ʻO ka tundra kahi wahi kai e kaupalena ʻia ma ka lima hoʻokahi e nā kaola hau pau ʻole o ka Arctic, a ma ka lua e nā ululāʻau taiga. ʻEiwa mau mahina o ka hoʻoilo ma kēia ʻāina a ʻoiai i ke kauwela e hoʻoheheʻe wale ka lepo ma kahi o ka ʻili. Akā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ke koʻikoʻi o ke aniau i ka tundra i wahi nui ola ʻole. He home ia no nā ʻano holoholona he nui. I mea e ola ai i nā kūlana o ka ʻĀkau, nā holoholona, nā manu a me nā kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka tundra e ikaika, paʻakikī, a hoʻohana i nā hoʻolālā ola ʻē aʻe.
Nā makuahine
Noho ka nui o nā ʻano mamala i nā ʻāina tundra. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻoi loa nā herbivores, i maʻa i ka ʻona me nā mea kanu kakaikahi i loko o nā makahiki miliona o ko lākou noho ʻana i kēlā ʻano. Akā aia kekahi mau mea ʻānō e ʻimi holoholona iā lākou, a me nā holoholona omnivorous.
Reindeer
Kuhi ʻia kēia mau artiodactyls kekahi o nā poʻe nui o ka tundra. Lōʻihi loa ko lākou kino a me ko lākou ʻāʻī, akā nānā pōkole ko lākou mau wāwae a liʻiliʻi iki. Ma muli o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, pono ka dia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona poʻo a me kona ʻāʻī haʻahaʻa, hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka manaʻo he puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi kāna.
ʻAʻole kuhi ʻia ʻo Reindeer e ka lokomaikaʻi o nā laina a me nā neʻe aloha, nā ʻano o kona ʻano pili e noho ana i ka hema. Akā he nani ʻano ʻokoʻa kā kēia mea ulu lāʻau: ʻo kona hiʻohiʻona holoʻokoʻa kahi hōʻike o ka ikaika, ka hilinaʻi a me ke ahonui.
Ma ke poʻo o ka reindeer aia nā pepeiaohao nui, lālā, ʻoi aku, loaʻa lākou i nā kāne ʻelua o kēia ʻano a me nā wahine.
He mānoanoa kona lole, lahilahi a lahilahi. I ka hoʻoilo, lilo ka huluhulu i lōʻihi loa a hana i kahi mane liʻiliʻi a me nā hulu ma ke kino o lalo a puni ka mauʻu. ʻO ka lauoho me kahi awn ikaika a lahilahi, ma lalo o laila kahi mānoanoa, akā lahilahi o lalo.
I ke kauwela, he kofe-brownish a i ʻole brown-brown ke kala o ka reindeer, ʻoiai i ka hoʻoilo ke ʻano o ka huluhulu i ʻokoʻa, hoʻomālamalama ʻia i keʻokeʻo, a me nā wahi pouli ikaika e ʻike ʻia i loko.
Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka momona o ka momona iā lākou, ua koi ʻia ka reindeer e hāmama i ka waha i ke kauwela, ke wela ia no lākou, i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka mahana o ko lākou kino.
ʻO ke ʻano kūikawā o nā mākia, kahi e hiki ai i nā hono o nā manamana lima ke palu, me he mea lā, a me kahi "palaki" i hana ʻia i ka huluhulu, e pale ai i ka ʻeha o nā wāwae a, i ka manawa like, hoʻonui i ka wahi o ke kākoʻo, hiki i ka holoholona ke neʻe maʻalahi a hiki i ka hau hau nui.
Mahalo i kēia, hiki i nā reindeer ke neʻe ma waena o ka tundra no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, koe wale nō, no kēlā mau lā ke loaʻa nā hau ikaika.
ʻAʻole hiki ke kāhea i ko lākou ola maʻalahi, ʻoiai he mau ʻenemi kēia mau holoholona i ka tundra. Ma kahi kikoʻī, ʻimi ʻia ka reindeer e nā bea, nā ʻīlio hae, nā ʻalopeka arctic a me nā ʻīlio hae. Inā laki ka dia, a laila ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe hiki ke ola i nā makahiki 28.
ʻO Caribbean
Inā noho ka reindeer maʻamau i nā wahi tundra o Eurasia, a laila he kamaʻāina ka caribou o ka tundra o ʻAmelika Hema. Ua ʻokoʻa iki ia mai kona hoahānau Eurasia, koe wale nō ka caribou ka ʻāhiu hihiu. Ma mua, he nui nā holoholona o kēia mau holoholona e holoholo i ka ʻākau o ka ʻAmelika. Akā i kēia lā, ua emi nui ka heluna kanaka o caribou.
Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ke ola nei nā subspecies o caribou i ka tundra:
- Greenland caribou
- ʻO Caribbeanou Granta
- ʻO Caribbeanou Piri
Hoihoi! Noho hihiu ʻo Caribbeanou no ka mea ʻaʻole nā ʻōiwi o ʻAkau ʻAmelika i hoʻokipa iā lākou, e like me nā ʻohana e noho ana ma ka ʻākau o Eurasia i hana ai, nāna i mālama i ka ʻālapa.
Hipa Bighorn
ʻO kahi holoholona o ke kumukānāwai ikaika a me ka nui waena, kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka genus o nā hipa kāne mai ke kauoha artiodactyl. Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo, liʻiliʻi hoʻi nā pepeiao, muscular ka ʻāʻī, ikaika a pōkole hoʻi. Hoʻopili paʻa ʻia nā pepeiaohao, voluminous a koʻikoʻi. Hoʻohālike lākou i kahi apo piha ʻole i ke kinona. Mānoanoa a nui loa ko lākou kumu, a kokoke i nā wēlau ua hoʻopili ʻia nā pepeiaohao a hoʻomaka e piʻo iki i nā ʻaoʻao.
Noho nā hipa Bighorn i nā wahi mauna, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e noho kēia holoholona ma nā wahi kahi i ʻoi ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka uhi hau ma kahi o 40 kenimika, a ʻaʻole kūpono pū kekahi me ka palaoa mānoanoa no lākou kekahi. Uhi ka ʻāpana o kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana iā Siberia Hikina, akā aia kekahi o nā foci ʻokoʻa, kahi e noho ai nā lehulehu o kēia holoholona.
Hoihoi! Manaʻo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia nā hipa bighorn ma Siberia ma kahi o 600,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka manawa i pili ai ʻo Eurasia a me ʻAmelika e ka Bering Bridge i nalowale ma hope.
Ma o kēia isthmus i neʻe ai nā kūpuna kahiko o nā hipa bighorn mai Alaska a i ka panalāʻau o Siberia Hikina, kahi, ma hope, ua hana lākou i kahi lāhui kaʻawale.
ʻO ko lākou mau hoahānau kokoke i nā hipa bighorn ʻAmelika a me nā hipa kāne a Dall. Eia kekahi, he kamaʻāina nō ka hope ma ka tundra, akā naʻe, ʻAkau ʻAkau: ʻo ko lākou pae mai ka hema o Alaska a i British Columbia.
Bipi musk
Ua noho nā kūpuna o kēia holoholona ma nā mauna o ʻAkia Waena. Akā ma kahi o 3.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ke anuanu o ke anuanu, noho lākou ma Siberia a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Eurasia. Eia kekahi, ma o ka Bering Isthmus, hiki lākou i Alaska, a mai laila aku a lākou i Greenland.
ʻO nā bipi Musk ke nānā aku he mea kupaianaha: ikaika a kino ʻole ko lākou kino, nā poʻo nui a me nā ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi. Uhi ʻia ke kino o kēia mau lau nahele me ka huluhulu ʻehā a lahilahi loa, e hana ana i kekahi ʻano koloka, a ʻoi aku, manoanoa, palupalu kona undercoat, a i ka mehana he ʻewalu mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hulu hipa. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pepeiaohao o nā bipi musk ma kahi o ke kumu, me ke ʻano o ka pōʻai a me ka lepe ʻana i nā wēlau kiko.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā bipi musk he holoholona kaiāulu; noho lākou i nā pūʻā liʻiliʻi me nā wahine me nā keiki a me nā kāne ʻōpio. Hiki i nā kāne kāne makua ke noho kaʻawale, ʻoiai i ka wā rutting e hoʻāʻo lākou e lawe i nā haremem e ka ikaika mai nā hoa hakakā ʻōpio, a ʻo ia hoʻi, pale pale aku iā lākou.
Palemona
ʻO kahi rodent e like me ka ʻiole e pili ana i ka ʻohana hamster. ʻO nā lemu ia ke kumu o ka lako o ka meaʻai no ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻino e noho ana i ka tundra.
He mea waena waena kēia, nona ka nui, me kāna huelo, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ka 17 knm, a ʻo kona kaupaona he 70 gram, alakaʻi nui i kahi nohona mehameha. Pōkole ke ola o nā lemu, a no laila, ua kūpono kēia mau holoholona no ka hānau ʻana i ka piha ʻana o ʻeono pule. Hānau nā wahine i ka ʻōpala mua i ka makahiki o 2-3 mau mahina, a i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i ʻeono mau moa, kēlā me kēia helu i nā 5-6 cubs.
