ʻAneʻane ʻo ka manu lele wale nō i kau i ka iʻa. Ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka osprey a puni ka honua a aia ma Antarctica wale nō.
Hōʻike o ka osprey
ʻO Pandion haliaetus (osprey) kahi predator diurnal, kū hoʻokahi i ke ʻano o ka Osprey (Pandion Savigny) a me ka ʻohana Skopin (Pandionidae). A ʻo ka ʻohana, ʻāpana ia o ka ʻaoʻao nui e like me ke ʻano Hawk.
Helehelena
ʻO kahi manu nui me ke ʻano o ke ʻano - kahi poʻo keʻokeʻo me kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele e holo ana mai ka nuku ma o ka maka a i ka hope o ke poʻo, kahi poʻo hina-ʻeleʻele a me kahi pahu keʻokeʻo me kahi lei ʻeleʻele kikoʻī e hele ana i luna. ʻIke ʻia kahi piko liʻiliʻi ma ke kua o ke poʻo, a ʻo ka osprey ponoʻī mau ke nānā ʻia.
Aia paha he mau ʻano like ʻole i ke kala e pili ana i nā subspecies kikoʻī a me kahi e noho ai ia, akā ʻo nā osprey āpau he lōʻihi a ākea nā ʻeheu me kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī ma kahi o ka hui carpal. Ma muli o nā ʻeheu i hoʻohuli ʻia e like me ke kakaka, nona nā wēlau i kuhikuhi ʻia i lalo, ua lilo ka osprey e like me ka limu, a ʻo nā ʻeheu lākou e like me ka liʻiliʻi ākea.
Hoʻolahalaha ka huelo pōkole, ʻoki ākea i ka lele e like me ka peahi, e hōʻike ana (ke nānā ʻia mai lalo) kahi laina o nā laina transverse ʻeleʻele ma ke kua kukui. He maka melemele ko ka osprey a he nuku ʻeleʻele keleʻele. ʻO ka tarsus, uhi ʻia me nā pale polygonal liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻohe o ka plumage. Hoʻolālā ʻo Osprey i ke kala mau ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa makahiki.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka ʻōpio mai nā mākua inā ʻaʻole no ka ʻalani ʻulaʻula o ka maka, ʻoi aku ka lei o ka lei, a me ka ʻili keʻokeʻo ʻeleʻele i waho o ka hiʻu a me nā ʻeheu.
Kamaʻilio ʻo Ornithologists e pili ana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona i maʻalahi ka lawaiʻa ʻana no ka osprey - hulu momona, ʻaʻohe hiki ke komo kino ʻia; panina nā nohona i ka wā e luʻu ai; nā wāwae lōʻihi ikaika me nā māiʻuʻu meli.
Nui manu
He predator nui aʻe ia, e loaʻa ana i ka 1.6-2 kg o ka nui me ka lōʻihi o 55-58 cm a me ka ʻēheu o 1.45-1.7 m. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o ka osprey, a me nā nuances o kona kala, pili i nā ʻāpana e noho ana i kekahi wahi.
Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe Ornithologists i nā ʻāpana 4 o ka osprey:
- ʻO Pandion haliaetus haliaetus ka mea nui a pouli loa nā mea lawelawe e noho nei ma Eurasia;
- Pandion haliaetus ridgwayi - like ka nui me P. h. haliaetus, akā he poʻo māmā kona. ʻO kahi ʻohana lawelawe kai noho ma nā mokupuni o ka Caribbean;
- ʻO Pandion haliaetus carolinensis kahi lālā pouli a nunui hoʻi i hānau ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau;
- ʻO Pandion haliaetus cristatus ka mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nona nā lunamakaʻāinana i noho ma kahakai kai, a ma nā kapa o nā muliwai nui o Australia a me Tasmania.
Ma ka laulā, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka noho ʻana o osprey ma nā latitude kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau i hānau ʻia i nā tropics a me nā subtropics.
