He maʻi lele infectious ʻo Canine leptospirosis i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka bacteria mai ka genus Leptospira. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia maʻi e ka nui o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā capillaries, a pinepine pinepine ka hōʻino maoli ʻia o nā puʻupaʻa a me ke akepaʻa, nāʻiʻo o ka mākala, i hele pū ʻia me ka ʻona a me ka wela mau.
ʻO wai nā ʻīlio e makaʻu nei
Hōʻike ʻia ka bacteri Leptospira e nā serotypes ʻeono. Hiki i ka Leptospira ke hoʻopili i nā ʻīlio o nā ʻano āpau, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou mau makahiki. I ka hana kauka lāʻau i kēia lā, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā maʻi o nā holoholona, ma ke ʻano he lula, aia wale nō i nā serotypes L. Icterohaemorrhagiae a me L. Canicolau.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni, aia kahi hōʻike o ka hana i ʻike ʻia o Leptospira a hiki i nā lā he 220 i ka loko wai a me nā kahawai, a me nā waihona wai haumia me ka wai kū ʻole. I ka manawa like, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi ʻano bacteria i ka lepo momona ma waena o 79-280 mau lā. ʻO ka causative agents o kahi maʻi infectious maʻi e kūpaʻa i nā disinfectants, koe wale nō nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā o ka hui mua.
ʻO nā mea lawe nui o nā koʻohune pathogenic a me nā kumuwaiwai o ko lākou hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻano kūwaho me nā mea i ola hou, a me nā holoholona i loaʻa i ka maʻi. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kānaka āpau e ka excretion o bacteria i ka waiū umauma, a me nā feces maoli, nā huna mai nā akemāmā a me nā genital.
ʻO nā waihona wai ola nui o ia mau koʻohune a i ʻole nā mea lawe virus e hōʻike ʻia e nā rodents liʻiliʻi, e pili pū me nā ʻiole, nā marmots a me nā squirrels, nāʻiole ʻāhiu a me nā voles. ʻO ka laha nui o ka leptospirosis i nā ʻīlio, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, aia wale nō i ke kauwela a me nā wā o ke kau, i ka manawa e ʻoluʻolu ai ʻo Leptospira.
ʻO Leptospirosis ka mea weliweli loa no ka poʻe ʻōpio, a ʻo nā ʻīlio pēpē hoʻi, no muli o ka palekana paʻa ʻole i loko o ia mau holoholona. Kūpono pū kekahi me nā ʻano kumukānāwai hemo a kūlohelohe hoʻi, me nā boxers, French and English Bulldogs, Cane Corso, Bullmastiff, Sharpei, Bloodhounds a me Basset Hounds.
I kēlā me kēia hihia, paʻakikī ka leptospirosis o kekahi ʻano i ka mālama ʻana, no laila, i ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi lapaʻau kūpono, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka make. ʻO kahi wānana maikaʻi i nā holoholona i loaʻa i ka maʻi hiki ke loaʻa wale me nā diagnostics manawa, a me ke koho pololei o kahi regimen therapy maikaʻi.
Ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, hoʻomaka kahi ʻīlio i pā ʻia me ka leptospirosis e hoʻokuʻu i nā koʻohune i loko o ke kaona kūwaho, akā ʻo ka lōʻihi o kēia kaʻina hana pili pono i nā ʻano o ka leptospira, ke kūʻē ʻana o ke kino o ka holoholona, ke ʻano a me ke kahua o ka maʻi, a me ka virulence viral.
Nā ʻōuli o leptospirosis i nā ʻīlio
ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka mea causative o leptospirosis i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona e hoʻonāukiuki i ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kahe, nā malfunction o ka gastrointestinal tract a me ka respiratory system. I ke kumu o ka ona nui o ke kino, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli o ka hepatic a me ke kō ʻole, a ua hoʻohiolo ʻia ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana waena āpau a me nā puʻuwai puʻuwai.
ʻO nā ʻōuli maopopo loa o ka leptospirosis i nā ʻīlio me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mahana o ke kino, a hiki pinepine i 40-41e pili anaC. ʻO ka holoholona i loaʻa i ka maʻi ka maʻi he hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha ka luaʻi a me ka diarrhea. Ma waho o ka lethargy, nāwaliwali laulā, nalo o ka makemake ʻole, a hōʻole piha a hapa paha i ka meaʻai, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā maʻi urinary. Kū ke koko i nā feces a me ka mimi.
ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka holoholona e hōʻike ana i ka ʻeha o ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū, akā ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o ka maʻi kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻano o ka leptospirosis.
Nā ʻano o ka leptospirosis
I ka mahele mua o ka maʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ka komo ʻana o leptospira i loko o ke kino, ko lākou hoʻolauna ʻana i loko o ke koko, nā akepaʻa o ke ake, nā ʻāpala, a me nā puʻupaʻa a me nā ʻaʻa adrenal, kahi e hoʻonui ʻia ai ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā bacteria. Hele pū ka maʻi laulā me ka leptospiremia pinepine, a ukali ʻia e ke komo ʻana o nā koʻohune i ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa, nā adrenal a me nā meninges. I ka pae mua o ka maʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ka parasitism ma ka ʻili o ka pūnaewele.
Hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻina o ka toxinemia i loko o nā holoholona e kahi leona maopopo o ka endothelium o nā capillaries, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ko lākou permeability me ka puka ʻana o kahi hemorrhagic syndrome i ʻōlelo ʻia a hōʻino ʻia i ke ake, nā puʻupaʻa a me nā aʻa adrenal. Ma hope o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi, hoʻomaka kahi pae, ʻano e ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi wā sterile ʻole o ka pale ʻana me ke ʻano o nā antibodies i loko o ke koko o ka ʻīlio, a me ka make ʻana o ke kaʻina hana.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka pae hope loa e ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pae sterile o ka pale ʻana, e laʻa me ka humoral, nā mea kūloko a me ka pale o ke aʻa, a laila hoʻomaka ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ka ʻīlio.
Puka Icteric
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano nui loa o kēia ʻano leptospirosis e hōʻike ʻia e ka yellowness o nā membrane mucous o ka ihu a me ka waha o ka waha, a me nā genital a me ka conjunctiva. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka melemele ma ka ʻili a me ka ʻili o loko o nā pepeiao. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kahi holoholona i hoʻopili ʻia me kēia ʻano e ke kaumaha a me ka hōʻole ʻana e ʻai, a me ke alo o ka maʻi maʻi dyspeptic, e pili pū ana me ka anorexia, ka luaʻi nui a me ka diarrhea.
ʻO ke kiʻi koko o kahi ʻīlio maʻi e ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka bilirubin. Me nā hemorrhagic, me ke ʻano icteric, nā ʻōuli o ke kōpaʻa a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hepatic, nā haunaele i ka hana o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū o ke ake, a me ka maʻi ate i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ke kū ʻana o ka ʻeha nui ke palpating i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona. Ikaika, i kekahi manawa a ʻo nā liona hiki ʻole ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū ʻaʻole e kāpae ʻia.
ʻO ke kumu o ka make ʻana o kahi ʻīlio i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi ʻano icteric ka helehelena o kahi haʻalulu-infectious shock, ʻona nui ka ʻona a me ka make wai o ke kino, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka keratitis a me ka conjunctivitis i ka loaʻa hou ʻana o kekahi kanaka.
ʻAno hemorrhagic
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano hemorrhagic (anicteric) o ka leptospirosis i ka nui o nā hihia i nā holoholona kahiko a me nā ʻīlio nāwaliwali. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hiki ke maʻi i kahi ʻano subagute a koʻikoʻi, kahi e ulu ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hōʻailona maʻi he 2-7 mau lā, a ʻo ka nui o nā make o nā holoholona i 55-65%. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke ʻano sublog o ka leptospirosis e ka lohi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hōʻike maʻi a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi liʻiliʻi. Hiki ke loli ka lōʻihi o ka maʻi mai 10 a 23 mau lā. I kēia palapala, ʻike ʻia nā pilikia o nā maʻi ʻelua a me nā maʻi, a ʻo ka nui o ka make ma kahi o 35-55%.
I kekahi mau ʻīlio, aia kahi hoʻololi o ka subacute a me ka manawa koʻikoʻi o ka leptospirosis i loko o kahi ʻano mau, me ka kiʻi olakino olakino. I kēia hihia, hoʻonui iki ka mahana o ke kino a i ʻole kū pololei ma waena o ka pae maʻamau. ʻO nā kūleʻa ʻole i ka hana o nā ʻāpana o ka gastrointestinal tract a me ka ʻōnaehana kikowaena i ʻike ʻia, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā ʻano pale a me nā koa i ʻike ʻia. I ke ʻano mau o ka leptospirosis, ʻike ʻia kahi papa like me ka nalu o kahi maʻi i kahi ʻano waiho me nā degere like ʻole o ka ikaika o nā ʻōuli a me ke koʻikoʻi o ke kiʻi maʻi.