ʻAi nā Lemmings i nā mea kanu mea kanu: nā ʻanoʻano, nā lau a me nā aʻa o nā lāʻau dwarf. ʻAʻole lākou e hibernate, akā i ke kauwela kūkulu lākou i hale pantry kahi e hūnā ai lākou i nā meaʻai, nā mea a lākou e ʻai ai i ka wā pōloli. I ka hanana e pau nā lako meaʻai i kekahi wahi, no ka laʻana, ma muli o kahi hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi ʻole, pono e neʻe nā lemmings i nā ʻāina hou kahi i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia ai ka lako o ka meaʻai.
Noho nā ʻano lemema i lalo i ka tundra:
- Nūhou lemu
- ʻO lemona Siberia
- Hoʻo lemu ʻia
- ʻO Lemming Vinogradov
ʻO lākou āpau i pena ʻia i ka nui i nā pale ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā kaha ʻeleʻele, e laʻa me nā kala ʻeleʻele a hina hina.
Hoihoi! ʻOkoʻa ka lemming hoofed mai kona mau hoahānau ʻaʻole wale ma kona kala hinuhinu, hina hina hina me nā aka ʻulaʻula, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e ulu ana nā māiʻu waena ʻelua i kona forelimbs, a hana i kahi ʻano forked ākea.
ʻO GopherʻAmelika
ʻOiai ko lākou inoa, he kamaʻāina maʻamau nā squirrels o ka ʻāina ʻAmelika i ka taiga Eurasia, a, ʻo kahi laʻana, ma Chukotka, hiki iā ʻoe ke hui pinepine me lākou. Ma ka ʻākau o Rūsia, ʻo kēia mau holoholona no ka ʻohana squirrel kahi ponoʻī a ma ka manawa like he inoa hoʻomākeʻaka: eia lākou i kapa ʻia ʻo evrashki.
Noho nā squirrels honua i nā kolone, a ʻo kēlā me kēia mea me 5-50 mau kānaka. ʻAno omnivorous kēia mau holoholona, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o kā lākou papaʻai nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu: nā rhizome a i ʻole nā ipukukui, nā hua, nā lāʻau a me nā lau. Ma muli o ke koi ʻana o ka gophers i ka nui o ka ikaika i nā anuanu anuanu, koi ʻia lākou e ʻai i nā ʻenuhe a me nā mea kolo nui. I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ke kino, ʻohi i nā ʻōpala o ka meaʻai, a i ʻole ʻimi i kā lākou mau hoahānau ponoʻī, ʻoiai, maʻamau, ʻoluʻolu ʻo Evrashki i kekahi i kekahi.
Hana wale nā squirrels honua ʻAmelika i ke kauwela, no ke koena 7-8 mau mahina aia lākou i kahi ʻano hibernation.
ʻO ka hare Arctic
ʻO kekahi o nā hares nui loa: hiki i kona lōʻihi o ke kino i 65 cm, a me kona kaupaona ʻo 5.5 kg. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o kona mau pepeiao ma mua o, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka hare. Pono kēia i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nalo ʻana o ka wela i kahi aniau ʻoʻoleʻa. Pālahalaha ka wāwae, a uhi ʻia nā pads o nā manamana wāwae a me nā wāwae me ka lauoho mānoanoa, e hana ana i kahi ʻano palaki. Ma muli o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano o nā lālā, hiki i ka hare ke neʻe maʻalahi i ka hau hoʻokuʻu.
Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka hare no ka mea i ke kau hoʻoilo he keʻokeʻo maoli kona kala, koe wale no nā piko ʻeleʻele o nā pepeiao. I ke kauwela, pena ka hare keʻokeʻo i nā hina hina a hina hina. ʻO kēia hoʻololi i ke kala e kōkua iā ia e ola, e hoʻoneʻe iā ia iho i ke kala o ke kaiapuni, no laila i ka hoʻoilo paʻakikī e ʻike iā ia i ka hau, a i ke kauwela aia ma ka honua i uhi ʻia me nā mea kanu tundra.
Alopeke ʻulaʻula
I ka tundra, ʻai ka ʻalopeke i ka lemmings, akā ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo ka manawa i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea pio ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hopu pinepine kēia mau mea ʻino i nā hares, akā pinepine nā hua manu a me nā moa i kā lākou papaʻai.
I ka wā o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, ʻai nā ʻalopeke e noho kokoke ana i nā kahawai nui i nā iʻa salemona i nāwaliwali a i make paha ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. ʻAʻole hoʻowahāwahā kēia mau canine i nā moʻo a me nā ʻelala, a i ka wā wī hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i ke kino. Eia nō naʻe, pono i nā ʻalopeke i ka meaʻai mea kanu. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻai ai lākou i nā hua a i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu.
