Ua loaʻa ka inoa o kēia falcon lokomaikaʻi liʻiliʻi i ka inoa "kestrel" (pastelga) ma muli o ke ʻano punahele o ka nānā ʻana i waho (e ʻānai) ana i kahi ākea.
Kestrel wehewehe
ʻO ka kestrel ka inoa āpau no 14 mau ʻano o ka genus Falco (falcons) i loaʻa ma Eurasia, ʻAmelika a me ʻApelika. ʻElua mau ʻano i noho ma ka wahi ma hope o Soviet - kestrels maʻamau a me steppe.
Wahi a kekahi mana, ua kapa ʻia ka inoa Slavic "kestrel" mai ka huaʻōlelo "hakahaka" ma muli o ke kūpono ʻole o ka manu no ka falconry... ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, pili nā manu i ka falconry (ʻoi aku ka nui ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), no laila hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mana ʻole ka mana. ʻO kahi kokoke loa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ka inoa inoa Iukeneina (a me kona ʻano) "boriviter": ke piʻi nui, huli mau ka manu e kū i ke alo o ka makani.
Helehelena
He falcon liʻiliʻi, nani ia me ke poʻo haʻaheo i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a me nā ʻano lōkahi, nā ʻeheu ākea a me kahi huelo lōʻihi a poepoe (ma muli o nā hulu huelo o waho i hoʻopōkole ʻia. He maka nui poepoe ko ke kestrel, kahi nuku kiki maikaʻi a me nā wāwae ʻeleʻele melemele me nā māiʻuʻu ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka nui o ke kino, ke kala a me nā ʻēheu ʻokoʻa mai nā ʻano / ʻāpana, akā ma ka laulā ʻaʻole ulu ka kestrel ma mua o 30-38 cm me ke kaupaona o 0.2 kg a me kahi ʻēheu o a i 0,76 m. ʻO ka kestrel ʻoi loa ka Seychelles.
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona kino ma mua o 20 knm, a ʻo kona ʻēheu he 40-45 cm. ʻO ka leo maʻamau o ka plumage he brown, ashy, brown a ʻulaʻula paha. Aia nā kiko pouli ma ka hulu o luna. ʻO kekahi o nā mea keu loa ʻo ka kestrel ʻAmelika (passerine), ka mea e pūʻiwa ai nā kāne me nā mea ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohui kā lākou plumage i ka ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, hina hina, keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻeleʻele (ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kala o nā wahine).
Mea nui! ʻOi aku ka pōkole a ʻoi aku ka pōʻai o nā manu ʻōpio (hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mākua), a like ke ʻano o ka plumage me nā wahine. Hoʻohui ʻia, he mau polū ʻōmaʻomaʻo / ʻomaʻomaʻo māmā nā manu ʻōpio a me nā maka maka: nā manu kahiko e loaʻa nā lei melemele.
ʻO Kestrels maʻamau no Rūsia (ʻāpana steppe a me nā mea maʻamau) ʻano like loa kekahi me kekahi, koe wale nō ka haʻahaʻa o ka mea mua ma mua o ka lua i ka nui a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka huelo. A ʻo nā ʻēheu o ka steppe kestrel he hikikiʻi iki.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
I kēlā me kēia lā, lele ka kestrel a puni kona kahua huli holoholona, e lele wikiwiki ana i kona mau ʻeheu ākea. Me ke kahe maikaʻi o ke ea (a ʻo ka ʻai pū i ka mea pio), hoʻololi ke kestrel i ka lele ʻana. Hiki i kēia mau falcon ke lele i ka lewa malie, no ka laʻana, i loko o kahi keʻena pani, a ke piʻi aʻe i ka lani, huli lākou i mua o ka makani e hiki mai ana. ʻIke ka maka o ka kestrel i nā kukui ultraviolet a me nā māka mimi (ʻike maka ʻia i kona mālamalama), i waiho ʻia e nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi.
ʻO kaʻoi aku o ka ʻālohilohi, ʻo ka pili loa o ka mea pio: ke ʻike aku, luʻu ka manu a nahu i loko ona me kona maiuu, e lohi nei i mua o ka honua. ʻAneʻane hiki i nā kestrels āpau ke hoʻokele i kahi lele lele keu loa (hiki i kēia hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā hapa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi).
I ka manawa like, wehe ka manu i kona huelo i kahi peahi a hoʻohaʻahaʻa iki iā ia i lalo, pinepine a lele koke i kona mau ʻeheu. ʻO nā ʻeheu, neʻe i kahi nui o ka ea, e hana i kahi mokulele ākea e hoʻolako i ka hover (ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 10-20 m) pono e nānā i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka ʻike o ka kestrel he 2.6 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ko ke kanaka. Hiki i kekahi kanaka me ke kiaʻi kiaʻi ke heluhelu i ka pākaukau a Sivtsev mai luna a lalo, e neʻe ana iā ia e 90 mika. Hoʻonohonoho nā kāne ma kahi o 9 mau leo kani ʻokoʻa, a me nā wahine - i kēia manawa. Ua ʻokoʻa ke kani i ke alapine, ke kani a me ka leo, ke kumu o ka uē ʻana o ke kestrel.
