Lūkini desman, ʻo ia pū kekahi hochula (Desmana moschata) - he ʻelemakule loa, relict, ʻano o nā māmela. Manaʻo ʻia e noho nei kēia mau holoholona ma ka Honua ma kahi o 30 miliona mau makahiki. Ma mua, ua hoʻonui ka ʻāina o ka mahele i ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa o Eurasia - a hiki i nā mokupuni ʻo Beritania. I kēia manawa ua emi ka wahi a ua haki kona ʻano.
Loaʻa i ka desman kona inoa i kona ʻano a ʻala maikaʻi ʻole o ka musk. Ke hoʻi nei ka etymology o ka inoa i ka huaʻōlelo Lūkia kahiko "hukhat", ʻo ia hoʻi "pilau".
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Ma muli o ka wā kahiko o ka laha, he hana paʻakikī loa ia e hoʻoholo pono i kona kumu. ʻO nā kūpuna o ka desman he mau holoholona insectivorous liʻiliʻi, a i ke kaʻina hana loea i loaʻa i ka helehelena a me nā ʻano kokoke i nā holoholona o kēia au. No 30 miliona mau makahiki, ʻaʻole hiki i ka evolution ke hoʻololi nui i ka desman, no laila i kēia lā ʻike mākou ia mea like me nā mammoths a aneane hiki i nā kūpuna āpau o ke kanaka hou ke ʻike iā ia. ʻO nā ʻohana pili o ka Lūkini desman nā moles o kēia wā, me nā ʻano like like o ka desman ma ka anatomy a me ka biology.
Makemake ka desman e noho ma nā wai wai mālie i nā lua āna e ʻeli ai iā ia iho. Hoʻolālā nui nā hale a puka i ka lihi o ka wai. Hoʻolālā ka desman i ka hapa nui o kona manawa i nā lua, e hūnā ana mai kona mau ʻenemi, incl. mai kahi kanaka. ʻIke ka holoholona pehea e ʻauʻau maikaʻi ai, kahi ʻano maikaʻi o ka pilau a me ka pā. Uhi ʻia ke kino liʻiliʻi me ka huluhulu mānoanoa, ka mea a ka holoholona e hana ai me nā huna o ka momona musk. Mahalo i kēia, loaʻa i ka huluhulu i ka wai-repellency, akā i ka manawa like hāʻawi i ka desman i kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻAi ʻia i nā crustacea liʻiliʻi, molluscs, nā pepelu a me nā mea kanu wai. ʻAʻole mālama ka holoholona i nā mālama no ka hoʻoilo a ʻaʻole hibernate, alakaʻi i kahi nohona hana i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Ma muli o kēia hiʻohiʻona, ʻaʻole hiki i ka desman ke hoʻonui i kāna pae i ka ʻākau - he paʻakikī i ka holoholona ke hoʻomanawanui i nā hoʻoilo anuanu.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Lūkini desman kiʻi
He wahi liʻiliʻi kā ka desman - ma kahi o 20 cm wale nō, a me kahi huelo e pili ana i ka lōʻihi like. Huina - ma kahi o 40 mau kenimika. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino ma kahi o 400-500 gram. Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo, ma ka ʻāʻī pōkole, me kahi muo elongated, e pau ana me kahi stigma hoʻoneʻe me ka ihu a me nā ʻāpana whiskers maʻalahi loa - vibrissae. Hoʻopuni ʻia nā maka liʻiliʻi e nā ʻāpana lauoho ʻole o ka ʻili; nāwaliwali loa ka ʻike ʻana. I ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, hilinaʻi ka desman i nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka ʻike maka. A i ka wā o ka hahai holoholona, pani paʻa ʻo ia i kona mau maka a hoʻohana wale i ka vibrissae.