ʻO nā ʻalopeke e noho kokoke ana i nā wahi noho a me nā kikowaena mākaʻikaʻi ʻaʻole wale e kipa aku i nā ʻōpala kokoke ma kahi e loaʻa ai ka waiwai mai nā ʻōpala o ka meaʻai, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke noi i ka meaʻai mai ka poʻe
ʻO Tundra a me nā ʻīlio hae polar
Hoʻohanohano ʻia ka ʻīlio hae nunui e kāna nui nui (hiki i 50 kg) a māmā loa, i kekahi manawa ʻaneʻane keʻokeʻo, lōʻihi, palupalu a mānoanoa ka lauoho. E like me nā ʻīlio hae ʻē aʻe, nā predators nā ʻelele o kēia subspecies.
Alualu lākou i nā rodents, nā hares a me nā ungulate. ʻO kahi ʻāpana nui o kā lākou papaʻai kaʻiʻo reindeer, no laila, neʻe pinepine nā ʻīlio hae tundra ma hope o kā lākou holoholona. Hiki i ka holoholona ke ʻai a 15 kg o ka ʻiʻo i ka manawa.
Mālama ʻia nā ʻīlio hihiu Tundra i nā hipa o 5-10 mau kānaka, ʻimi ʻākoakoa lākou i ka pāʻani nui, akā inā ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia ma ke kahua o ka nānā, he ʻiole lākou, ke ʻeli nei i nā lua o nā lemu.
I nā wahi o ka tundra arctic, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouka i nā bipi musk, akā he ʻokoʻa ka ʻiʻo o kēia mau ungulate ma mua o kahi ʻāpana maʻamau o kā lākou papaʻai.
Hoihoi! I ka tundra, ʻoi aku ma nā wahi e pili ana i ka Arctic, aia kekahi ʻīlio hae, i nui ka nui.
ʻO 80-93 knm kona kiʻekiʻe ma kahi maloʻo, a hiki i kona kaumaha i 85 kg. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kūwaho kūwaho loa o kēia mau predators he pepeiao liʻiliʻi, poepoe i nā wēlau, he ʻeke keʻokeʻo ʻaneʻane a me kahi huelo lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻO nā ʻīlio wahine huluhulu ʻo Arctic e ʻimi ai i nā lemmings a me nā hare, akā pono pū lākou i nā mea pio nui aku, e like me ka reindeer a i ʻole nā musk bipi, e ola ai. Noho kēia mau mea ʻaihue i nā holoholona, mai 7 a 25 mau kānaka.
ʻAlopeke ʻAlika
ʻO ka predator canine liʻiliʻi e like me ka ʻalopeke. ʻElua mau koho kala no kēia holoholona: maʻamau, keʻokeʻo a me ka mea i kapa ʻia he polū. I ka ʻalopeke keʻokeʻo, i ka hoʻoilo, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ke keʻokeʻo o ka ʻalopeke keʻokeʻo me ka hau hou i hāʻule, a i ka ʻalopeke polū, ʻeleʻele ke kapa - mai ke kofe one a i nā waihoʻoluʻu bluish-kila a me nā kala-brown. ʻAno ʻole ka ʻalopeke polū i ke ʻano, a no laila mahalo nui ʻia i waena o nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona.
Makemake nā ʻalopeke Arctic e noho i ka tundra puʻu, kahi a lākou e ʻeli ai i nā lua ma nā pali one o nā puʻu, kahi paʻakikī a i kekahi manawa paʻakikī i nā ala lalo.
ʻAi nui ia i nā lemema a me nā manu, ʻoiai, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he omnivorous ia. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻalopeke Arctic i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka reindeer i hele hewa aʻe mai ka pūʻā. I kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole lākou e haʻalele i ka manawa kūpono e ʻai i ka iʻa, hiki iā lākou ke kiʻi wale i ka holoi i uka, a hopu iā lākou iho.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻalopeke Arctic kahi holoholona waiwai hulu manu, makemake ʻole nā mea ʻimi holoholona iā ia no ka mea ʻaihue kēia mea ʻaina iā lākou nā mea pio i hāʻule i nā pahele.
ʻO Ermine
ʻO kekahi predator e noho nei i ka tundra. ʻO ka ermine kahi holoholona waena o ka ʻohana weasel. He kino elongated kona a me ka ʻāʻī, nā wāwae pōkole a me kahi poʻo e like me ka triangle. Liʻiliʻi ka pepeiao, poepoe, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka huelo me kahi kihi ʻeleʻele e like me ka palaki.
I ka hoʻoilo, he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka hulu ermine koe wale no ka piko ʻeleʻele o ka huelo. I ke kauwela, pena ʻia kēia holoholona i nā aka ʻulaʻula, a ʻo kona ʻōpū, ka umauma, ka ʻāʻī a me ka auwae he keʻokeʻo-holika.