Ua kōkua ke kani ʻana e hoʻokumu i ke kestrel (kaukaʻi ʻia i ka laulā) hiki ke lilo i manu noho, a i ʻole nomadic a i ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i kahi manu neʻe. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka lawehala o nā laha e ka nui a i ʻole o ka lako o ka meaʻai. Lele haʻahaʻa nā kestrels neʻe, ma ke ʻano he rula, me ka piʻi ʻole ma luna o 40-100 ka m a me ka ʻole o ke keʻakeʻa ʻana i kā lākou lele ʻana i ke aniau maikaʻi ʻole.... Hiki i nā Kestrels ke lele ma luna o nā kuahiwi Alps, i wehewehe ʻia e ko lākou hilinaʻi haʻahaʻa i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ea. I ka wā e pono ai, lele nā ʻohana ma luna o nā aniani a me nā piko, akā pinepine lākou e hele ma nā ala.
Ehia mau kestrels e noho nei
Mahalo i ke kani ʻana o nā manu, hiki ke ʻike i ko lākou kaha i ke ola ma ke kūlohelohe. Ua piha iā 16 mau makahiki. Akā hoʻomanaʻo nā kiaʻi manu ʻaʻole nui ka nui o nā aksakals i waena o nā kestrels. ʻO ka makahiki koʻikoʻi no lākou he 1 mau makahiki - ʻo ka hapalua wale nō o nā manu keʻa i kēia māka make.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻOi aku ka nui a ʻoi aku o ka kaumaha o nā wahine Kestrel ma mua o nā kāne ma ka awelika o 20 g. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻonui ka wahine i ke kaumaha i ka wā hānau: i kēia manawa, hiki ke kaumaha o ka wahine ma kahi o 300 g. ʻO ka nui o ka wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna ʻapo a me nā keiki olakino. I nā kāne, ke waiho nei ke kaumaha ma kahi o ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa.
Mea nui! Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe i ke kala o ka plumage, keu hoʻi i ka uhi ʻana i ke poʻo o ka manu. Waiho like ʻia ka wahine me ke ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻo ke poʻo o ke kāne ke kala ʻokoʻa i ke kino a me nā ʻeheu. No laila, i ke kāne o ka kestrel maʻamau, hina hina ke poʻo i nā manawa āpau, ʻoiai i ka wahine ʻeleʻele ia, e like me ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā plumage o luna o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kiko ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa (ʻeleʻele ma mua o nā kāne) o ke kino.
ʻAno Kestrel
Manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe kūpuna like o nā kestrels ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ke kumu i hui ʻole ʻia ai lākou i ʻohana ʻohana hoʻokahi, e hoʻokaʻawale ana e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i 4 mau hui nui.
Pūʻulu o kestrel maʻamau
- ʻO Falco punctatus - kestrel Mauritian
- ʻO Falco newtoni - kestrel Madagascar
- Falco moluccensis - Moluccan kestrel, maʻamau ma Indonesia;
- Falco tinnunculus - kestrel maʻamau, noho iā ʻEulopa, ʻAsia a me ʻApelika.
- Falco araea - Seychelles Kestrel
- Falco cenchroides - hina-ʻumiʻumi a i ʻole kestrel Australia, i loaʻa ma Australia / New Guinea;
- ʻO Falco tinnunculus rupicolus kahi ʻāpana o ka kestrel maʻamau, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa Falco rupicolus, noho ma ʻApelika Hema;
- ʻO Falco duboisi Reunion kestrel kahi ʻano luku i noho ma ka mokupuni. ʻO Reunion i ke Kai ʻInikia.
Pūʻulu o nā kestrels maoli
- ʻO Falco rupicoloides kahi kestrel nui e noho ana ma East a me South Africa;
- Falco alopex - fox kestrel, i loaʻa ma Equatorial Africa;
- ʻO Falco naumanni kahi kestrel steppe, kamaʻāina i ʻEulopa Hema, ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ʻInia.
Pūʻulu o nā kestrels hina ʻApelika
- ʻO Falco dickinsoni -ʻO kestrel a Dickinson, ʻo ia nō hoʻi kahi falcon pale ʻeleʻele, maʻamau i East Africa a hiki i ʻApelika Hema;
- Falco zoniventris - kestrel holehole ʻia ʻo Madagascar, hopena i Madagascar;
- ʻO Falco ardosiaceus kahi kestrel hina, i loaʻa mai Central a ʻApelika Hema.
