ʻO ka pōpoki paʻakikī loa ma ka honua - ua mālama ʻia kēia poʻo inoa i haʻi ʻole ʻia e nā leopadi o ka Hikina Hema, nona ke kūlana (e kūʻē i ke kua o nā ʻāpana leopadi ʻē aʻe) i ʻike nui ʻia.
Ka wehewehe o ka leopadi hikina loa
ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻi i ka makahiki 1857, ma lalo o ka inoa kikoʻī Felis orientalis, i wehewehe ʻia e ka mea kūlohelohe Kelemania ʻo Hermann Schlegel, nāna i aʻo i ka ʻili o kahi holoholona i hoʻomake ʻia ma Korea. He nui nā inoa o ka mea ʻaihue - ka Manchu (hala ʻole) a i ʻole ka leopadi ʻAmur, ka leopadi ʻo Far Hikina a i ʻole East Siberian East, a me ka leopadi Amur. Ua loaʻa ka laha i ka inoa Lākina hou Panthera pardus orientalis ma 1961 mahalo iā Ingrid Weigel.
Helehelena
He holoholona hihiu ikaika me nā hulu nani kupaianaha nona ke ʻano kiko e like me kā mākou manamana lima... Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona e ʻike ai i nā leopadi Amur e nānā ʻia nei i ke ʻano. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka leopadi hikina ma mua o ka Tiga i ka nui, ke loaʻa nei i ke kanaka makua he 50-70 kg me ka lōʻihi o 1.1-1.4 m. Akā he leʻaleʻa ko ka leopadi (a hiki i ka 0.9 m), ʻaneʻane like me ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
Ma ke poʻo liʻiliʻi, hoʻonoho ākea ʻia nā pepeiao, poepoe nā maka, poepoe nā maka, poepoe ka haumāna, i ka waha (e like me nā felines he nui) he 30 mau niho a me kahi elelo puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu e kōkua e holoi a hoʻokaʻawale hoʻi i ka ʻiʻo mai nā iwi. He mau wāwae ikaika ākea ka leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mua. Hoʻokomo ʻia lākou me nā māiʻuʻu loa a wili hoʻi, a ka mea ʻaihue e huki ai i ka wā e hele wāwae ana i ʻole e ʻōpala.
Hoihoi ia! I ke kauwela, ʻelua mau pōkole o ka hulu hipa ma mua o ka hoʻoilo: ma ke anuanu e ulu a 5 cm (ma ka ʻōpū a 7 cm). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hulu hoʻoilo ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia he fluffy ma muli o kona paʻa paʻa i ke kino.
Kūleʻa ke anuanu mai ka melemele māmā a i ka ʻulaʻula melemele me nā hue gula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula. I ke kauwela, e mālamalama ka lole. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao o ka leopadi a me ka waho o nā lālā e māmā mau i ke kala.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kāhiko hoʻohanohano no nā kiko ʻeleʻele paʻa i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma luna o ke kino a kōkua ʻia e nā rosette (nā pōʻai ʻeleʻele ʻole e hoʻopili i ke kala ʻulaʻula i loko o lākou iho). ʻAe kēia kala i ka mea ʻānō e hoʻowalewale iā ia iho i ka wā e ʻimi holoholona ana: nā kiko e ʻike maka i nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino, a ʻaʻole ia e ʻike ʻia i ka nahele.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ke ola o ka leopadi hikina loa e ke aniau ʻino a me nā kumu maʻamau o nā pōpoki hihiu: ʻo ka mea mehameha ke ʻano mehameha, ka ʻāina kūloko, hana i ka auwina lā a me ka pō. No ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana me nā congeners, hoʻohana ia i ka leo, ʻike a me nā kaha pilau, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā māka. Hoʻopili ka mea mua i nā māka hopu ma nā pahu, nā kaulahao, a me ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo a me ka hau. Haʻalele ka pilau me ka mimi a me nā ʻino.