Hōʻike ka simptomatology mua o ka leptospirosis i kahi ʻīlio ma kahi o 24 mau hola ma hope o ka maʻi. Hele pū ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka maʻi me ka hyperthermia wā pōkole me ka piʻi nui o ka mahana o ke kino a i ka 41.0-41.5e pili anaC. I kēia hihia, he make wai ikaika ka holoholona, i haʻi ʻia i nā membrane mucous anemia a me ka conjunctiva. ʻO kahi ʻīlio i maʻi ʻia me kēia ʻano leptospirosis he palupalu ka hopena o nā stimulus kūwaho, a lilo koke i lethargic a me ka apathy, a hōʻole loa e ʻai. Ma hope o 24-48 mau hola, hāʻule ke ana wela o ke kino i 37.5-38.0e pili anaC, kahi hemorrhagic syndrome e ʻōlelo ʻia me ka blockage o nā kīʻaha koko e nā leptospira exotoxins a me ka lysis o nā erythrocytes e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ke kiʻi o ka maʻi i haʻi ʻia me ka helehelena o ke kahe o waho a me loko e kahe nui ʻia ana o nā membrane mucous a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka necrotic foci. I kēia hihia, hoʻopili ke kahe i ka gastrointestinal tract, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻōnaehana o ke kino. Loaʻa ka diarrhea profuse koʻikoʻi me ka disseminative Syndrome a me ka palapū i ka wahi o ka intramuscular a i ʻole nā subcutanehes subcutaneus. Hoʻopilikia ka ʻīlio i ke kūpikipiki o ka nausea a me ka luaʻi hoʻonāwaliwali me nā komo koko. ʻIke ʻia ka mucus me nā huʻa koko i ka mimi a me nā feces. Hiki ke ukali ʻia nā hōʻeha diarrhea e ka paʻa paʻa.
I ke ʻano hemorrhagic o kahi maʻi infectious maʻi, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻike protein kiʻekiʻe loa i ka mimi. ʻO kahi holoholona me ka leptospirosis he hana ʻole a me ke aloha ʻole, a ʻo nā leha hemorrhagic o nā meninges i kahi ʻīlio e hele pinepine ʻia e nā maʻi pūpū nui a me nā haunaele nui i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana o ka ʻōnaehana waena. Ke kuhi ʻia, i ka wā palpation o ka ʻōpū, a me nā puʻupaʻa a me ke ake, ʻike ka ʻīlio i nā hōʻeha ʻeha loa, no laila ke ʻano hoʻomaha ʻole.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano hemorrhagic o leptospirosis e ka make wai ʻana, ka ʻona ʻana, kahi wā nui o ka hemorrhagic enteritis, a me nā kōpaʻa hepatic ʻole, oliguria, a me ka hopu pinepine ʻia ʻana o ka clonic.
Nā Diagnostics a me ka mālama ʻana
No ka hōʻoia pololei loa ʻana a laila koho i ka regiment therapy maikaʻi loa, ʻo ka mea kauka holoholona, me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kahi mōʻaukala laulā o ka ʻīlio, pono e hoʻokō i nā ana diagnostics maʻamau. I kēia hihia, nānā ʻia ka mimi a me ke koko o ka holoholona me ka holomua ʻole, a i kekahi mau hihia e nānā ʻia ka hūnā ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana genital o ka ʻīlio.
Ninaninau ʻia ka mimi ma lalo o kahi microscope, a ua mahi ʻia nā mea olaola i nā wahi keʻena hoʻokolohua kūikawā, e ʻae ai iā ʻoe e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o nā pathogens ola e like me ka hiki. He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike o ka ʻike e pili pono ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lāʻau maʻi antibiotic i ka holoholona maʻi. Lawe ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā ʻōiwi o kahi ʻīlio e nānā ʻia hoʻi me microscopically.