ʻAi ka ermine i nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi, nā manu, nā moʻo, nā amphibians, a me nā iʻa. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻouka i nā holoholona i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kona nui, no ka laʻana, nā hares.
ʻOiai ko lākou liʻiliʻi, ʻike ʻia nā ermines e ka wiwo ʻole a me ka hoʻoholo paʻa ʻole, a inā ʻike lākou iā lākou iho i kahi kūlana hopohopo, holo wikiwiki lākou i ka poʻe me ke kānalua ʻole.
Bea Polar
ʻO ka mea nui a, ʻo ia paha, ka predator mana a weliweli loa o ka tundra. Noho nui ia ma nā wahi polar tundra. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana bear e kahi ʻāʻī lōʻihi lōʻihi a me kahi poʻo pālahalaha me kahi puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka hulu mānoanoa a mehana o kēia holoholona melemele a ʻaneʻane keʻokeʻo, i kekahi manawa loaʻa ka hulu hipa i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua noho nā limu microscopic i nā lua o nā lauoho.
Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ʻimi nā polar bear i nā sila, nā walrus a me nā holoholona kai ʻē aʻe, akā hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i nā iʻa make, nā moa, nā hua manu, nā mauʻu a me nā limu, a kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale e ʻūlū nei lākou i nā ʻōpala i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻōpala o ka meaʻai.
I nā kaona tundra, noho ka polar bear i ka hoʻoilo, a i ke kauwela neʻe lākou i nā wahi anu o ka Arctic.
Nā manu Tundra
ʻO ka tundra kahi home o nā manu he nui, e hōʻea mau ana i kēia mau latitude anuanu i ka puna. Eia nō naʻe, i waena o lākou kekahi e noho mau nei i ka tundra mau. Ua aʻo lākou i ka hoʻololi i ke aniau kūpikipiki i ko lākou kūpaʻa a me ka hiki ke ola i nā kūlana paʻakikī loa.
Plantain Lapland
Loaʻa kēia kamaʻāina o ka tundra ʻākau ma Siberia, a ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa, ma Nolewai a me Kuekene, loaʻa kekahi mau mea kōkua ma Kanada. Makemake ʻo ia e noho ma nā wahi puʻu i ulu nui ʻia e nā mea kanu.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa kēia manu i ka nui nui, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna plumage hoʻoilo: ʻeleʻele hina-ʻeleʻele me nā kiko ʻeleʻele a me nā kahakaha ma ke poʻo a me nā ʻeheu. Akā i ka wā hānau, ua loli ka plantain Lapland: loaʻa iā ia nā kaha ʻokoʻa o ka ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo ma ke poʻo, a huli ka hope o ke poʻo i ʻulaʻula.
Kūkulu nā mea kanu ʻo Lapland i kahi pūnana ma hope koke o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau, kūkulu iā ia ma luna o kā lākou mauʻu, nā aʻa a me nā limu, a uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao i loko me ka lauoho holoholona a me ka mauʻu.
Luku ka mea kanu Lapland i ka nui o nā makika e noho ana i ka tundra, ʻoiai lākou ka hapa nui o kāna papaʻai.
I ka hoʻoilo, ke ʻaʻohe nā kolo omo koko, ʻai ka plantain i nā ʻano mea kanu.
Pipit ʻōiwi ʻulaʻula
Noho kēia manu liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana wagtail i ka tundra Eurasian a ma ke kai komohana o Alaska. Makemake ʻo ia e noho i nā wahi momona, a, ʻo ia hoʻi, kūkulu i kahi pūnana ma luna pono o ka honua.
Ua loaʻa ka inoa o kēia kualapa ma muli o ka ʻāʻī o kona ʻāʻī a, ma kahi ʻāpana, umauma a me nā ʻaoʻao, pena ʻia i nā aka ʻulaʻula. He keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, nā maka, a me nā apo o ka maka, ʻoiai ke poʻo a me ka hope i ʻeleʻele me nā kaha ʻeleʻele.
Hīmeni ka pipit ʻāʻī ʻulaʻula, maʻamau i ka lele ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ke noho ʻo ia ma ka honua a i kahi lālā paha. ʻO ke mele ʻana o kēia manu e like me nā trill, akā pinepine ka hopena me nā kani hāwanawana.
ʻO Plover
ʻO nā one wālahi a liʻiliʻi paha, kahi hiʻohiona ʻokoʻa nona ke kūkulu paʻa, ka pila pololei pōkole, nā ʻēheu elongated a me ka huelo. ʻO nā wāwae o nā plovers he pōkole ia, ʻaʻole nā manamana hope. ʻO ka pena ʻana o ke kua a me ke poʻo i ʻeleʻele hina nui, ʻo ka ʻōpū a ma lalo o ka huelo e keʻokeʻo. Aia paha he mau kaha ʻula a keʻokeʻo ma ke poʻo a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī.
