana me nā cereal. ʻAʻole makemake i nā wahi pulu, nā kumu lāʻau a me nā laʻalāʻau. Noho lākou i nā kolone o 7-10 mau kānaka. Kūmau nā Burrows a manawa pōkole, he nui ko lākou. Hoʻopili pū me kekahi keʻena i hoʻohei.
Hiki i nā kolone o nā squirrels honua ʻAmelika 50 mau kānaka! Hiki i nā hoʻolālā kanaka he 6 maueka. Ma nā lepo one, hiki i nā lua i 15 m a me kahi hohonu o 3 m. Ma kahi o ka permafrost ʻaʻole hohonu ma mua o 70 cm. I ka hibernation, uhi lākou i kā lākou lua me ka lepo. I nā wahi noho, noho lākou i ke kumu o nā hale a me nā hale hoʻoulu. ʻEleu mai 5 a 20 mau hola i ka lā.
Noho ka gopher nui i nā kolone mānoanoa, nona ka 8-10 mau lua pilikino, ka ʻāina i hāʻawi like ʻia a puni ka ʻāina kokoke. Kū ka hibernation i 9 mau mahina, puka mua nā kāne, a laila wahine. Hāpai lākou ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina, mai 3 a 15 mau keiki i hānau ʻia. I hoʻokahi mahina ma hope mai, ua mākaukau lākou no ke ola kūʻokoʻa, i loko o ʻelua mau makahiki hiki iā lākou ke hānau keiki hou.
Hūnā nā squirrels lepo liʻiliʻi a hiki i 9 mau mahina a ala aʻe ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau. I ka wā o ke kauwela wela, ma muli o ka make o nā mea kanu, lilo nā holoholona i mea maloʻo, hiki iā lākou ke hele i ka hibernation kauwela, a hiki ke lilo i ka hoʻoilo. Kākaʻikahi lākou ma mua o 3 mau makahiki.
Hoʻolālā ka manawa o nā gophers kuahiwi i ka hibernation, ʻo ka lōʻihi e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe a lākou e noho ai. ʻO ka wā o ka hana he ʻeono mahina. Aia nō ia i ka pae o ka momona. No laila, hiki i nā poʻe kahiko ke hibernate ma mua, a pono i nā holoholona ʻōpio ke ʻai i mea e ola ai i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Ma hope o ke ala ʻana, hoʻomaka nā kāne o nā squirrels honua ʻEulopa e kali no nā wahine, a ma hope e hoʻomaka ka rut. Kū pinepine nā kāne i ka hakakā no nā wahine. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hāpai ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina, a ʻike ʻia nā keiki hānau hou i ka hopena o ʻApelila. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, mai ka 3 a hiki i ka 9 o lākou ke hānau. Kaupaona lākou ma kahi o 5 g me ka lōʻihi o 4 cm. I hoʻokahi pule ma hope, hāmama nā maka, a ma hope o 2, ulu ka hulu hipa. I ke kau waena o Iune, ʻeli nā wahine i nā lua a kā lākou keiki e noho ai.
Hāpai pū nā gophers ʻAmelika i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. Ala nā wahine i ʻApelila-Mei, a ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pāʻani moena, ka mea e hana pinepine ʻia i nā lua. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka hāpai ma mua o nā squirrels honua ʻEulopa, a ʻo nā keiki o nā squirrels lepo i hānau ʻia ma hope ma muli o ke anuanu, akā i ka nui o nā helu: mai 5 a 10, a i kekahi manawa 13-14.
Ke kali nei nā kāne o nā squirrels honua nui no nā wahine a, ma hope o ke ala ʻana, hoʻomaka e hana me nā pilikia kanaka o ka lehulehu. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻaʻole nā wahine e ʻeli ʻokoʻa i nā lua brood, akā kūkulu hou i nā mea noho. ʻO kēlā lua he mau keʻena pūnana mai ka hapalua mika i ʻelua hohonu. Mai ka 3 a i ka 16 cubs hiki ke hānau! A hiki ke hāpai i ka lōʻihi o 20 mau lā a i hoʻokahi mahina paha.
Hānau ka wahine o ka squirrel lepo ma hope o 20-25 mau lā mai 5 a 10 cubs, ʻoiai he 15 embryos. I nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, kū kekahi o nā embryo i ka hoʻomohala a hoʻoheheʻe. No 3 mau pule hiki iā lākou ke kaupaona a 25 g, e uhi ʻia me ka hulu ʻeleʻele a puka i waho o ka lua. ʻOiai e maʻa nā keiki i ke kaiapuni, ʻeli ka makuahine i nā lua a laila haʻalele i ka pua.
