Pōhaku ʻāhiu manul pili i ke aupuni - Nā holoholona, ʻano - Chordates, papa - Mammals, ʻoka - Carnivores, ʻohana - Felines, subfamily - Nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi, nā genus - nā pōpoki.
Ke kaupaona ʻia nei mai 2.2 a 4.5 kg, ʻike ʻia kēia mammal e kona kino liʻiliʻi, nā wāwae pōkole, ka mānoanoa a me ka huelo palu. Hoʻololi ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka manul mai 50 a 65 mau kenimika, a me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - mai 20 a 30 mau kenimika.
Ke kumu o nā ʻano a me ka wehewehe o ka manul
Kiʻi: Pallas popoki
Ua like paha ke ʻano o nā pōpoki me ka mea hiki ʻole i ka Madagascar predator e like me ka fossa. Noho kēia mau māmela i ka niche like i ka nahelehele e like me nā felines āpau.
Ma kahi o 18 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua puka mai nā pōpoki hou (Felidae) mai Schizailurus. ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana mua o ka feline nā cheetah mua (Miracinonyx, Acinonyx). Manaʻo ʻia ua kū mai lākou ma kahi o 7 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hōʻike kekahi o nā kumuwaiwai ua iho mai ka cheetah ʻĀkau ʻAmelika Akau (Miracinonyx) mai Acinonyx he 4 miliona mau makahiki wale nō i hala aku nei, akā ʻo ka noiʻi hou a nā ʻepekema e hōʻike nei ʻo Miracinonyx paha ka kupuna o nā cheetah a me cougars (Puma).
Ma kahi o 12 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua puka mua ka genus Felis, kahi i ulu nui ai nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi o kēia lā. ʻO nā lā ʻelua hou o Felis ka pōpoki ʻo Martelli (Felis lunensis †) a me Manul (Felis manul). ʻO Felis attica, Felis bituminosa, Felis daggetti, Felis issiodorensis (Issoire lynx), Felis lunensis, a me Felis vorohuensis. No laila, ʻo Pallas 'cat ka manu nui loa i kēia lā.
ʻO ka moʻokūʻauhau Acinonyx, Felis a me Panthera e pani ʻia e kekahi poʻe e noho nei i kēia lā. Hoʻohui hou a hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kekahi o kēia mau lā o kēia au me nā fossil o mua. Hāʻawi lākou i nā kuhi hilinaʻi e pili ana i ka poʻe i iho mai iā wai a i ka manawa hea i loli ai nā ala o nā ʻano he nui.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kino
Kiʻi: manul pōpoki hihiu
Liʻiliʻi manul pōpoki (Felis manul) he kino heʻe kona me ka huluhulu palupalu mānoanoa. ʻO ke kala o ke kapa komo mai ka hina hina a i ka brownish brown. Hāʻawi nā kihi keʻokeʻo o kona hulu i ka pōpoki a ka Pallas i kahi "ʻano hau". ʻIke ʻia nā kaha lahilahi ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ke kino; poepoe ke poʻo o ka manul me nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma ka lae.
ʻŌmaʻomaʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke ʻano o nā maka nunui, nā haumāna e ʻaelike ana ma ke ʻano pōʻai, ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi, nona nā haumāna e hāiki i ka laina kū i ke kū ʻana o ka malamalama. Pōkole, poepoe nā pepeiao o ka māmele, hoʻonoho haʻahaʻa ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. Pōkole a ikaika nā wāwae o Manul, mānoanoa ka huelo a hāʻule i lalo. Ua kala ʻia me ʻelima a ʻeono paha mau apo lahilahi a he wēlau ʻeleʻele.
ʻO nā pōpoki ʻo Pallas ke nānā aku i ka momona ma mua o ko lākou huluhulu nui. Hoʻololi kūpono lākou i ko lākou wahi Central Asia, kahi i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā steppes, nā wao nahele anuanu a me nā ʻāina pōhaku. Ua loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona popoki o Pallas ma nā kiʻekiʻe mai 4000 a 4800 mau mika.
Pale ka huluhulu mānoanoa i ke kino mai ke anuanu, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi huelo nui no ka hoʻomehana. ʻO ke kinona kū hoʻokahi o nā maka a me ke kūlana o ka eyelid e pale maikaʻi i nā makani anuanu a me ka lepo. He piʻi piʻi maikaʻi ʻo Pallas 'popo e piʻi maʻalahi i nā pōhaku a lele i luna o nā kahawai. ʻO ke poʻo pālahalaha a me nā pepeiao hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kahi hoʻololi evolutionary no ka alualu ʻana i ka mea pio ma nā wahi ākea me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi.
Ma hea e noho ai ka pōpoki manul?
Kiʻi: Steppe cat manul
Loaʻa ka pōpoki nahele ʻo Pallas 'cat ma Central Asia, ma ke kai Caspian, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan a me ka ʻĀkau o India. Eia kekahi, noho ka pōpoki hihiu ma ka waena o Kina, Mongolia a me ka hema o Lūkia. ʻO ka heluna kānaka ma ke komohana hema o ko lākou pae - ma ka moku ʻo Caspian Sea, Afghanistan a me Pakistan - ke emi nui nei. ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole i ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas ke hui ma ka mauna Tibet. ʻO Mongolia a me Lūkia ka hapa nui o kā lākou pae.