Lōʻihi ka huelo o ka desman, mobile loa, pālahalaha ʻia ma hope. Uhi ʻia me nā unahi liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe ona lauoho iki. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e ka holoholona keʻauʻau ma ke ʻano he propulsion hāmeʻa a me ka hoeuli. Pōkole nā lālā o ka desman. Aia kekahi pūnaewele pūnaewele ma waena o nā manamana wāwae, kahi e hoʻomaʻalahi ai i ka ʻauʻau ʻana. Pōkole nā wāwae mua, wāwae wāwae, lawe lima, me nā māiʻuʻu nui. Me lākou, ʻeli ka desman i nā pūnaewele mika he nui o nā lua. Ma ka ʻāina, neʻe lohi a maʻalahi kēia mau māmela, ʻau ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki i ka wai.
Uhi ʻia ke kino o ka holoholona i ka huluhulu mānoanoa i hoʻū ʻia i ka musk. He hana pale wai ka Musk. Mahalo i kēia, ʻaʻole pulu ka huluhulu a maloʻo loa. ʻO ke kala o ka huluhulu huluhulu ma ke kua he hina-ʻeleʻele, ʻo ka ʻōpū he hina-kālā. He hana masking kēia kala i ka wai a ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma muli o ka musk a me ka ʻili me ka hulu i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ai ka desman heluna i nā kūlike catastrophic. No nā kenekulia he nui, he waiwai kālepa kā ka holoholona, ma mua o ka musk, a ma hope he ʻano huluhulu. ʻO ka pāpā hope loa ma ka lawaiʻa ʻana i hoʻolauna ʻia ma ka waena wale nō o ke kenekulia 20.
Ma hea kahi e noho ai ka desman Lūkini?
I kēia lā, maʻamau ka Lūkini desman ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi o nā kahawai ʻo Volga, Don, Dnieper a me Ural. I kēia manawa e hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o ka wahi. Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ka loli o nā kūlana aniau a me nā hana a ke kanaka.
Alakaʻi ka desman i kahi nohona malū loa. Noho ia ma kahi kokoke i nā wai mālie, ma nā kapa wai e ʻeli ai i nā lua lala. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā tunnels a me nā keʻena ma ka lua i 10 mau mika. I loko o kona mau lua, hoʻomaha ka holoholona ma hope o ka hopu holoholona, hānai ʻana, a hānai keiki. Makemake ʻo Khokhulya e noho i nā wahi mālie me nā lau nahele ulu lush. Ma ia mau kahakai, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka holoholona e hūnā mai ka makaʻu, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ola ʻana i nā wā kahawai. Inā ʻike ʻia ka waihona e nā loli ikaika pinepine i ka pae o ka wai, hana ka desman i nā lua multi-tiered me nā puka komo.
Hoʻāʻo ka holoholona e komo i ka lua ma ka lihi loa o ka wai. Mai ka puka e komo ai i kahi e noho ai, e moe ana kahi uka ma ka lalo, me nā lālā he nui. ʻO kēia kahi ala o ka wai ma lalo o ka wai e ʻae ai i ka desman e nalowale a loaʻa koke i ke ala i makemake ʻia. ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻohui nā lua i ka lua nui me nā mea hou aʻe - nā mea ʻai, kahi e hiki ai i ka holoholona ke ʻai palekana, hoʻomaha, a hanu wale paha i ka ea hou. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka mamao ma waena o nā lua ma 25-30 mau mika, no ka mea ma kahi o ka nui like o desman hiki eʻauʻau ma lalo o ka wai i hoʻokahi hanu. Ke hāʻule ka pae o ka wai, hoʻonui ka desman i nā auwai kokoke i ka puka o ka lua a hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana.
He manawa paʻakikī loa ka wai kahe no ka desman. Pono ʻo ia e haʻalele i kāna lua a kali i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai i loko o kekahi ʻano mau puʻuhonua kūlohelohe. I kēia manawa, palupalu nā holoholona a hāʻule pinepine i nā mea ʻaihue. Inā ʻaʻole e loaʻa ka wāwae, lawe ka holoholona i kēia au. ʻAʻole ola nā kānaka āpau i kēia. Akā ʻo kēia ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka desman.
He aha ka mea a ka Lūkini makemake?
Loaʻa ka neʻe nui a me ka metabolism kiʻekiʻe, pono i ka desman Lūkini i ka nui o nā meaʻai calorie kiʻekiʻe. Mālama ʻia kēia hana ma kahi o ka makahiki. ʻO ke kumu o ka papaʻai o ka Lūkini desman ka meaʻai holoholona, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā ka holoholona i nā mea kanu wai.
