ʻO ka tailless Toxic kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka papa nui o nā amphibians, e pili ana i ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ai ka huaʻōlelo hoʻopono "frogs make".
Mea hana ʻona
Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Tailless e 6 tausani mau lā hou, kahi i ʻokoʻa ai ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā rana a me nā toads. Hoʻomaopopo ka mea ma mua i ka ʻili ʻili, a ʻo ka hope he amphibians warty me ka ʻole o kahi huelo, ʻaʻole ia he ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ke koi nei nā biologists ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi evolution evolution kokoke i nā rana ma mua o nā pēpē ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā amphibians āpau e hana i nā toxins i manaʻo ʻia he ʻona a me ka ʻawahia ʻelua, ʻoiai hāʻawi ʻia lākou i kahi ʻano pale mai ka wā hānau mai, akā ʻaʻohe o nā mea hoʻouka kaua (nā niho / nāwi).
I nā toads, nā gland suprascapular me nā huna ʻona (ʻo kēlā me kēia me nā lobus alveolar 30) aia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, ma luna o nā maka. Hoʻopau ka alveoli i nā auwaha e hohola i ka ʻili o ka ʻili, akā pani ʻia e nā plug inā mālie ke toad.
Hoihoi. Aia nā aʻa parotid ma kahi o 70 mg o bufotoxin, kahi (ke ʻokiʻoki i nā gland me nā niho) kipaku i nā plugs mai nā aʻa, komo i loko o ka waha o ka mea hoʻouka a laila i loko o ka pharynx, e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻona nui.
ʻO kahi hihia kaulana i ka wā i kanu ʻia ai kahi toad ʻona ma luna o kahi hawk pololi e noho ana i loko o kahi pā. Lālau ka manu a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻūʻī, akā haʻalele koke i ka pahu a hūnā i kahi kihi. Noho ʻo ia ma laila, ruffled, a make i kekahi mau minuke ma hope.
ʻAʻole hana nā rana ʻawahia i kā lākou iho, akā kiʻi pinepine ʻia iā lākou mai nā arthropods, nā ants a me nā nalo. I ke kino, loli a mau ʻole paha nā toxins (kaukaʻi ʻia i ka metabolism), akā nalowale ka rana i kāna mea ʻona ke pau ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻano ʻenekema.
He aha ka mea make ma nā rana
Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe Tailless e pili ana i ka mea ʻawaʻawa me kahi kala i hopu ʻia, a, me ka manaʻolana e pakele mai nā ʻenemi mai, hana kope ʻia e nā ʻano ʻona ʻona ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi mau mea ʻino (e laʻa me kahi salamander gigantic a me kahi moʻo kolo) e hoʻopau mālie i nā amphibians ʻona me ka hōʻeha ʻole i ko lākou olakino.
Hāpai ka lāʻau make i kahi hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i nā mea ola āpau i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia me ia, e like me nā kānaka, i ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka lāʻau make, a i ka hopena maikaʻi loa - ka make. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā amphibians tailless e hana i kahi lāʻau make o ke kumu ʻole protein (bufotoxin), a lilo i mea weliweli wale nō i kekahi ana.
ʻO ka hoʻohui kemika o ka lāʻau make, ma ke ʻano he kaulike, pili i ke ʻano o ka amphibian a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole:
- nā hallucinogens;
- nā ʻalalā nerve;
- nā mea hoʻonāukiuki o kaʻili;
- nā vasoconstrictors;
- nā polokina e hoʻopau i nā hunaola ʻulaʻula;
- cardiotoxins a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻoholo pū ʻia ke ʻano e ka nohona a me nā nohona o nā rana ʻawahia: ʻo ka poʻe o lākou e noho nui ana i ka ʻāina me ka mea kaua me nā holoholona ʻinoʻino. Ua hoʻohuli ka nohona terrestrial i ka huna ʻona o nā toads - ua hoʻomalu ʻia e nā cardiotoxins nāna e hoʻopilikia i ka hana o ka puʻuwai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. I nā huna soapy o nā toads, aia ka bombesin, e alakaʻi ana i ka wāwahi ʻana o nā erythrocytes. Hoʻomaʻalili ka mucus Whitish i nā membrane mucous o ke kanaka, e ʻeha ai nā poʻo a me nā haʻalulu. Make nā rodents ma hope o ke komo ʻana o bombesin i kahi mahele o 400 mg / kg.
ʻOiai ko lākou ʻona, toads (a me nā tailless ʻino ʻino) pau pinepine i ka papa o nā rana, nāhesa, kekahi manu a me nā holoholona. Kau ka moa ʻo Australia i ka toad aga ma kona kua, pepehi iā ia me kona nuku a ʻai, hoʻolei i kona poʻo me nā glandous.