Kuhi ʻia kahi ʻano pōpoki o Pallas e kahi aniau nui mau me ka ua liʻiliʻi, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me kahi ākea o ka mahana. Ua loaʻa lākou ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 4800 m i ke anuanu, nā wahi maloʻo ma waena o nā steppes a me nā wao akua pōhaku.
ʻOi aku kēia mau mea ʻimi ʻuʻuku i nā awāwa a me nā wahi pōhaku kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke peʻe, ke pale aku lākou i nā wahi hāmama loa. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole makemake nā pōpoki a Pallas i nā wahi me ka uhi hau nui (ma luna o 10 cm). ʻO 15-20 cm ka palena no kēia laha.
He ākea ka nohona no kahi feline liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Mongolia, ka awelika mamao ma waena o nā wahine he 7.4-125 km2 (awelika 23 km2), ʻoiai ka pae ma waena o nā kāne he 21-207 km2 (awelika 98 km2). Mai kēia hiki ke manaʻo ʻia no kēlā me kēia 100 km2 mai ʻehā a ʻewalu paha mau kānaka.
He aha ka meaʻai a ka pōpoki hihi e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: manul holoholona hihiu
He ʻokoʻa loa ka hopu ʻana o ka pōpoki Pallas. Huli ka pōpoki hihiu:
- voles;
- marmots;
- protein;
- nā manu like ʻole (e like me nā lark, nā aviaries a me nā partridges);
- nā mea kolo;
- nā mea kolo;
- mea ʻili palaoa.
Hūnā ka manul pōpoki steppe i ke ao i nā ana liʻiliʻi i haʻalele ʻia e pili ana i nā marmots a i nā ʻalopeke. ʻOiai he lohi loa o ka pōpoki a Pallas, pono lākou e noho haʻahaʻa i ka honua a kokoke i ka mea i lawe ʻia ma mua o ka lele. I mea e lilo ʻole ai i pio no nā ʻaeto, nā ʻīlio hae, nā ʻalopeke ʻulaʻula a ʻīlio paha, neʻe lākou i nā ala pōkole, a laila peʻe i ka wā e ʻai ana.
ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai no ka pōpoki a Pallas ka pō a me ka wanaʻao. Hiki i nā pōpoki hihiu ke ʻimi holoholona i ke ao. ʻO nā mea ʻaihue ʻē aʻe e like me nā ʻalopeka corsac, nā ʻalopeke ʻulaʻula, a me nā ʻino hihi ʻEulopa e hilinaʻi i nā kumuwaiwai like me kā Pallas 'cat. I mea e hōʻalo ai i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ʻia, aia kekahi rula e hiki ʻole i nā laha ke hilinaʻi i ka waiwai like ke noho pū i ka noho like. Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻopili ka pōpoki a Pallas i ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
I ka hoʻoilo, ke lawa ʻole ka meaʻai, e ʻimi ikaika ana ka pōpoki a Pallas no nā hoʻoulu hoʻoilo a i ʻole nā hau. ʻO ka hoʻoilo ka manawa hibernation no nā līlū, no laila pale pono nā pōpoki hihiu i ka hoʻokūkū no ka mea pio.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Pallasov pōpoki
Paʻapū ʻo ko Pallas ʻano. Hūnā loa ka holoholona a akahele. E like me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka pipi ʻo Pallas feline ʻē aʻe, he mea mehameha lākou. ʻO nā pōpoki āpau i ka nāhelehele, ʻo ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas ka lohi a hiki ʻole ke neʻe wikiwiki. ʻO ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas, e like me nā mea hōkai ʻē aʻe, aloha i ka manawa pō. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia mammal hiki ke ʻimi i nā hola o ke ao, makemake nā pōpoki a Pallas e hiamoe i ke ao. Ma muli o kēlā me kēia ʻano, e like me ka lohi a me ka wikiwiki ʻole, mālama pinepine ka pōpoki a ka Pallas i kāna mea i hōʻeha ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ka lua. Hana ke kala o ka hulu o ka pōpoki hihi me he camouflage.
Hūnā ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas mai nā ʻenemi ma nā kahawai, ma nā pōhaku a i nā lua paha. Hana kēia pōpoki i kona lua hōʻoluʻolu mai nā pika kahiko a i nā ʻalopeke, a i ʻole nā adapts i nā ana pōhaku a me nā ana liʻiliʻi. ʻO kēia ka mea e kōkua i ka manul e ʻike ʻole inā hūnā ʻo ia. ʻO ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas ka lohi i waena o nā pōpoki hihiu. Ke huhū a huhū paha, hana nā pōpoki a Pallas i nā leo nui i ʻano like me nā leo o ka pueo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pallas cat kittens
Manaʻo ʻia e holoholo ka pōpoki kāne Pallas kāne ma kahi o 4 km2, akā ʻaʻohe ʻike ʻepekema hilinaʻi o kēia. Hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ke kāhea a ka moʻo o ka Pallas e like me ka hui ʻana o ka hae ʻana o nā ʻīlio ʻōpio a me ka uē ʻana o ka pueo.