ʻOi pinepine ma mua o ka ʻole, komo lākou i ka papa kuhikuhi.
- nā mea kolo wai;
- larva ʻelima;
- nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi;
- pūpū;
- lipi a me nā ʻenuhe ʻē aʻe.
Eia hou, hauʻoli ka holoholona e ʻahaʻaina i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā rana, inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hopu iā lākou. Hoʻopiha kēlā me kēia manawa i kāna papaʻai me nā ʻau o cattail, ʻohe, hua hua hua manu.
Huli wale ka hohula i ka wai, a ʻai i kāna mea pio ma ka ʻāina. I ka wā o ka hahai holoholona, alakaʻi ʻia ka holoholona e vibrissae. Loaʻa ʻo ia i kahi pio, hopu ʻo ia iā ia me kona mau niho a lawe aku i kahi lua a i ʻole kahi mehameha ma kahakai, kahi āna e aloha ai. Ma waho aʻe o ka larva palupalu o nā ʻeneka, hana ka desman i kahi hana maikaʻi loa o nā mollusks i nā pūpū mahalo i kona mau niho mua ikaika a ʻoi hoʻi. ʻOiai aia ka lumi "lumiʻaina" a ka desman ma kahi like, maʻalahi e ʻike i kahi e noho ai kēia holoholona hūnā e nā koena o ka meaʻai.
ʻO Groove ma lalo o ka waihona i ke kuleana nui i ka hana ʻimi holoholona o ka desman Lūkini. Ke neʻe mau nei me lākou, hāʻawi ka holoholona i ka holo manawa o ka wai a me kona hoʻonui ʻana me ka ea. ʻAʻau nui nā mea kolo wai a me kā lākou larvae i loko o ka wai waiwai oxygen, i ʻimi ʻia e ka hochula.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
He mammal semi-aquatic ka Lūkini desman e hanu nei i ka ea lewa. Akā ua haʻalele ke ala o ke ola i kāna māka a ua hoʻomohala kēia holoholona kahiko i kekahi mau mea hoʻololi no kēlā ʻano noho. ʻO nā mea nui ka hiki ke ʻau i lalo o ka wai a paʻa i kou hanu no ka manawa lōʻihi. Inā ʻike ka holoholona i ka makaʻu ma luna o ka wai, a pono ʻoe e inhale, a laila kau pono ka desman i kāna stigma me nā puka ihu ma luna o ka wai a hanu. Hoʻomau kēia a nalowale ka weliweli.
ʻOiai ʻo ka lohe maikaʻi o ka Lūkini Liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ia i pane i nā mea hoʻolele leo a pau. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia i ka walaʻau kanaka a i ʻole ke kani o nā holoholona ma kahakai i kekahi manawa ʻaʻohe hopena e like me ka ʻūlū iki ʻana a i ʻole ka nāhelehe mauʻu ma kahakai. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻāʻo ka desman e hūnā a hūnā i kahi makaʻu iki.
Noho mau ka Lūkini desman i nā hui ʻohana. Hoʻokahi ʻohana no kahi pūnaewele o nā lua i hoʻomohala ʻia, kahi e noho aloha ai nā kānaka āpau. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia mau holoholona me ka maluhia a me ke ʻano ʻole. ʻO ka pinepine, ala nā hakakā ma waena o nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻokoʻa, a hiki i ka make o kekahi o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Akā kākaʻikahi kēia. ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau ka hihia me kahi hōʻike maluhia a hoʻoweliweli paha. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana mai nā holoholona makua ma nā holoholona ʻōpio mai kahi ʻohana pili mai.
Hoʻāʻo ka Lūkini desman e mālama i nā pilina aloha me nā holoholona wai a kokoke i ka wai o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. No laila, me ka beaver, aia kekahi ʻano like o ka symbiosis. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻo Khokhula i nā lua beaver no kāna kumu ponoʻī, a ʻoiai e uku ʻia ka mollusks i hiki ke hāpai i nā pathogens beaver. Pēlā, pōmaikaʻi ʻelua. ʻAʻohe hoʻokūkū meaʻai me nā beaver i ka desman Lūkini.