Ke hoʻohana nei ka leopadi i kāna panalāʻau, nā ala mau a me nā hale noho no nā makahiki he nui, e kāohi ikaika ana i ke alo o kēlā me kēia kāne o ka wahine like. ʻAʻole pili ke kūlana a me kahi o nā hoʻolālā pilikino i ka wā a noho mau ʻole i loko o ka makahiki.
ʻAʻole komo nā kāne i ka panalāne o nā kāne, a me nā wahine i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahine ʻē aʻe, akā ʻo nā panalāʻau o nā kāne e komo pū me nā panalāʻau o kekahi mau wahine i kipa ʻia i ka wā o Rut. ʻO kekahi mea maʻalea ʻo ia ka leopadi e nānā pono i ka inviolability o kā lākou kikowaena ʻāpana, akā ʻaʻole ka waho.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka pūnaewele kāne he 250-500 km ², he mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka wahi o nā wahine, ʻo 110-130 km² ma ka awelika. Hele wāwae ka leopadi ʻo Amur a puni kāna ʻāina ponoʻī, e kaha ana i nā kumulāʻau me kona mau māiʻuʻu a waiho i nā kaha ʻala ma nā palena.
I kēia ala absentia, hoʻokaʻawale nā holoholona i ka ʻāina, ka palena ʻana iā lākou iho, inā pono, i nā hoʻoweliweli a me ka hele ʻana i nā hakakā pololei. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā mea nānā ke ʻano o ka hakakā make ma waena o nā leopadi, ʻoiai ua ʻike lākou i nā hōʻailona o ka hakakā ma waena o ʻelua kāne no nā palena kūlana. Ua haʻi aku kekahi o nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻi ʻia ʻana o ka leopadi ʻōpio, e māka ana i ka ʻāina o haʻi, me kāna mea nāna, ka mea i loaʻa i ka mea kino ʻole, a hoʻokele iā ia i loko o kahi kumulāʻau a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi pāhaʻi demonstrative.
ʻAʻole makemake nā leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina i ka hau hohonu, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻāʻo ʻole ai lākou e noho ma ka ʻākau ʻē aʻe.... I ka hoʻoilo, e hōʻalo nei i nā hau hau, neʻe nā mea neʻe i ke ala, nā ala holoholona a me nā alanui. Hānai nā Leopadi i ka hapa mua o ka pō, e hele ana i hoʻokahi hola a ʻelua paha ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. Hele pū lākou i ka lua wai ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. Hāʻawi ka hana Twilight i ke ao, keu hoʻi i nā lā ua a i ʻole ka hau.
Mea nui! He nānā pono ka leopadi Amur, mahalo iā ia e ʻike ai i kahi mea hiki ke hōʻeha ʻia i kahi mamao a 1.5 km. ʻAʻole hoʻemi maikaʻi ʻia ka lohe a me ke ʻano o ka honi, ke kōkua ʻana e hōʻalo i ka hui ʻana me ke kanaka.
ʻO ka leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina, ʻaʻole like me kona ʻohana hema, ʻaʻole hoʻouka i ka poʻe, makemake e hele akahele ma hope o lākou, me ka hāʻawi ʻole i kona alo. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻike ʻia ke kanaka e nā leopadi ʻōpio, nona ke ʻano hoihoi e kuhikuhi ʻia e ka makahiki.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o nā leopadi Amur
I ka nahelehele, ʻaʻole noho lōʻihi nā lunamaka o nā laha, he 10-15 mau makahiki wale nō, akā ʻelua mau manawa ke lōʻihi, a hiki i 20 mau makahiki, i nā pā holoholona.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻAʻohe o ka ʻokoʻa wahine Anatomical ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, koe wale no ka māmā o ka iwi poʻo o nā wahine a me kā lākou liʻiliʻi, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kāne, ka nui. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka wahine ma waena o 25-42.5 kg.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO ka leopadi mamao loa o ka hikina ka pale hau o ka ʻaneʻane he 30 mau mea i ʻike ʻia o Panthera pardus, e noho ana ma ka ʻākau o ka 45th parallel. I ka manawa e uhi ka laulā o ka leopadi Amur i ka Hikina hikina i ka pali holoʻokoʻa ʻo Sikhote-Alin. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua komo ka ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka leopadi Amur:
- Kina Hikina / ʻĀkau-Hikina;
- Nā moku ʻo Amur a me Ussuri;
- Kōlea Kōlea.