Auila
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka osprey ma ke ʻano he ichthyophagous, a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kona ola me ka ʻole o kahi loko, kahawai, wai wai a wai wai paha. Aia ke kino o ka wai kokoke loa i loko o nā palena o ka wahi ʻimi holoholona ʻo osprey a 0.01-10 km mai kona pūnana. He ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka pūnana - ʻelua haneli mau mika a i ʻole mau mile ka mamao e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pūnana ʻelua.
ʻAʻole e hāʻawi ka osprey i ka manawa kūpono e kaohi i nā waihona wai liʻiliʻi i ka manawa hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o kahi kahawai / waihona wai nui (e pili ana i ka ʻaoʻao a ka makani i ka wā e ʻimi holoholona ana). No ka hāʻawi ʻana i ia ʻano kaohi, kūkulu ka osprey i kahi pūnana ma kahi kūlou muliwai a i ʻole kahi mane i kahi poho.
Pili ka hapa nui o osprey i kā lākou mau wahi hānai ponoʻī, a no laila ʻaʻole ʻano nui nā kolone. Kū pinepine ka hui ʻana ma nā mokupuni a me nā laina hoʻoili, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi e nui ai kahi no nā pūnana ahu.
Hoʻohui pinepine ʻo Osprey i ka ʻimi holoholona hui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hopu holoholona hoʻokahi. Hoʻomaha nā manu i nā kumulāʻau, e nānā ana i ka akahele o loko. Noho lākou i kahi kolamu ma nā lālā, nā pali kahakai pali, akahai a pali paha. Hoʻokani ke osprey i kekahi kani, e like me "kai-kai-kai", e neʻe ana i "ki-ki-ki" kiʻekiʻe aʻe kokoke i ka pūnana.
Ke nānā aku ka osprey no ka mea pio i ka muliwai, haʻalulu pinepine ia - kū a kū i luna o ka wai, e pīpī koke ana i kona mau ʻeheu. Pale aku ʻo Osprey i ko lākou pūnana, akā mai pale aku i kēlā me kēia panalāʻau, ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou meaʻai punahele (nā ʻano iʻa like ʻole) he lawe lima a hiki i nā mamao like ʻole mai ka pūnana.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka noho ʻana o nā ʻelele hema o nā laha, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ospreys ʻākau e neʻe nei.
Wā ola
Noho ʻo Osprey no kahi manawa lōʻihi, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 20-25 mau makahiki, a ʻo ka nui ʻana o ka manu, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o kona manawa o ke ola lōʻihi. Loaʻa i nā lāhui like ʻole kā lākou helu ponoʻī o ke ola, akā ma ka laulā ʻo ke kiʻi penei - 60% o nā manu ʻōpio i ola a hiki i 2 mau makahiki a me 80-90% o nā manu makua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Ua hoʻokele nā Ornithologists e huki i ka wahine kani, ka mea e paʻa ana i ka moʻolelo no nā ola lōʻihi i ʻEulopa. I ka 2011, huli 30 ʻo ia.
Ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau, ʻo ke kāne makua ʻo osprey ke kāne i ola i 25 mau makahiki. ʻO kahi kāne i noho ma Finilana, ʻo ia i ka manawa o ka make he 26 mau makahiki 25 mau lā, ua ola iā ia ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki. Akā pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hapa nui o osprey i ka nahelehele ʻaʻole ola iki i kēia makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me ke kala me ka nānā pono ʻole ʻana - ʻoi aku ka pouli o nā wahine a me ka lei kikoʻī nani. Eia kekahi, ʻo 20% ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne: kaupaona ka mea mua i ka awelika o 1.6-2 kg, ka hope mai 1.2 kg a i 1.6 kg. Hōʻike kekahi mau wahine Osprey i kahi eheu nui (5-10%).