Me kahi wai wai wai ʻē aʻe, ka muskrat, kūkulu ka desman i kahi pilina laulā. ʻAʻole komo nā holoholona i kahi hakakā kūkae a i kekahi manawa noho pū i ka lua hoʻokahi, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau no ka muskrat nui aku e kipaku aku i kahi holoholona nāwaliwali. ʻO kēia ke alakaʻi ʻana i kahi hōʻemi o ka desman ma kekahi mau wahi.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, noho ka Lūkini desman i nā hui ʻohana nona nā mākua a me ka hanauna hope o nā holoholona ʻōpio. I kekahi manawa, me kahi kiʻekiʻena o nā holoholona, pili nā mea pili ʻole a i ʻole nā keiki makua i ka ʻohana. Noho kēlā me kēia ʻohana desman i kāna lua iho a kāohi i ka wahi a puni ia. Ke hui pū me nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana pili, hiki i nā hakakā.
Hoʻopuka hou ʻo Lūkini desman i ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki. ʻO ka maʻamau i ka puna (wā wai) a me ka hopena o ke kau. Hapai ka hapai i ka wahine ma kahi o 1.5 mau mahina. I kēia mau manawa āpau hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia i kekahi keena i loko o ka lua, a laila hānau ʻo ia a hānai i nā keiki. I hoʻokahi litter, hiki i ka hohuli a i ʻelima mau keiki. Hānau ʻōlohelohe lākou, pale ʻole a kōkua ʻole, ke kaupaona ʻia he 3-5 mau gram. I nā hebedoma ʻelua, mālama nui ka makuahine i nā keiki, hānai i ka waiū, hoʻomehana a me ka palu. Ma hope, hoʻomaka ka makuahine e haʻalele i ke keʻena e hoʻomaha ai no kahi manawa pōkole. Pale ke kāne i ka ʻohana a mālama i ka wahine i kēia wā.
Inā hoʻohaunaele ka wahine i ka wā hānai, a laila hoʻololi pinepine ʻo ia i nā keiki i kahi keʻena ʻē aʻe a i kahi lua hou paha. Holo ka makuahine i nā keiki i loko o ka wai, kau i luna o kona ʻōpū. ʻO ka makuakāne hopohopo ka mea mua e haʻalele i ka lua.
No ka mahina mua, hānai ka makuahine i ka ʻōpio wale nō me ka waiū. I ka makahiki o hoʻokahi mahina, he niho ko nā pēpē a hoʻomaka lākou e ʻono i ka meaʻai a nā mākua. Mai kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mahina, hoʻomaka ka ʻōpio desman e haʻalele i ka lua a hoʻāʻo e kiʻi i ka meaʻai na lākou iho. I ka piha ʻana o ʻeono mau mahina, ua kūʻokoʻa loa lākou, a ma ka 11 mau mahina ua oʻo lākou i ka moekolohe a haʻalele i ka lua makua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka desman Lūkini
ʻOiai alakaʻi ka desman i kahi nohona malū loa a akahele hoʻi, nui nā ʻenemi i ka nāhelehele. Loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi loa o kēia nui, lilo pinepine kēia holoholona i mea pio o nā mea ʻaihue.
Nā ʻenemi nui ma ka ʻāina:
- ʻalopeke;
- otter;
- ferrets;
- felines hihiu;
- kekahi manu lele.
ʻO ka maʻamau, lilo ka holoholona hulu i mea ʻino ma ka ʻāina, no ka mea hoʻololi iki ʻia nā wāwae no ka neʻe ʻana ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka manawa weliweli loa i kēia ʻano ke kahawai wai. A i kēia manawa hāʻule wale ke kau moʻo. ʻO nā holoholona e hana ana me ke koho ʻana o kahi pālua e lilo i ko lākou makaʻala, a hoʻonele ka waihona i hoʻokahe ʻia iā lākou i ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe - nā lua. No laila, lilo ka desman i mea ʻai maʻalahi no nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻokumu pū nā boars hihi i ka ʻeha nui, ʻoiai lākou e ʻimi ʻole ai i nā mākua, wāwahi pinepine lākou i kā lākou mau lua.