Hānai nui nā Plovers i nā invertebrates, a, ʻokoʻa ka waders ʻē aʻe, nānā lākou iā lākou, e holo wikiwiki ana ma ka honua e ʻimi i kahi pio.
Noho ʻo Plovers i ke kauwela ma ka tundra, kahi e hānai ai lākou, a i ka hoʻoilo lele lākou i ʻAkau ʻAkau a me ka ʻAlapia ʻAlapia.
Punochka
ʻO kēia manu, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka plantain hau, nā pūnana i nā ʻāpana tundra o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika.
I ka wā hānau, ʻeleʻele-a-keʻokeʻo ka nui o nā kāne, a ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele nā wahine, e hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻōpū a me ka umauma kokoke i keʻokeʻo. I ka manawa like, aia nā hulu ʻeleʻele āpau i kahi kuʻi kukui. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻololi ke kala e kūlike i ke kala o nā aniani, ulu ʻia me ka mauʻu ʻeleʻele a uhi ʻole ʻia me ka hau, ʻoiai ma laila kahi e noho ai nā huelo hau i kēia manawa o ka makahiki.
I ke kauwela, hānai kēia mau manu i nā mea kolo, i ka hoʻoilo ua hoʻololi lākou i kahi papaʻai, ʻo ka ʻāpana nui o nā hua a me nā hua.
ʻO Punochka kahi mea kamaʻāina kaulana i waena o nā lāhui e noho ana i nā panalāʻau ʻākau.
Pālena keʻokeʻo
I ke kau hoʻoilo, keʻokeʻo kona plumage, ʻoiai i ke kauwela ua mottled, brownish, interspersed me keʻokeʻo a me nā kaha ʻeleʻele i ke ʻano o nā nīnū. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia e lele, no laila, piʻi ʻo ia i ka ʻeheu ma ke ʻano he hope loa, no ka laʻana, inā makaʻu ʻo ia. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa makemake ʻo ia e peʻe a holo paha i ka honua.
Mālama nā manu i nā hipa liʻiliʻi, 5-15 i kēlā me kēia. Hoʻokumu hoʻokahi ʻia nā kāne a me ke ola.
ʻO ke kumu, hānai ʻo ptarmigan i nā meaʻai mea kanu, i kekahi manawa hiki iā lākou ke hopu a ʻai i nā invertebrates. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nā moa i nā lā mua o ko lākou ola, i hānai ʻia e ko lākou mau mākua me nā pepeke.
I ka hoʻoilo, burrows ka ptarmigan i loko o ka hau, kahi e peʻe ai mai nā mea ʻino, a, i ka manawa like, nānā i ka meaʻai i ka wā o ka nele o ka meaʻai.
Swan ʻo Tundra
Noho i ka tundra o nā ʻāpana ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia o Rūsia, a loaʻa ma ʻō a ma ʻaneʻi ma nā mokupuni. Noho i nā wahi wai hāmama. ʻAi nui ia i nā mea kanu wai, ka mauʻu, nā hua. ʻO Tundra swans e noho ana ma ka hikina o kā lākou laulā pū kekahi e hānai i nā wai invertebrates wai a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.
Ma waho, he ʻano like ia me nā swans keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, whoopers, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i ka nui. He monogamous nā swans Tundra, pili kēia mau manu i ke ola. Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana ma luna o nā puʻu, a ʻo kona ʻaoʻao o loko i uhi ʻia i lalo. I ka hāʻule, haʻalele lākou i ko lākou wahi pūnaewele a hele i ka hoʻoilo i nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa Komohana.
Pueo keʻokeʻo
ʻO ka pueo nui e noho ana i ka tundra o ʻAmelika Hema, Eurasia, Greenland a ma nā mokupuni pākahi ma ka Moana Arctic. ʻOkoʻa i ka plumage keʻokeʻo, speckled me nā kiko pōuliuli a me nā kaha. Brown nā moa pueo pueo. He hulu ko nā manu mākua ma ko lākou mau wāwae, e like me ka hulu.
ʻO ia ʻano kala e ʻae ai i kēia mea ʻaka e hoʻopunipuni iā ia iho i ke kua o ka lepo hau. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o kāna papaʻai i kūkulu ʻia i nā rodent, nā arctic hares a me nā manu. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i ka pueo keʻokeʻo ke hānai i ka iʻa, a inā ʻaʻole ma laila, a laila nahu ia i ke kino make.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa kēia manu i ka noisiness, akā i ka wā hoʻoulu holoholona hiki iā ia ke hoʻopuka i nā leo uē nui ʻole, e like me ke ʻūlū ʻana.
Ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻimi mai ka pueo hau mai ka honua, e holo wikiwiki ana i kahi mea pio e hiki ai, akā i ke ahiahi hiki ke loaʻa iā ia nā manu liʻiliʻi i ka lele ʻana.
Nā mea kolo a me nā amphibians
ʻAʻole ka tundra kahi noho kūpono loa no nā mea aloha wela. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka aneane ʻaʻohe mea kolo ma laila. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa he ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea kolo i hoʻokele i ka hoʻololi i ke aniau anuanu. Aia ʻelua wale nō ʻano amphibians i ka tundra: ʻo ka salamander Siberian a me ka toad maʻamau.
Kālī palupalu
E pili ana i ka nui o nā moʻo wāwae wāwae ʻole. Ua lōʻihi kona lōʻihi i 50 knm. Brownish ke kala, hina hina a keleawe paha, loaʻa i nā kāne nā mālamalama a me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele i nā ʻaoʻao, nā kala like ʻole nā wahine. I ka puna, hana kēia moʻo i ke ao, a i ke kauwela he pō. Hūnā i nā lua, nā ʻaʻa popopo, nā ahu o nā lālā. ʻAʻohe wāwae o ka manamana, no laila, kuhi pinepine ka poʻe me ka nahesa.
ʻAno moʻo Viviparous
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ke ʻano o kēia mau mea kolo i ke anuanu ma mua o nā ʻano moʻo o nā moʻo, a no laila, e hoʻonui ana ko lākou pae i ka ʻākau a hiki i nā latitu ʻoi loa. Loaʻa pū lākou i ka tundra. ʻO nā moʻo ʻo Viviparous ʻeleʻele, me nā kaha ʻeleʻele i nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻōpū o nā kāne he ʻulaʻula ʻalani, a ʻōmaʻomaʻo a melemele paha nā wahine.
ʻAi kēia mau mea kolo i nā invertebrates, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻeleka. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike pehea e nau i ka mea pio, a no laila, hana nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi i kā lākou mea pio.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau moʻo ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki ola, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano maʻamau no ka hapanui o nā mea kolo e waiho hua.
Mūnewai maʻamau
ʻO kēia moʻo kolo, ʻoi aku ka makemake i nā anuanu anuanu, maikaʻi i nā kūlana tundra. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono ʻo ia e hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o ka makahiki i ka hibernation, e hūnā ana ma kahi o ka lua a i ʻole i ka ʻāwaha. I ke kauwela makemake ʻo ia e kolo i waho e luʻu i ka lā. ʻAi ʻo ia i nā rodents, amphibians a me nā moʻo, i kekahi manawa hiki iā ia ke luku i nā pūnana manu i kūkulu ʻia ma ka honua.
ʻOkoʻa i ke kala kumu hina, brownish a ʻulaʻula paha. Ma ka hope o ka viper aia kahi hiʻohiʻona pouli zigzag i haʻi maopopo ʻia.
ʻAʻole huhū ka viper i kekahi kanaka a inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻopā iā ia, e kolo mālie ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana.
Siberian salamander
ʻO kēia newt ka amphibian hoʻokahi i hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana permafrost. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike iki ʻo ia i ka tundra, ʻoiai pili kona ʻano me nā ululāʻau taiga. ʻAi nui ia i nā mea kolo a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe.
ʻO Glycerin, hana ʻia e ko lākou ake ma mua o ka hibernation, kōkua i kēia mau mea hou e ola i ke anuanu.
I ka huina, ʻo ka nui o ka glycerin e pili ana i ke kaumaha o ke kino i nā salamanders i kēia manawa o ka makahiki i kahi 40%.
Pepeʻa maʻamau
ʻO kahi amphibian nui nui, uhi ʻia me ka ʻili wart o brownish, ʻoliva, terracotta a me nā aka one. I ka taiga hānai nui ia i nā pepeke. Hūnā ʻia i loko o nā lua i ʻeli ʻia e nā rodents liʻiliʻi, emi pinepine ma lalo o kahi pōhaku. Ke hoʻouka ʻia e nā mea ʻino, piʻi aʻe i kona mau wāwae a kū i kahi hoʻoweliweli.
Iʻa
ʻO nā kahawai e kahe ana i loko o ka tundra waiwai i nā iʻa o nā ʻano salemona e pili ana i ka genus whitefish. He kuleana nui lākou i ka kaiaola tundra, ʻoiai lākou he ʻāpana o ka papaʻai o nā ʻano predator.
ʻO Whitefish
Aia ma mua o 65 mau laha i kēia genus, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou helu kikoʻī. ʻO nā iʻa keʻokeʻo āpau he iʻa kālepa waiwai, a no laila ke emi nei ko lākou helu i nā kahawai. ʻAi ʻia ʻo Whitefish i nā iʻa waena, plankton a me nā crustacean liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā lunamaka kaulana loa o kēia ʻano, he iʻa keʻokeʻo, iʻa keʻokeʻo, muksun, kēkē, omul.