ʻO ka mea make o ka toad ma Colorado me 5-MeO-DMT (kahi mea psychotropic ikaika) a me ka alkaloid bufotenine. ʻAʻole hōʻeha ʻia ka hapa nui o nā toads e kā lākou lāʻau make, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i nā rana: hiki i kahi mea piʻi lau liʻiliʻi ke hāʻule mai kāna lāʻau make ponoʻī inā komo ia i ke kino ma o kahi ʻōpala.
I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa i nā mea kālaimeaola mai ka California Academy of Science kahi kikoʻī ma Nūkini e "hoʻolako" nā rana me ka batrachotoxin. Ma ka launa ʻana me kahi nalo (kapa ʻia ka poʻe aborigine ʻo Choresine), ʻike ʻia ke kani ʻana a me ka numbness ʻili o ka ʻili. Ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana ma kahi o 400 mau nīnū, ʻike nā ʻAmelika i nā mea ʻokoʻa, me nā ʻano BTX (batrachotoxins) i ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o lākou.
Hoʻohana kanaka i ka lāʻau make
Ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka slime o nā rana ʻino no kāna kumu i manaʻo ʻia - e alualu i ka pāʻani a luku i nā ʻenemi. Aia ka nui o ka lāʻau make (BTXs + homobatrachotoxin) i loko o ka ʻili o ka ʻAmelika i ʻike ai i ka rana lāʻau ʻona i lawa no nā ʻumi mau pua i hiki ke pepehi a hōʻino paha i nā holoholona nui. Ua hamo ka poʻe ʻimi i nā pua kī i ke kua o ka amphibian a hānai i nā pua i nā pū kī. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua helu nā mea kālaolaola i ka ʻawa o kekahi o kēlā ʻano rana, ua lawa ia e make ai nā ʻiole he 22 tausani.
Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻike, ua hana ka lāʻau make o ka toad-aga i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau mua: ua lick maʻalahi ʻia mai ka ʻili a puhi ʻia paha, ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe biologists ʻo ka lāʻau make o Bufo alvarius (toad toad) he hallucinogen mana hou aʻe - hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻomaha.
ʻO Epibatidine ka inoa o kahi mea i loaʻa i ka batrachotoxin. ʻO kēia mea hōʻeha ʻeha he 200 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka morphine a ʻaʻole ia he mea hōʻona. ʻOiaʻiʻo, kokoke i ka make ka lāʻau lapaʻau o epibatidine.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale pū kekahi ʻo Biochemists i kahi peptide mai ka ʻili o nā amphibians hu ʻole e pale ai i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi HIV (akā ʻaʻole i pau kēia noiʻi ʻana).
ʻO Antidote no ka lāʻau make o nā rana
I ko mākou manawa, ua aʻo nā ʻepekema e synthesize i ka batrachotoxin, ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa ia i kona ʻano i ka kūlohelohe, akā ʻaʻole i hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa kahi lāʻau antidote iā ia. Ma muli o ka nele o ka android maikaʻi, nā manipule āpau me nā rana ʻaʻa make, ʻo ia hoʻi, me kahi piʻi piʻi weliweli, e akahele loa. Hoʻopili ka toxin i ka puʻuwai, nā ʻōnaehana a me nā ʻōnaehana holoholo, komo i loko o nā abrasion / ʻokiʻoki i ka ʻili, no laila ʻaʻole pono e lawe ʻia kahi rana ʻino i ka nahelehele me nā lima kau ʻole.
Nā ʻāina me nā rana ʻawahia
Kuhikuhi ʻia nā rana (kekahi mau ʻano o nā mea e hoʻopuka i nā batrachotoxins) i manaʻo ʻia he endemic i ʻAmelika Waena a me ʻAmelika Hema. Noho kēia mau rana ʻawahia i nā ulu nahele o nā ʻāina e like me:
- Bolivia a me Brazil;
- ʻO Venezuela lāua ʻo Guyana;
- ʻO Costa Rica a me Colombia;
- ʻO Nicaragua lāua ʻo Suriname;
- Panamā a me Peru;
- Guiana Palani;
- Ekuakola.
Ma nā wahi like, ʻike ʻia ka toad aga, hoʻolauna pū ʻia ma Australia, hema o Florida (USA), Pilipine, Caribbean a me nā mokupuni ʻo ka Pākīpika. Ua noho ka toad ma ke komohana hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka ʻākau o Mekiko. ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, a ʻo Rūkia hoʻi, kahi i noho ʻia e nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - nā kālika maʻamau, nā kāʻei ʻulaʻula, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā hina.