Kahi noho, wahi noho
Noho ka osprey i nā hemispheres ʻelua, ma nā ʻāina ʻo ia e hānau ai a i ʻole hibernates. ʻAʻole maopopo inā he lālā o nā lāhui i Indo-Malaysia a me ʻAmelika Hema, akā ʻike mau ʻia nā manu ma laila i ka hoʻoilo. I ka hoʻoilo hoʻi, pūnana mau nā ospreys ma ʻAigupita a ma nā ʻāpana o nā mokupuni o ke Kaiʻula.
Koho ʻo Osprey i nā kihi palekana no nā wahi pūnana, ʻaʻole mamao loa mai ka papau, nā wai waiwai iʻa. Kūkulu ʻia nā pūnana he 3-5 km mai nā kino wai (nā waihona wai, nā loko, nā wahi wai a i ʻole nā muliwai), akā i kekahi manawa - ma luna pono o ka wai.
I Lūkia, makemake ʻo osprey i nā loko anuanu i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, a me nā kahawai / kolo i kahawai, kahi e ulu ai nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe (me nā maloʻo maloʻo), kūpono no ka pūnana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa loa nā manu i ka poʻe, akā ʻae lākou iā lākou kokoke loa ma Australia a me ʻAmelika, ke kūkulu nei i nā pūnana ma nā wahi transformer.
ʻAiʻai Osprey
Ma mua aʻe o 99% o ia kahi ʻano iʻa like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻohi ka osprey a hopu i nā mea āpau e neʻe kokoke i ka papa o ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, ke ākea ka nui o ka iʻa, koho ka osprey iā 2-3 i nā ʻano ʻono loa (i kona manaʻo). ʻImi pinepine ʻo Osprey i ka lele (i kekahi manawa mai kahi hoʻohālua): lele lākou i luna o ka wai, piʻi ʻole i luna ma mua o 10-40 m. Me kēia ʻano o ka ʻimi holoholona, he mea nui ka transparency o ka wai no ka osprey, no ka mea paʻakikī loa ka ʻike ʻana i ka mea pio i loko o kahi waihona wai.
Huntinga
Holo ʻoi aku ka osprey ma hope o ka iʻa mai kahi kiʻekiʻe - ke nānā nei iā ia mai kahi lele ʻana, hohola ka manu i kona mau ʻeheu a hohola i kāna mau wāwae i mua, hāʻule koke i ka mea i loaʻa i kahi pali kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kihi o 45 kekelē. Hele pinepine ia ma lalo o ka wai, akā lele koke, e lawe ana i ka pahu (poʻo i kuhikuhi ʻia i ke poʻo ma mua) i nā māiʻuʻu o hoʻokahi a i ʻole ʻelua ʻūpā.
Hoihoi. Kōkua ʻia ka paʻa ʻana o ka iʻa paheʻe e nā maiuu lōʻihi, nona nā manamana lima i pahu ʻia me nā tubercles ʻoi loa ma lalo, a me kahi manamana lima alo i hope (no ka paʻa paʻa o nā pio).
No ka haʻalele ʻana mai ka ʻilikai, hoʻohana ka osprey i kahi paʻa ikaika a ʻaneʻane e moe. I ka lewa, lulu ʻo ia iā ia iho a lele i kahi kumulāʻau a i kahi pali paha i mea e hoʻomaha ai i kahi ʻaina awakea. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka pāʻina, hoʻi ʻo ia i ka muliwai e holoi i nā unahi iʻa a me nā mākala ma ka ʻū ʻana i kona mau wāwae a poʻo i ka wai.
Hoʻouku
ʻAʻole makaʻu kahi ʻōpio makua e kau ana i 2 kg i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā mea pio a i ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ke kaupaona, e huki ana i ʻekolu a i ʻehā mau kilokani iʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he ʻokoʻa kēia ma mua o kahi lula - ʻoi aku ka pinepine i ka iʻa i hoʻokahi haneli a ʻelua haneli paha.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka osprey ke helu i kona ikaika a nahu i kona mau māiʻuʻu i kahi mea i kaumaha ʻia he 4 a ʻoi paha kg, he kaumaha loa nona iho. Inā ʻaʻohe manawa o ka manu e hoʻokuʻu i kona mau māiʻu, lawe ka iʻa kaumaha iā ia i lalo. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine nā lawaiʻa i nā pikes nui a me nā kaʻa me nā "mea hoʻonaninani" weliweli ma ko lākou kua - ka iwi o ka osprey make. Aia kekahi kiʻi o kekahi e like me ia, kahi i hopu ʻia ai kahi carp nui (i hopu ʻia ma Sākona) me kahi osprey make e noho ana ma kona pali.