ʻO ka hā o ka hui e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻano wale nō Falco sparverius e noho ana ma ʻAkau a me ʻAmelika Hema - ka kestrel ʻAmelika a i ʻole passerine.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua pāhola aku ʻo Kestrels ma ʻō a ʻō o ka hona o ka honua a loaʻa ma ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, ʻAmelika, ʻApelika a me ʻAukekulia. Hoʻomaʻalahi maʻalahi nā manu i nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole, pālahalaha nui, e pale ana i nā mānoanoa a me nā steppes treeless. Noho ka kestrel ma kahi ākea me nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa, kahi i loaʻa ka pāʻani liʻiliʻi i ka nui (kahi mea o ka ʻimi manu). Inā waiwai ka lako o ka meaʻai, hoʻololi koke nā manu i nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole. I ka nele o nā kumulāʻau, nā pūnana kestrel ma nā pou laina aho a ma ka honua kau ʻole.
Hoihoi ia! Ma Central Europe, noho wale nā manu ʻaʻole wale i nā kope / kihi, akā i mahi pū ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina. ʻAʻole makaʻu ka kestrel e kokoke i ka poʻe a ʻike pinepine ʻia i ke kūlanakauhale, e noho ana i nā wahi noho a i nā wahi neoneo paha.
Noho ka steppe kestrel i nā steppe a me nā wao akua, kahi e pūnana ai i nā puʻu nui, nā pōhaku i wāwahi ʻia a me nā hale pōhaku i wāwahi ʻia. Ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Rūsia, koho ʻo ia no nā awāwa pūnana, nā gullies (me nā pali kahuli ʻāina) a me nā awāwa kahawai, ma nā kapa o nā pōhaku makua. I nā mauna o Siberia Hema a me nā Urals Hema, lele nā manu i nā awāwa kahawai, nā ʻaoʻao o ke awāwa, nā pali o nā kualono, nā puka pōhaku o nā kuahiwi i koe, nā pali ma nā puʻu e like me ka mauna a me nā kualono ma luna o nā puʻu.
ʻAiʻai Kestrel
ʻO ke kestrel, e like me nā mea ʻaihue huluhulu, ʻeli i loko o ka mea pio me kona mau māiʻuʻu, a hoʻopau me kahi hahau i ka hope o ke poʻo.... Lawe ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona mai kahi perch (pou, lāʻau, palisades) a i ʻole i ka lele. ʻOi aku ka pinepine o ka ʻimi ʻana mai ka perch a ʻoi aku ka kūleʻa i ke anuanu, i ka lele lele - i ke kau mahana (21% o nā hoʻouka kūʻē e kūʻē iā 16% i ka hoʻoilo).
Hoʻohui ʻia, hana ʻia ka luʻu ʻana mai kahi kiʻekiʻe i nā hihia kūikawā: no ka laʻana, no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i kahi hui nui o nā manu liʻiliʻi i noho i nā ʻāina mahiʻai. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ka papaʻai o kēlā me kēia lā o kahi kestrel e kona ʻano nohona, ka mea i pili i ke aniau a me ka ʻāina.
ʻO nā holoholona a ka kestrel e ʻimi ai:
- nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi, ʻoi loa nā voles;
- nā manu mele liʻiliʻi, me nā manu liʻiliʻi o ka hale;
- nā lūlū o nā manu nūhou;
- ʻiole wai;
- nā moʻo a me nā ʻenuhe;
- nā mea kolo (beetles and grasshoppers).
Hoihoi ia! I mea e hoʻopiha ai i nā kumukūʻai ikehu, pono nā kestrels e ʻai i nā holoholona e like me 25% o kā lākou nui i kēlā me kēia lā. I loko o nā ʻōpū o nā manu make, ua hōʻike ka autopsy i ka awelika o kekahi ʻiole semi-digested.
ʻAi ʻia nā ʻino a me nā invertebrates e nā ʻōpala, i hiki ʻole ke hopu i nā holoholona nui aʻe, a me nā kestrels makua me ka hemahema o nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Ma Central ʻEulopa, ʻike ʻia nā piʻo moena o nā kestrels, me ka lele pinepine ʻana o nā ʻeheu, ka hapalua o ka axis a me ka heʻe ʻana i lalo, ʻike ʻia mai Malaki a ʻApelila. ʻO ka lele o ke kāne, hele pū me kahi uē kono, alualu i ʻelua mau pahuhopu - e huki i ka wahine a hoʻopaʻa i nā palena o ka pūnaewele.