TOP 8 mau rana ʻawahia ma ka honua
ʻAneʻane ʻo nā rana make āpau kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻohana rana lāʻau ma kahi o 120 mau ʻano. Ma muli o ko lākou kala ʻōlinolino, makemake lākou e mālama i nā aquarium, no ka mea pau ke ʻino o nā amphibians i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ke hoʻōki nei lākou i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea ʻino ʻino.
ʻO nā mea weliweli loa i loko o ka ʻohana o nā katana pana pua, kahi e hoʻohui ai i nā 9 genera, i kapa ʻia he mau rana liʻiliʻi (2 cm) mai ke ʻano o nā poʻe piʻi lau e noho ana i ka Colombian Andes.
Piʻi lau weliweli (Latin Phyllobates terribilis)
ʻO kahi pā māmā i kēia wahi liʻiliʻi 1 g frog ka mea make make ʻino, kahi mea pūʻiwa ʻole - hoʻopuka kahi mea kolo lau i 500 μg o batrachotoxin. ʻO Kokoe (e like me ke kapa ʻana a ka poʻe Aborigine iā ia), ʻoiai kona kala lemon ʻālohilohi, ʻike maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma waena o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo tropical.
Luring i kahi rana, hoʻohālike nā Indians i kāna croaking a laila hopu iā ia, e kia ana i ka uē hoʻihoʻi. Hoʻomaʻa lākou i nā kihi o kā lākou pua me ka lāʻau kolo lau - make ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia mai ka hopu ʻana i ka hanu ma muli o ka hana wikiwiki o BTXs, kahi mea e lolo ai nā mākala hanu. Ma mua o ka lawe ʻana i ka piʻi piʻi weliweli i ka lima, wahī nā ʻāpala iā lākou i nā lau.
Pikiʻi lau bicolor (Latin Phyllobates bicolor)
Noho ia i nā ululāʻau o ka ʻaoʻao komohana komohana o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ka hapa nui o ke komohana ʻo Colombia, a ʻo ia ka mea lawe i ka lua o nā mea ʻona (ma hope o ka mea kolo lau weliweli) ʻona. Loaʻa iā ia ka batrachotoxin, a ma kahi mahele o 150 mg, nā huna ʻino o nā mea kolo lau bicolor e alakaʻi ai i ka palapū o nā mākia hanu a laila make.
Hoihoi. ʻO kēia nā lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka ʻohana palaka dart: ulu nā wahine a 5-5.5 knm, nā kāne - mai ka 4.5 a i ka 5. He ʻokoʻa ke kala o ke kino mai ka melemele a i ka ʻalani, e lilo ana i mau aniani uliuli / ʻeleʻele ma nā lālā.
ʻO ka zana dart a Zimmerman (lat.Ranitomeya variabilis)
Malia paha ka rana nani loa o ka genus Ranitomeya, akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi iki ka lāʻau ʻona ma mua o kona mau hoahānau pili. Me he mea lā ke pāʻani a ke keiki, uhi ʻia ke kino nona ka pena ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a pena ʻia nā wāwae me ka pena polū. ʻO ka hoʻopā ʻana o nā kiko ʻeleʻele ʻōlinolino i hoʻopuehu ʻia i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā polū.
ʻIke ʻia kēia mau nani tropical i ka Basin Amazon (Colombia komohana), a ma nā kapuaʻe hikina hoʻi o nā Andes ma Ecuador a me Peru. Manaʻo ʻia he hoʻokahi ʻenemi wale nā rana dart lāʻau make - hoʻokahi i pane ʻole i kā lākou lāʻau make i kēlā me kēia ʻano.
Little dog frog (lat.Oophaga pumilio)
ʻO ka rana ʻulaʻula ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ka 1.7-2.4 cm ke kiʻekiʻe me nā ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ʻeleʻele i ʻūlū ʻeleʻele. ʻUlaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻulaʻula-uliuli a keʻokeʻo paha ka ʻōpū. ʻAi nā amphibians makua i nā spider a me nā kolo liʻiliʻi, e komo pū ana me nā naonao, nā mea e hāʻawi aku ai i nā lāʻau make i nā ʻōpū o nā rana.
Hana ke kala catchy i kekahi mau hana:
- nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli;
- hāʻawi i ke kūlana i nā kāne (ʻoi aku ka mālamalama, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe);
- ʻae i nā wahine e koho i nā hoa alpha.