I kēia lā, ua ola kahi holoholona laha ʻole i ko mākou ʻāina (ma kahi ākea 50-60 km ākea) ma ka hema-komohana o Primorye, a malia paha, noho kekahi mau kānaka ma Kina, e hele ana i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka palena o Lūkia-Kina.
E like me ka hapa nui o nā mea hōkai, ʻaʻole pili paʻa ka leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina me kekahi ʻano o ka nohona, akā ʻoi aku ka makemake i nā ʻāina kiki me nā ʻūlū pali, kahi e loaʻa ai nā wai a me nā puka pōhaku.
Noho ka leopadi Amur i nā ʻāina kolohe me nā ululāʻau coniferous-deciduous i hoʻopā ʻole ʻia, ma waena o nā lāʻau ʻoka a me nā kedera, kahi e loaʻa nui ai nā ungulate - kāna mea pio nui.
Mea nui! ʻO ka pilikia he kakaikahi loa ia mau nahele e waiho nei ma Primorye. Mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia ma mua o ka hope, ma muli o ke kau ʻana o nā alaloa, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale a me ka loiloi nui ʻana, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka pae mōʻaukala o ka leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina 40 (!) Times.
I kēia lā, ʻokiʻoki ʻia ka leopadi mai nā ʻaoʻao āpau (ma waena o ka palena o Kina, ke kai, nā wahi noho a puni ʻo Vladivostok a me ke alaloa ʻo Vladivostok-Khabarovsk, kahi e holo ai ke alahao) a ua hoʻokau ʻia e hana me kahi kaʻawale a hiki i ka 400 hectare. ʻO kēia kona laulā hou.
Kaʻai leopadi hikina loa
He ʻaihue maoli ka Leopadi Amur, nona ka papaʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o nā ungulate, i hoʻopuni pinepine ʻia me nā manu a me nā mea kolo.
Huli ka leopadi i kēia pāʻani e like me:
- dia dia a me nā dia musk;
- puaʻa ʻōpio;
- dia sika;
- keiki bipi ʻulaʻula;
- nā ʻauʻau hazel a me nā pheasants;
- ʻīlio lākeke;
- Badger lāua ʻo Manchu hare.
He ʻenemi nā haku o nā māla dia i nā leopadi, kahi e komo ai nā holoholona i kēlā me kēia manawa, e ʻohi ana i nā dia paka.
Hoihoi ia! Pono kahi predator makua i 1 ungulate nui no 12-15 mau lā, akā i kekahi manawa ka manawa ma waena o ka hopu ʻana i nā mea pio pono e pālua, a 20 mau lā. Ua aʻo ka holoholona i ka hoʻomanawanui i ka hahau lōʻihi ʻana.
Hōʻalo pinepine ka leopadi i nā kiko koho o kāna pūnaewele, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 2 mau hana maʻamau: hoʻouka ia mai kahi hoʻohālua a hūnā paha i kāna mea i hōʻeha ʻia. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hana ʻelua no nā dia roe, hūnā iā lākou ke hānai a hoʻomaha paha lākou. Aia kekahi mau forays hui o ka leopadi wahine me kahi puaʻa. Ke ʻimi nei i kāna mea pio, hahai ka leopadi ʻo Amur i ka ʻāina, hūnā ma hope o nā kiʻekiʻe, me ka hehi ʻole ʻana i nā lālā maloʻo / lau, a me ka hehi pono ʻana i nā aʻa a me nā pōhaku i hōʻike ʻia.
Hoʻopiʻi ia i ka pāʻani me kahi jerk ʻoi aku ka nui a i ʻole kahi lele 5-6 mika ikaika, e hoʻolei iā ia i ka honua a nahu i kāna iwi ʻiwi. ʻAʻole ia e alualu i nā holoholona no ka manawa lōʻihi, e hoʻokū ana i ka alualu inā hele lākou ma kahi mamao. Me kahi alualu holomua, huki ka leopadi i ke kupapaʻu (pale ʻana iā ia mai nā scavenger) i loko o nā ʻāpana pōhaku a i ʻole nā kumulāʻau, e ʻai ana iā ia i mau lā.