Nā kikoʻī
ʻAi ka manu i ka iʻa e hoʻomaka ana mai ke poʻo. Inā hānai ke kāne i ka wahine i kēia manawa, ʻai ʻo ia i kahi hapa o ka hopu, e lawe ana i ka ʻāpana i ka pūnana. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole maʻa ka ospreys e hūnā i nā mea a lākou e hopu ai: halihali lākou, hoʻolei a waiho paha i nā koena i ka pūnana.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Osprey e hoʻowahāwahā i ke kino a aneane ʻaʻole inu i ka wai, e māʻona ana i ka pono o kēlā me kēia lā no ka wai me ka iʻa hou.
Ua helu pū ka poʻe kiaʻi manu i ka pākēneka o nā luʻu kūleʻa (24-74%), me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana e hoʻopili ʻia ka mea hōʻike e ke aniau, ebbs / kahe a me ka hiki o ka osprey ponoʻī. ʻO nā rana, nā voles wai, nā muskrats, nā squirrels, nā salamanders, nā moʻo, nā manu liʻiliʻi a me nā crocodile liʻiliʻi e noho i hoʻokahi pākēneka o ka manu o ka papa kuhikuhi mea ʻai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Mai nā kahua hoʻoilo, hōʻea mau ʻo osprey i hoʻokahi e wehe i nā kino wai, akā naʻe, hana nā kāne i kēia ma mua iki. Hoʻāʻo nā kāne e hoʻi i kā lākou pūnana ʻōiwi, e hoʻihoʻi hou iā lākou i ka wā puna e pono ai.
Pūnana
ʻO ka pinepine, ma luna o ka pūnana, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi kāne, e kākau ana i nā pirouette ʻea - ʻo kēia nā mea o ka hana moʻo male a ma ka manawa like e hoʻoweliweli ai i nā hoa hakakā.
Ma ka laulaha, monogamous ka osprey, akā hōʻike polygamy ke pili kokoke nā pūnana, a hiki i ke kāne ke pale i nā mea ʻelua. ʻO ka pūnana mua i kēia hihia he mea nui nui ia no ke kāne, ʻoiai ʻo ia i lawe mua i ka iʻa ma laila.
ʻO Osprey maoli i Lūkia ka pūnana ma luna o nā conifers kiʻekiʻe e ulu ana ma ka lihi o kahi ululāʻau, kahawai / kahawai wai, a kū kaʻawale paha ma nā kaʻe ulu lāʻau. Piʻi kēlā ʻano lāʻau i 1-10 m ma luna o ka ululāʻau a pono e kū i kahi pūnana nui i hana ʻia i nā lālā no nā makahiki he nui.
Ma kahi liʻiliʻi iki, ʻike ʻia ka pūnana ma nā kākoʻo laina hoʻoili uila, nā papahō hana a me nā hale. Ma Australia, aia kekahi mau hihia pinepine o ka pūnana honua o osprey. Hana ʻia ka pūnana mai nā lālā, wahī ʻia i ka limu a mauʻu paha, e hoʻohana pinepine ana i nā mea kūkulu hale kū ʻole - ʻeke ʻeke, ka lawaiʻa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka wai. Mai loko mai, ua lī ʻia ka pūnana me ka limu a me ka mauʻu.