Kono pinepine ka wahine i ka moena, kahi e pae kokoke ai i ke kāne a uē, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ke kani ʻana o kahi moa pololi. Ma hope o ka moekolohe, lele ka hoa i ka pūnana, e peahi ana i kāna ipo wahine me kahi chuck kani. Ke hoʻomau nei i ka poke, noho ka kāne ma ka pūnana, ʻoki a hohonu me kāna mau māiʻuʻu, a ke kū ka wahine, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e lele pīhoihoi i luna a i lalo. I mea e noho ai ka wahine ma ka pūnana i wae ʻia, cajoles ke kāne iā ia me kahi lāʻau i hopu mua ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka pūnana o ka kestrel ma waho o ka kumulāʻau e like me kahi lua pāpaʻu a i ʻole kahi wahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, kahi e waiho ai nā hua ʻokoʻa he 3 a 7 (maʻa mau he 4-6). Noho paʻa nā wahine ma ka paʻa, waiho wale iā lākou inā pilikia: i kēia manawa e pōʻai lākou ma luna o ka pūnana, e hoʻopuka nei i kahi ʻāpana ʻano weliweli.
Makemake ka steppe kestrel e kūkulu i nā pūnana i nā niches, nā māwae i nā pali a me nā pōhaku, ma waena o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā pali mauna. ʻIke ʻia nā pūnana o Kestrels i nā wahi o nā hale pōhaku (ma waena o nā ʻanepele) a me nā lua o nā kaola paʻa e hūnā ai i nā kahua hoʻomoʻa kauwela. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine nā poʻe Paniolo i nā pūnana i nā wahi noho, ke piʻi nei i loko o nā niches ma lalo o ka hale. Hana nā kestrel steppe i nā kolone (mai 2 a 100 mau pālua), me kahi wā ma waena o nā pūnana o 1,100 m. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā kolone ʻokoʻa mai 1 a 20 km.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā keiki hānai i ka nahele, ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia ke kestrel (e like me nā falcon ʻē aʻe) iā ia iho me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pūnana, e noho ana i nā mea i waiho ʻia e nā ʻie, nā ʻūlū a me nā rook. Manaʻo ʻia kēia mau manu he ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka kestrel, a ʻaʻole nā mākua, akā paʻa i nā moa a me nā moa ulu.
Eia kekahi, ua hōʻino ʻia nā pūnana kestrels e martens a me nā kānaka. ʻO nā mea hope loa no ka hoihoi o ka hoihoi. Ma kahi o kanakolu mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hāʻule pū nā kestrels i ka maka o ka poʻe hahai holoholona, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole iki kēia. Akā ma Malta, ua hoʻopau loa ʻia ke kestrel e ke kī ʻana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I ka makahiki 2000, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kestrel i loko o ka hōʻike o ka "Globally Threatened Birds of the World" ma muli o nā ʻano ʻelua he mea hoʻoweliweli kā lākou. Ua helu ʻia kēia mau ʻano (Seychelles a me Mauritian Kestrels) i ka IUCN Red List.
ʻO ka Mauritius Kestrel, me ka heluna kanaka he 400 (a ʻo ka makahiki 2012), ua manaʻo ʻia he hopena ia i ka mokupuni ʻo Mauritius a ʻike ʻia he ʻano mea make no ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka nohona kanaka. Ua helu pū ʻia ʻo Seychelles Kestrel ma ke ʻano he ʻano palupalu a ʻaneʻane make. ʻAʻole hele ka lehulehu o nā manu he 800 i ka neʻe ʻana a noho wale i ka pae ʻāina ʻo Seychelles.
Kuhi ka ʻIUCN Red Data Book i ka heluna heluna honua o ka steppe kestrel ma 61-776.1 tausani mau kānaka (30.5-38 tausani mau hui) a hāʻawi iā ia i ke kūlana o ka "mea palupalu liʻiliʻi".
Hoihoi ia! I loko nō naʻe o ka hōʻemi koʻikoʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia i hala, ua loaʻa ke ʻano kūpaʻa a hoʻonui ʻia i kekahi mau ʻāpana o kāna laulā. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka Red Data Book of Russia, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka steppe kestrel ma ke ʻano he ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau ʻole.
ʻO ka lāhui nui loa ke kestrel maʻamau, nona ka heluna o ʻEulopa (e like me ka IUCN) mai 819 tausani a 1.21 miliona manu (409-603 tausani pālua). ʻOiai ʻo ka heluna nui o ʻEulopa ma kahi o 19% o ka heluna o ka honua, ʻo ka heluna kanaka kokoke i 4.31-6.37 miliona mau manu makua.
Ma ʻApelika Komohana, nā kumu o ka nalo ʻana o ka kestrel nā mea anthropogenic e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā wahi noho:
- hānai pipi nui;
- ʻohiʻohi lāʻau;
- ahi nui;
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides.
Hoʻohui pū ʻia ka emi ʻana o nā holoholona ma ʻEulopa me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka mahiʻai a, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana o organochlorine a me nā meaola ʻino ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kestrel kekahi o nā manu pono loa: i nā kula, hoʻopau ia i nā ʻūhini, nā ʻiole kula a me nā hamster.