I nā leopadi feces, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā cereal (a hiki i ka 7.6%), i wehewehe ʻia e ko lākou hiki ke hemo i ka lauoho mai ka digestive tract i komo i loko o ka ʻōpū ke palu ʻia ka hulu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻopili ʻia ke ala o ka leopadi Lā hikina i ka hoʻoilo (Kekemapa - Ianuali). I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka hoihoi o nā kāne i nā wahine me nā mākua, aneane he mau keiki kūʻokoʻa. E like me nā felines āpau, hele pū ka rut me ka halulu a me nā hakakā o nā kāne (ʻoiai ka leopadi, ʻoi aku ka hāmau e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka liona a me ke Tiga, hāʻawi iki i ka leo i nā manawa ʻē aʻe).
ʻO nā mana hānau o ka leopadi Amur i kaupalena ʻia e kekahi mau mea e wehewehe ai i ka wahine lehulehu o nā kāne:
- hāpai ka wahine i ka manawa 1 i nā makahiki 3 (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki);
- i 80% o nā hihia, ʻike ʻia he 1-2 mau keiki bipi;
- kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā wahine i hiki ke hānau;
- kiʻekiʻe make o nā holoholona ʻōpio.
3 mau mahina ma hope o ke kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻana, lawe mai ka wahine i mau keiki kime nānā lōʻihi, nona ke kaupaona ʻana he 0.5-0.7 kg a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 cm ka lōʻihi. Hoʻomaka ka brood e ʻike akāka ma ka lā 7-9, a ma ka lā 12-15, ke kolo nei nā keiki ma ka lua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka wahine i loko o ke ana, ma lalo o kahi pōhaku e kau ana a i ʻole i kahi haki pōhaku.
Mea nui! Hānai ka makuahine i nā keiki keiki me ka waiū mai 3 a 5-6 mau mahina, akā ma ka 6-8 mau pule e hoʻomaka e hānai iā lākou me ke kāʻei (ka ʻiʻo hapa hapa o ka ʻai), hoʻomaʻamaʻa iki iā lākou i ka hou.
I ka makahiki 2 mau makahiki, kolo nā leopadi liʻiliʻi mai ka lua, a ma 8 mau mahina e ukali lākou i ko lākou makuahine i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, e hoʻoholo ana i nā forays kūʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 9-10. Noho nā holoholona ʻōpio me ko lākou makuahine a hiki i kona estrus hou, e hui pū ana a hiki i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo i nā hui ke haʻalele ka wahine iā lākou. I ka manawa mua, ʻauana lākou ʻaʻole mamao aku mai ka pūnana, e neʻe lohi ana a mamao aku hoʻi. Hōʻike nā kāne ʻōpio i ke kūʻokoʻa i mua o ko lākou mau kaikuahine, akā ʻo ka mea hope ma mua o nā kaikunāne i ka wā ʻōpio. Hoʻomaka ka hānau kāne ma kahi o 2-3 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea āpau, makaʻu ka leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina i kona hoahānau kokoke a me ka hoanoho o ke awāwa, ke Tiga Tiger, kahi āna e makemake ʻole ai e pili. ʻElua hoʻokūkū nā pōpoki ʻelua i ka ʻāina ʻimi holoholona ma ka palena ʻākau o ka laulā, kahi i lako ʻole ai ka pāʻani, a ua lilo ka leopadi i ke Tiga me kēia hakakā kūloko.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia hōʻeuʻeu ma nā leopadi e Amur tigers, a hoʻopili pololei nā zooologists i ka exodo o ka mua mai South Sikhote-Alin me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o ka Tiga ma kēia mau wahi. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke Tiga a me ka leopadi a ʻimi i nā holoholona nui, akā, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke loaʻa ka hemahema o ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole ʻoe i capricious, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka hoʻokūkū meaʻai.