I loko o ka wai, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hochula a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻouka ʻana, akā ma aneʻi ʻaʻole palekana loa ia. Hiki i kahi holoholona liʻiliʻi ke lilo i waiwai pio no ka pike nui a iʻa iʻa paha. Ua lilo ke kanaka a me kāna mau hana i ʻenemi koʻikoʻi hou o ka desman. No nā kenekulia, hoʻopau ʻo ia i nā holoholona no ka pono o ka hulu a me ka musk. Akā inā i kēia manawa pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hohul a aia ia i lalo o ka pale, ke hoʻomau nei ka luku ʻana i kāna wahi maoli e hoʻemi i ka helu o kēia mau holoholona kahiko.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I ka manawa ma mua, i nā kenekulia i hala aku nei, ua noho ka Lūkini desman ʻaneʻane ma waena o ʻEulopa a me kāna helu i kahi pae palekana. Akā i nā makahiki he 100-150 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ke ʻano o kēia mammal relict a lilo i māhele. I kēia mau lā, hiki ke loaʻa ka hoe i kekahi mau manawa ma nā wahi o ka ipu Volga, Don, Ural a me Dnieper. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā hālāwai launa ʻole o desman ma nā moku ʻo Chelyabinsk a me Tomsk.
Ma muli o ka nohona malū, ka helu ʻana i ka helu o nā holoholona i kumu o nā pilikia, no laila i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kā lākou helu kikoʻī. Akā he mau mea noiʻi i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka heluna kanaka desman i kēia lā, e like me nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, ma kahi o 30-40 tausani kānaka. He helu makehewa kēia, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā holoholona ma mua, ke lawe ʻia i ʻumi kaukani mau ʻili o kēia holoholona i nā hale hōʻikeʻike i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā waiho ka manaʻolana i ke ola o ka laha.
Ka pale ʻana i ka desman Lūkini
I kēia manawa he mea laha ʻole ka Lūkini desman Aia ia ma ke kapakai o ka make a helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book o Lūkia, a pale ʻia hoʻi e kekahi mau hui kaiaulu. No ka pale ʻana i ka desman ma Lūkia a me nā panalāʻau o nā mokuʻāina kokoke, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau waihona a ma kahi o 80 mau mālama, kahi i mālama ʻia a mālama ʻia ai nā holoholona.
Mai ka hopena o nā 20s o ka XX kenekulia i ka USSR, a ʻo Lūkia hoʻi i kēia manawa, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā papahana no ka noho hou ʻana o desman Lūkini i kekahi manawa. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o kēia mau hana, no ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā lehulehu a noho i loko o ka pahu Ob. Ma laila, kona helu, e like me nā koho kolohe, ma kahi o 2.5 tausani mau holoholona. Akā he nui nā hoʻāʻo i kūleʻa ʻole. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia kēia ʻano kahiko.
ʻOiai ke kūlana o kahi ʻano ʻaneʻane make, hoihoi mau ka desman ma ke ʻano he holoholona hulu kālepa a lilo i mea no ka hopu holoholona ʻana. ʻO nā ʻupena lawaiʻa, kahi e make ai nā holoholona he nui loa, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka weliweli. Hoʻopilikia pū kēia kumu i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka desman heluna.
Lūkini desman - kekahi o nā lunamakaʻāinana mua loa o ka honua holoholona ma ka honua. Ua ʻike kēia mau holoholona i nā mammoths, ua ʻike ʻaneʻane i nā pae āpau o ka hoʻomohala kanaka, ʻaʻole i ola i hoʻokahi pōpilikia honua, akā make paha i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana ma muli o nā hana a ke kanaka. I mea e pale aku ai i kēia mai, pono e kiaʻi a pale ʻia ka desman. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka helu o kēia ʻano relict me ka mālama ʻole a hoʻōla hou ʻana i ka nohona kūlohelohe o kēia mau holoholona fluffy kamahaʻo.
Lā paʻi: 21.01.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 13:27