Hoʻomaʻo kahi hōʻike koko e ʻike i ke kū ʻana o nā meaola i ka pathogen Leptospira e hana ʻia i ʻelua mau manawa, i kahi manawa maʻamau o ka pule. Inā maʻi ka holoholona i ka leptospirosis, a laila hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka huina nui o nā mea ʻino i loko o kona koko i mau manawa he ʻumi. Inā pono, kēnā ka veterinarian i kekahi mau hana ʻē aʻe a me nā noiʻi ʻana i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hōʻailona a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kahua o ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lapaʻau paʻakikī o ka leptospirosis i ʻehā mau hanana nui, e like me ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka agena causative o ka maʻi Leptospira, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hana puʻuwai puʻuwai, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā toxins, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana a me nā ʻōnaehana. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke kumu o ke kūleʻa kūleʻa ka hakakā ʻana i ka pathogen. Hiki ke loli ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻīlio.
Loaʻa i ka antileptospirotic gamma globulin kahi hopena therapeutic kiʻekiʻe, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka lāʻau antibacterial me ke koho ʻia ʻana o nā lāʻau hoʻāʻo ʻia "Penicillin", "Tetracycline" a me aminoglycosides. Pono e kuhikuhi ʻia ka detoxification therapy me ka nānā pono ʻana i ka nui o ka puka mimi o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka hōʻailona hōʻailona o leptospirosis e komo pū me nā mea heostatic o kēia ao, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaulike acid-base.
Ma hope o ka hoʻōla, hoʻomohala ka holoholona i kahi pale paʻa, a mau ia i mau makahiki. Ke hoʻopili ʻia ʻo leptospira e nā aʻa o ke kīkā, nui nā ʻīlio e noho mau i nā mea halihali no nā manawa lōʻihi. E hōʻoia i ka ʻole o ka lawe ʻana o kāu holoholona i nā maʻi bacteria, he mea nui ia e hoʻouna ʻia kahi hōʻike mimi no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā hale hana i kekahi mau pule ma hope o ke ola ʻana.
E pili ana i nā wānana, paʻakikī ka pilikia o ka leptospirosis, no laila hāʻawi nā veterinarians me ka mālama nui. Inā pololei ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka lāʻau hoʻomalu no kahi maʻi lele a i ka manawa kūpono, a laila ma kahi o 50% o nā hihia, ola ka ʻīlio i ka pule ʻelua a i ʻole ʻekolu. Me nā hōʻino koʻikoʻi i nā mea ola, e like me nā puʻupaʻa a me ke ake, ke piʻi nui nei ka likelika o ka make.
Pono e hana i kahi autopsy ma kahi ʻīlio make, i ʻae ai i ka nānā ʻana i nā wai i lawe ʻia mai ka umauma a me ka peritoneum o ka holoholona, a me nā puʻupaʻa a me nā akepaʻa e ʻike ai i ke ʻano o ka pathogen.
Nā hana pale
He maʻi weliweli weliweli ʻo Leptospirosis no nā holoholona e pili ana i nā ʻīlio, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou ʻano a me ko lākou makahiki. I mea e pale aku ai i ka maʻi maʻi me ka leptospirosis, hāpai ʻia ka lāʻau pale pale. No kēia kumu, hoʻohana ʻia nā mono- a me nā polyvaccines. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi hopena maikaʻi e nā lāʻau āpau e pili ana i nā hana haole a me nā home, kahi kiʻekiʻe loa e kūʻē i nā serotypes o Leptospira Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae.
Paipai nā kauka holoholona i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā "Biovac-L", "Leptodog" a me "Multican-6" no nā kumu pale. Pono e koho ʻia ke ana o ka lāʻau injected e ke kauka lāʻau lapaʻau, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā ʻōkuhi ma ka pūʻolo a me ke kino o ka holoholona. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia nā pēpē iā leptospirosis i ka makahiki he ʻewalu a ʻumi paha pule. I kēia hihia, hoʻokō ʻia ka lāʻau ʻana i hana hou ʻia ma hope o 21 mau lā. No nā holoholona makua, a me nā ʻīlio ʻelemakule me ke kūlana pale ʻole i ʻike ʻole ʻia, i nā kūlana epizootic maikaʻi ʻole, hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau vaccine passive, hoʻohana ʻia ka serum hyperimmune.