ʻO Chicks
Ke waiho nei ka wahine i mau hua māmā ʻelua (kaha kaha ʻia me ka poni, ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā kiko hina), i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā mākua ʻelua. Ma hope o 35-38 mau lā, hatch nā moa, a ʻo ke kuleana o ka makuakāne no ka hānai ʻana i ka ʻohana, ʻaʻole ka pua wale nō, akā ka wahine pū kekahi. Pale ka makuahine i nā pīpī a kali i ka meaʻai mai kāna hoa, a me ka loaʻa ʻole, noi aku i nā kāne a puni.
Hoihoi. Lawe kahi makua kāne mālama i kēlā me kēia lā i ka punana mai 3 a 10 mau iʻa 60-100 g kēlā me kēia. Hiki i nā mākua ke haehae i ka ʻiʻo i mau ʻāpana a hāʻawi iā lākou i nā moa.
ʻAʻole ma mua o 10 mau lā ma hope mai, ua hoʻololi nā moa i ko lākou lole keʻokeʻo downy i kahi hina ʻeleʻele, a loaʻa nā hulu mua ma hope o kekahi mau pule ʻelua. Holo piha ka brood ma hope o 48-76 mau lā: i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lehulehu, hoʻonui ʻia ke kaʻina hana hee.
Ma ka lua o ka malama o ko lākou ola, hiki i nā moa i 70-80% o ka nui o nā manu makua, a ma hope o ka heʻe ʻana, hoʻāʻo mua lākou e alualu iā lākou iho. Ke ʻike nei i ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa, mai kānalua nā moa e hoʻi i ka pūnana a koi i ka meaʻai mai ko lākou mau mākua mai. ʻO ka nui o ka hopu kauwela o kahi ʻohana ma kahi o 120-150 kg.
Noho ka brood o ka osprey i ka pūnana no ʻaneʻane 2 mau mahina, akā ʻaʻole like me nā pua a nā manu manu ʻio ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka huhū inā pilikia, akā, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻāʻo e peʻe. Haʻalele pinepine nā mākua i ka pūnana i ʻole e wehe i ka ʻōpiopio e ulu ana. ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia ka hana hoʻohua i osprey ʻōpio ma mua o 3 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau, e ʻimi ʻia nā pīpī osprey a me nā mākua liʻiliʻi e ka pueo Virginia a me ka ʻaeto ʻōhule. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia ko Osprey mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe:
- nā aeto a me nā pueo;
- raccoons a me martens (ʻānai hōʻino);
- felines a me nā nahesa (nā lānai weliweli).
ʻO nā manu hoʻoilo i nā ʻāina wela e hoʻouka ʻia e kekahi mau ʻano kolo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka Nile: hopu ia i ka osprey e luʻu no ka iʻa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ua kapa aku ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i ka ʻano osprey a Least Concern (LC), me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana e hoʻonui ana ka heluna nui o ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Pandion haliaetus i kekahi mau palapala kaiapuni, e like me:
- Pākuʻi II o ka Berne Convention;
- Pākuʻi I o ka EU Rare Bird Directive;
- Pākuʻi II o ka Bonn Convention;
- Nā puke ʻikepili ʻulaʻula o Lituania, Latvia a me Polani;
- Nā puke ʻikepili ʻulaʻula o Rusia, Ukraine a me Belarus.
I ka puke ʻula o Belarus, ua helu ʻia ka osprey ma ka mahele II (EN), e hui pū nei i nā ʻauhau ʻauhau ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia e pau i ka ʻāina, akā he kūlana maikaʻi ʻole ko ʻEulopa / kūloko a me kahi wānana no ka hōʻino ʻana.
I kēlā mau wahi kahi e emi nei ka heluna nui o osprey, pili kēia i ka ʻaihue ʻana, ʻona me nā pesticides a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka waihona meaʻai.
ʻO ka heluna lehulehu o osprey i kēia manawa ma ka Russian Federation ma kahi o 10 tausani mau pā hānau. Ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ke ola nei ka lehulehu osprey mahalo i nā hana mālama a me ka ʻumeʻume ʻana o nā manu i nā wahi pūnana hana.