Noho nā rana dart liʻiliʻi ma ka ululāʻau mai Nicaragua a hiki i Panama, ma ke kapakai ʻo Caribbean holoʻokoʻa o Central America, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 0.96 km ma luna o ka ʻilikai.
Pōlū pālua nane (Lākina Dendrobates azureus)
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia palaka nani (a i 5 cm) ma mua o ka piʻi piʻi weliweli, akā ʻo kāna mea make, hui pū ʻia me ke kala momona, hiki ke makaʻu i nā ʻenemi kūpono āpau. Hoʻohui, pale ka mucus kūpale i ka amphibian mai ka fungi a me ka bacteria.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. ʻO Okopipi (e like me kā ka Indians i kapa ai i ka rana) he kino polū me nā kiko ʻeleʻele a me nā wāwae polū. Ma muli o kāna pae liʻiliʻi, nona ka wahi e holoholo nei ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka ululāʻau o nā ululāʻau e pili ana, hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka rana polū dart me ka make.
I kēia manawa noho ka laha i kahi palena palena kokoke i Brazil, Guyana a me French Guiana. I ka hema o Suriname, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā rana ʻaʻa polū ma kekahi o nā kalana ʻoi loa, ʻo Sipalivini, kahi e noho ai lākou i nā ululāʻau tropika a me nā savannas.
Bicolor hemllomedusa (Lakina Phyllomedusa bicolor)
ʻO kēia rana ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui mai nā kahakai o ka Amazon ʻaʻole pili i nā rana puaʻa make, akā ua ʻelele ʻia e ka ʻohana Phyllomedusidae. ʻO nā kāne (9-10.5 cm) heʻuʻuku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā wahine, e ulu ana a 11-12 cm. ʻO nā kāne o nā kāne ʻelua i like ke kala - ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kaona a i ʻole ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo, nā manamana brown brown.
ʻAʻole weliweli ʻo Bicolor phyllomedusa e like me nā mea kolo lau, akā hāʻawi ʻia kāna mau huna ʻona i kahi hopena hallucinogenic a alakaʻi i nā maʻi gastrointestinal. Hoʻohana nā mea hoʻōla mai nā ʻohana India i nā mucus maloʻo e kāpae i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau make o ka lua-kala nā kalaʻelima ke hoʻomaka i ka poʻe ʻōpio mai nā ʻohana kūloko.
ʻO Golden Mantella (lat. Mariella aurantiaca)
Hiki ke loaʻa kēia mea ʻona hoʻonanea i kahi wahi (me kahi ʻona ma kahi o 10 km²) ma ka hikina o Madagascar. He lālā ka laha o ka genus Mantella o ka ʻohana Mantella a, e like me ka IUCN, hoʻoweliweli i ka make ʻana, no ka nui o nā ululāʻau nui o nā ululāʻau tropical.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. ʻO kahi rana makua makua, maʻa mau ka wahine, ulu a hiki i 2.5 knm, a ʻo kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e piʻi i ka 3.1 cm. He ʻalani ʻalani ka amphibian, kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai kahi hue ʻulaʻula a melemele-ʻalani. ʻIke ʻia nā kiko ʻulaʻula i nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻūhā. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka'ōpū ma mua o ke kua.
He ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻōpio a ʻaʻole ʻawahia i kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe. Lawe ʻo Golden Mantellae i nā mea make i ko lākou oʻo ʻana, e omo ana i nā ʻano ʻenemi a me nā kauā. ʻO ka hoʻohui a me ka mana o ka mea make e pili i ka meaʻai / wahi noho, akā e hoʻopili pū i nā mea hoʻohui kemika aʻe:
- allopumiliotoxin;
- pyrrolizidine;
- selectotoxin;
- quinolizidine;
- homopumiliotoxin;
- indolizidine, etc.
Hoʻolālā ʻia ka hui ʻana o kēia mau mea e pale aku i ka amphibian mai nā fungi a me nā bacteria, a me ka hoʻoweliweli hoʻi i nā holoholona ʻiʻo.
Toad-bellied toad (lat. Bombina bombina)
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i kāna lāʻau make me ka hua o ka puaʻa puaʻa make. ʻO ka nui e hoʻoweliweli i ke kanaka ke ʻūlū, ka waimaka a me ka ʻeha ke loaʻa ka huna i ka ʻili. Akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka manawa o ko kāua mau makaʻāinana e hālāwai aku ai me kahi manamana wili ʻulaʻula ma mua o ka hiki ke hehi i kahi rana dart, ʻoiai ua noho ia ma ʻEulopa, e hoʻomaka ana mai Denmark a me Sweden hema me ka hopu ʻana iā Hungary, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria a me Russia.