Ke hoʻolālā nei i kahi huakaʻi me kahi ʻīlio i nā wahi maikaʻi ʻole no ka leptospirosis, mālama ʻia kahi lāʻau pale pale i hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o ka huakaʻi. Pono nā mea hānai a me nā mea hoʻohua ʻīlio amatir e nānā pono i nā kūlana o nā holoholona, a me ka papaʻai o nā holoholona. Paipai ʻole ʻia e mālama ʻole i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau a me nā hana pale. He mea nui e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻoikaika mau ʻana o nā pūʻali pale o ke kino kini a pili i ka papa hana hoʻōla i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka veterinarian, ka lapaʻau kūpono o ka holoholona mai ectoparasites.
Pono ka mea nona ka ʻīlio e nānā i ka maʻemaʻe o ka pā, a me kahi moe o ka holoholona, e hoʻohana ana i nā hoʻomākaukau o kēia wā a me nā disinfectants kūikawā i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana no kēia kumu.
Nā hopena o ka leptospirosis
Inā ola ka ʻīlio i ka maʻi infectious infectious, a laila ma hope pinepine pinepine ia i kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, e like me ka ate a me ka hakuʻala kīnā ʻole, a me nā malfunction o ka ʻōnaehana digestive. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka wā hoʻōla, pono ia no nā ʻōnaehana a me nā ʻōnaehana, lawe mai hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau mahina. I kēia manawa, mālama ʻia kahi papa hana kūikawā kūikawā, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka enzyme a me nā lāʻau hepaprotective o kēia au.
I mea e hōʻalo ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, ua kau ʻia nā lāʻau e normalize i ka hana o ka gastrointestinal tract, a me kahi papa lāʻau lapaʻau hoʻomohala kūikawā ʻia, me nā hoʻomākaukau pūʻulu B. ʻO nā Hepatoprotektor e like me Essentiale, Galstena a me Karsil kōkua i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hana ate. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi hopena maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana vascular e ke koho ʻia ʻana o ascorbic acid a me rutin i ka holoholona. I mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka nāwaliwali o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau "Thiotriazolin", "Riboxin", a me nā ʻano pacemaker ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia ka homeopathy i ka wā o ka hoʻōla.
Pōʻino i nā kānaka
Leptospirosis pili i ka mahele o nā maʻi lele, zooanthroponous weliweli loa i hiki i ka mumū hemorrhagic o nā aʻa o ke ake, nā ʻōnaehana digestive a me nā ʻōnaehana waena. Lawe maʻalahi ʻia kēlā maʻi mai kahi holoholona i hoʻopili ʻia i nā kānaka. E hōʻoia i ke kuhi, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kahi mōʻaukala epidemiological, ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻāpala i loko o ka sera pālua, a lawe ʻia ke koko no ka inoculation ma ka pāpaho moʻomeheu, a nānā ʻia ka mimi. ʻIke ʻia kahi RNA kikoʻī a DNA paha e hoʻohana ana iā RT-PCR a i ʻole PCR.
Hoʻohui wale ʻia ka hana hoʻoili o leptospirosis. Komo ka pathogen i ke kino o ke kanaka ma o ka ʻili i hōʻino ʻia a me nā membrane mucous, ʻoiai e ʻau ana i loko o nā kino lepo o ka wai, i hōʻike ʻia e ka wai stagnant. Aia kekahi mau hihia kaulana o ka hoʻohaumia alimentary ma muli o ka hopena o ka ʻai ʻana o ka wai maka mai nā kumu kūlohelohe ʻole i hōʻoia ʻia, kaʻiʻo a me ka waiū. ʻAʻole hoʻoili ʻia ka pathogen i kānaka, ʻoiai ka maʻi he zoonosis maʻamau.
ʻO nā hōʻike pilikino o ka leptospirosis i ke kanaka e pili ana i ka ʻano o ka maʻi a hoʻopili pū me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana o ke kino, ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka icterus o ka sclera, hoʻonui ʻia ke akepaʻa, ke ʻano o ka ʻeha ʻeha a me ka tachycardia, ka hanana oliguria, a laila anuria. I nā hihia paʻakikī loa, ulu ka myocarditis infectious a me ka hemorrhagic Syndrome, a ʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli meningeal maopopo.
ʻO nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e leptospirosis e hōʻike pinepine ʻia i ka poʻe me ke kūpikipiki ʻole o ke ake e like me ke koma hepatic weliweli, ka hōʻeha a me ke kahe ʻana o ke kīkī, nā ʻeha o nā membrane o nā maka a me ka myocarditis, ka maʻi lōlō a me ka paresis, a me ka haʻalulu weliweli.