Loaʻa nā pōpoki a Pallas i kahi wā hānau makahiki. ʻO nā wahine o kēia laha he polygamous, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki i ke kāne ke hui me kekahi mau wahine. ʻO ka wā hānau hānau mai Kekemapa a i ka mua o Malaki a ʻo ka wā hānau he 75 mau lā. Mai ka 2 a i ka 6 mau keiki hānau i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Hānau ʻia ʻo Cubs ma ka hopena o Malaki a noho me ko lāua makuahine no ʻelua mau mahina.
Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki keiki, ʻaʻole komo ke kāne i ka hānai ʻana. Ke haʻalele nā keiki kime i ka cattery, e aʻo lākou i ka forage a ʻimi holoholona i ka makahiki 4-5. Ma kahi o 1 mau makahiki, makua lākou a hiki ke loaʻa kā lākou mau hoa. ʻO ka awelika o ke ola o ka pōpoki o Pallas ma kahi o 27 mau mahina, a ʻoi aku paha ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki, ma muli o ke kūlana o ka nohona a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka mea pio. I ka noho pio ʻana, ola ka pōpoki a Pallas a ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki.
Nā kumu no ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā pōpoki a Pallas
Kiʻi: manul pōpoki hihiu
ʻO nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui i ka heluna manul:
- nā mea ʻaihue ʻē aʻe;
- kanaka
Aia nā pōpoki o Pallas i ke kūlohelohe i nā helu liʻiliʻi a hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia i ka pale ʻana mai nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO ko lākou kaukaʻi ʻana i nā wahi kikoʻī e hoʻoweliweli loa ai iā lākou. ʻO ka hulu o kēia pōpoki hihiu kahi mea nui i nā mākeke he nui. I nā makahiki mua o ka makahiki 1900, hiki i ka 50,000 mau pōpoki i make i kēlā me kēia ʻili i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ke hoʻonui nei ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka wahi a loaʻa ka hopena i ka noho ʻana o ka manul. ʻO nā ʻīlio kūloko a me nā mea o ke kanaka he 56% o ka make ʻana o ka pōpoki a Pallas ma waena o Mongolia wale nō. Pepehi kuhi hewa ʻia nā pōpoki e nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona, e kuhi hewa nei iā lākou no nā marmots.
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka lehulehu Mongolian e ka ʻimi holoholona nui a me ka ʻānai ʻana i ka holoholona. ʻImi ʻia ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas no "nā hana kūloko", hiki nō hoʻi ke kiʻi i ka ʻae mai nā luna kūloko. Eia nō naʻe, nāwaliwali ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai a ʻaʻohe mea kāohi. Malia paha ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i kēia pōpoki ʻo ia nā ʻāpana ʻawa ʻona a ke aupuni e kāohi ai i nā laha i lawe ʻia ma kahi pālākiō ma Lūkia a me Kina.
Ka kūlana a me ka pale ʻana o ka pōpoki a Pallas
Kiʻi: Pallas popoki
ʻO Pallas popoki i nā makahiki i hala aku nei ua nalowale mai nā wahi he nui a puni ke kai Caspian, a mai ka ʻaoʻao hikina o kona wahi noho maoli. Helu ʻia ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas ma ke ʻano he “mōʻī” o ka IUCN Red List. Hāʻawi ka Wakinekona Convention no ka pale ʻana i nā holoholona i ke ʻano alakaʻi i kēia laha i ka Pakuhi II.
I ka makahiki 2000, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kauka Bariusha Munktsog o ka Mongolian Academy of Science a me Mongolia's Irbis Center, me Meredith Brown, i ka papahana mua o ka pōpoki hihiu o Pallas. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Kauka Munktsog e hoʻopaʻa i ka nohona o kēia mau pōpoki ma waena o Mongolia a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea noiʻi e nānā i ka hanau wahine. ʻO ka Pallas Cat International Conservation Union (PICA) kahi papahana mālama hou i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka North Ark Zoo, ka Royal Zoological Society of Scotland a me ka Snow Leopard Trust. Ke kākoʻo nei ʻo Fondation Segre i ka hoʻouka kaua mai Malaki 2016.
ʻO ka pahuhopu a PICA e hoʻāla i ka ʻike honua o ka pōpoki o ka Pallas, huki i kā lākou mōʻaukala kūlohelohe a hōʻike i ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make ʻana o kēia mau pōpoki. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka heluna kanaka pio e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono genetika o nā laha. ʻO ka manaʻolana ʻoi loa no ka pōpoki a Pallas nā mea mālama ia, ʻoiai ka luku a me ka luku ʻia o ko lākou wahi noho, makemake lākou e kōkua i ka lehulehu o nā pōpoki hihiu. Pono e hoʻopili i nā hana mālama e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kānāwai a me ka modernization o ka ʻōnaehana ʻimi holoholona.
Lā paʻi: 21.01.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 16:16