He mau pōʻaiapili like ʻole nā keiki squirrels ma ka hanai ʻana o nā keiki, no ka mea pili ia i ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou noho a me ka manawa o ke ala ʻana. Hana ʻia ka hāpai ʻana ma waena o 20-22 mau lā, me kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā gopher i hānau ʻia: mai ʻelua a ʻehā. Hānau makapō lākou, kuli a ʻaʻohe hulu. No hoʻokahi mahina, nānā ka wahine iā lākou, a ma hope e hele lākou i ka honua ākea a noho i nā lua ʻē aʻe i kahi panalāʻau i ʻike ʻia.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o gophers
ʻO ka squirrel honua ʻEulopa i hala iho nei i kahi hāʻule ikaika o kāna heluna lehulehu mahalo i nā ʻenemi e hoʻopuni iā ia a paʻakikī i ka kaiaolaola kūloko. ʻO ke kumu, ua hoʻouka ʻia ʻo ia e nā mammals predatory. ʻO kēia nā manu: ʻaeto ʻaeto a me nā mea keʻakeʻa, ma waena o nā poʻe ʻimi ʻāina he mea nui e hōʻike i ka ferpe steppe.
Aia nā ʻōlapa ʻāina ʻAmelika i kahi kūlana maikaʻi ʻole. I nā pilikia a me nā pōpilikia āpau, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea ʻino i ke ʻano o nā skuas, nā ʻīlio hae, nā bea grizzly a me nā pueo hau, ʻaʻole mahalo iki i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o kēia mau gopher i ka ulu ʻana o ka tundra. Hōʻike ʻia kekahi gopher nui i nā wā maikaʻi ʻole. E hau paha ka lepo, huki paha ka puna i kahi kanaka a ʻeha paha. No nā squirrels ground European, weliweli nui nā steppe ferrets no nā mea nui, ʻai iā lākou a puni ka makahiki, ʻoiai i ka hibernation.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā nā corsacs a me nā ʻalopeke i nā mea pio maʻalahi, a ʻo ka poʻe liʻiliʻi e ʻai i nā wili a me nā ermines. Mai ka lani mai hiki iaʻu ke hoʻouka i nā ʻaeto ʻeleu, nā ilina, nā ʻūlū wāwae lōʻihi a me nā kites ʻeleʻele, a ma ka ʻākau he pueo pepeiao pepeiao lōʻihi hoʻi. Alualu ʻia nā gophers liʻiliʻi e nā mea like o ka predators e noho nei i kēia ʻāina. Hiki ke wāwahi ʻia nā lua i nā ʻalopeke, nā corsac a me nā ferrets. ʻO nā ʻeto a me nā ʻaeto kanu kanu he mea weliweli ia mai ka lani. Hoʻouka ʻia nā poʻe liʻiliʻi a makua ʻole paha e Saker Falcons, nā ʻalalā a i ʻole nā muria.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Noho nā squirrels honua ʻEulopa i nā ʻāpana kaʻawale o kahi wahi liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia i loko o ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o nā ʻāina hikina o ʻEulopa, a ma nā ʻāina kokoke e malu loa ia. I ke kenekulia i hala, aia kahi hakakā maoli me lākou, ka ʻimi holoholona a me ka luku. Ua koi lākou i nā mahiʻai e pepehi i nā gopher, hoʻohana i ka palaoa ʻawahia, i koi aku i nā keiki kula e hakakā me nā "pests".
ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka nohona paʻakikī, ka nele o ka meaʻai a me nā mea neʻe huhū, maikaʻi a ulu pono nā gophers ʻAmelika. I ka manawa like, loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena maikaʻi i ke kaiapuni. Noho nā holoholona he nui i loko o kā lākou mau lua, a ke ʻeli lākou, lawe lākou i nā hua i luna. Ma muli o nā waiwai hānau maikaʻi o ka squirrel honua nui, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano mea make. Akā i kekahi mau wahi ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ia no ka palau o nā ʻāina puʻupaʻa a me ka luku pololei. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Kazakhstan ʻike ʻia ia he pest. Hoʻohui, ʻo ia ka mea causative o ka maʻi ahulau a me nā maʻi ʻoluʻolu ʻole ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka gopher liʻiliʻi he pest ia, e ʻai ana i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia e ka poʻe e ulu ana i nā māla a me nā māla, a me ka luku ʻana i nā mea kanu maikaʻi loa i nā wahi hānai. I ka manawa like, halihali i ka maʻi ahulau a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. Akā ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana hou ʻana a me nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole, ʻaʻole ia no nā ʻano i pale ʻia. ʻO ka gopher mauna i ke kanaka ka mea makaʻu liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke ola. A ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea, noho ʻo ia ma kahi e noho ʻole ai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻai i ka makemake ʻole o nā hoalauna, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i kekahi, ʻaʻole like me nā gophers liʻiliʻi.
ʻAno like nā ʻano gopher āpau, no ka mea:
- ʻAi lākou i nā meaʻai like;
- Alakaʻi i kahi nohona ʻokoʻa iki;
- Loaʻa i nā predators like;
- ʻIke like lākou.
Hoʻopilikia kekahi o lākou i ka poʻe, hoʻopōmaikaʻi wale kekahi i ke kaiapuni. ʻAneʻane kokoke i kahi o ka make o kekahi, e noho nei i nā kūlana kupaianaha, a maikaʻi a pōmaikaʻi kekahi, ke kū nei i kahi kūlana paʻakikī. Loaʻa gophers nā mea like ʻole, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka like.
Lā paʻi: 24.01.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 10:21