Punawelewele Tundra
ʻO ka tundra kahi home o nā nananana he nui. Aia ma waena o lākou nā ʻano e like me nā spider wolf, spider hay, spider weaver.
Punawelewele hihiu
Noho lākou i nā wahi āpau, koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica. Noho kaʻawale nā spider Wolf. Alualu paha lākou i ka hele ʻana a puni i kā lākou mau mea e ʻimi ai i kahi pio, a i ʻole e noho hoʻohālua i kahi lua. Ma ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole ikaika lākou i ka poʻe, akā inā hoʻonāukiuki kekahi iā lākou, hiki iā lākou ke nahu. ʻAʻohe mea makaʻu i nā kānaka ka lāʻau make o nā spider wolf e noho nei i ka tundra, akā kumu ia i nā ʻano ʻoluʻolu ʻole e like me ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻili a me ka ʻeha pōkole.
ʻO kahi punawelewele o kēia ʻano, ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki, kau i nā kolo ma luna o kona ʻōpū luna a halihali iā lākou ma luna ona a hiki i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai lākou e ʻimi iā lākou iho.
Punawelewele Hay
Hoʻohanohano ʻia kēia mau spider e kahi kino nui a voluminous hoʻi a lahilahi a me nā wāwae lōʻihi, a ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ʻo nā spider wāwae lōʻihi. Noho pinepine lākou i nā hale o ka poʻe, kahi a lākou e koho ai i nā wahi mehana ma ke ʻano he wahi noho.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano punawelewele ko lākou mau ʻupena hei: ʻaʻole pili loa lākou, akā he ʻano ke ʻano o ka ulana ulana ʻana o nā pae, kahi a ka mea i hoʻāʻo e hoʻāʻo nei e pakele mai ka hei, a ʻoi aku ka hihia i laila.
Ulana lole Punawelewele
Loaʻa kēia mau ʻanalā i nā wahi āpau. Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ulana lākou i nā ʻupena triangular liʻiliʻi i hopu lākou i kā lākou mea pio. Alualu lākou i nā dipterans liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o waho o kēia mau nananana, he cephalothorax oval nui, a aneane like ia me ka nui i ka ʻōpū i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka hope.
Nā Pepelu
ʻAʻole nui nā ʻano kolo i ka tundra. ʻO ke kumu, he mau lunamaka kēia o ka genus Diptera, e like me nā makika, ʻoi aku, hānai ka hapanui o lākou i ke koko o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.
ʻO Gnus
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea ʻānai hānai koko e noho ana i ka tundra i kapa ʻia ka gnat. Hoʻopili kēia i nā makika, nā midges, nā nalu nahu, nā lio. He ʻumikūmālua mau ʻano makika i ka taiga.
Hoʻoikaika nui ka gnus i ke kauwela, ke hana ʻia ka papa luna o nā wai Permafrost thaws a me nā mākeke. I loko o kekahi mau pule wale nō, hānau nā mea ʻānai hānai koko i nā helu he nui.
ʻO ke kumu, hānai ka gnat i ke koko o nā holoholona wela a me nā kānaka, akā ʻo ka nahu ʻana i nā lihi hiki ke nahu i nā mea kolo, inā ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe e pono ai.
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻeha mai nā nahu ʻana mai i lawohu ʻia e ka lawena insect i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā ʻeha, ʻo ka nū kekahi mea lawe i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi he nui. ʻO ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia ai nā wahi kahi e nui ai ka mea paʻakikī e hele a hoʻāʻo ka poʻe e noho kaʻawale iā lākou e like me ka hiki.
I ka tundra, kahi e huli pinepine ai kēlā me kēia lā i kahi paio no ke ola, pono nā holoholona e hoʻololi i nā ʻano pae paʻakikī. ʻO nā mea ʻoi loa e ola ma aneʻi, a i ʻole ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana kūloko. Hoʻomaopopo ka hapanui o nā holoholona a me nā manu e ka huluhulu mānoanoa a i ʻole ka plumage, a ʻo ko lākou kala nā camouflage. No kekahi, kōkua kēia kala e hūnā mai nā mea ʻino, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka mea ʻē aʻe, e hei i ka mea i hoʻohālua a i ʻole sneak iā ia me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka poʻe i hiki ʻole ke kūpono i kēia mau ʻano e noho ai i ka tundra i nā manawa a pau, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, pono lākou e neʻe i nā wahi mehana a i ʻole hele i loko o ka hibernation i mea e ola ai i nā mahina hoʻoilo o ka makahiki i ka hoʻolalelale ʻia ʻana o ka Animation