ʻIke ʻia ua hoʻouka kaua ʻia nā leopadi trophies (ʻoi aku ka nui i nā Winters pōloli) e nā bear brown, alualu a lawe aku i kāna mea pio. Eia kekahi, hoʻokūkū ka bea ʻeleʻele, e like me ka Himalayan, me ka leopadi Amur e ʻimi ana i lua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻopaʻi ka leopadi i nā bea Himalayan, e hopu ana i nā keiki i waiho ʻole ʻia me ka makuahine ʻole, e hoʻouka nei i nā holoholona ʻōpio (a hiki i 2 mau makahiki) a ʻoiai e ʻai ana i nā kupapaʻu (nā kupapaʻu bear).
Hoihoi ia! Wahi a nā zoologists, i kekahi manawa he hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i ka leopadi Lā hikina he ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i noho ma ka hema o Primorsky Krai a hiki i nā 1950s - 1960s.
ʻO ka ʻīlio hae, he aloha nui i nā ungulate, ʻo ka nui o nā dia roe, he mea hoʻokūkū ʻai hoʻi no ka leopadi. ʻO ka ʻīlio hae, ma ke ʻano he holoholona momona a nui, hiki ke kū i kahi weliweli maoli (ʻoi aku ma kahi o nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi), akā ma nā wahi e noho ai ka leopadi Amur, he liʻiliʻi ka heluna hihiu.
ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi predator (koe wale no ka Amur tiger) e noho pū ana me ka leopadi o Far Hikina i kahi hopena i kona lehulehu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Panthera pardus orientalis (Leopard Hikina Hema) i loko o ka puke ʻula o ka Russian Federation, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai i ka mahele I, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana ʻoi loa loa e kokoke ana e make (nona ka heluna nui ma Lūkia) me kahi palena palena palena ʻole. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka leopadi Amur ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka puke ʻulaʻula o ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, a me ka Appendix I o ka Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna / Flora (CITES).
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka leopadi ua pāpā ʻia mai ka 1956, hoʻomau ka lawaiʻa ʻana a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka make ʻana o kēia ʻano. Pana ʻia nā Predators no ko lākou ʻili maikaʻi loa, i kūʻai ʻia ma $ 500-1000 i kēlā me kēia, a me nā mea i loko e hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau oriental.
Mea nui! Pepehi ʻia hoʻi nā leopadi ʻo Amur me ke aloha ʻole e nā mea nona nā mahina ʻai dia, kahi e hāʻule mau ai nā dia i nā pōpoki nosy. Make pinepine nā leopadi iā lākou iho i nā puka lou a me nā pahele i hoʻonoho ʻia e nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona no nā holoholona nahele ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kekahi kumu anthropogenic e keʻakeʻa nei i ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina ka luku ʻia ʻana o kona wahi noho ma ke komohana hema o Primorye, me:
- hoʻemi i ka wahi nahele ma muli o ka nāhelehele;
- ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alanui a me nā alahao;
- ke kūkulu ʻana i nā paipu;
- ka puka ʻana o nā hale noho a me nā ʻoihana hana;
- ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pono hana ʻē aʻe.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka luku ʻia ʻana o kāna waihona meaʻai e hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole i ka helu o ka leopadi Far Hikina. Ua emi a emi iki ʻo Ungulate i kēlā me kēia makahiki, i kōkua ʻia e ka ʻimi haʻuki, nā ʻāpana ʻāpana a me nā ahi nahele. I kēiaʻano, ʻoluʻolu nā dia sika wale nō, nona nā holoholona i ulu mai ka makahiki 1980.
Kāhea nā Zoologists i kahi kūlana kūpono ʻē aʻe e hoʻopili maikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā holoholona leopadi Amur - pili pili kēia i ka hele ʻana. ʻO nā Leopadi (ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā poʻe momona) e hui pū me ko lākou mau pili koko, ka mea e hōʻino ai i ka hiki ke hānau hou o nā hanauna hou, hōʻemi i ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i nā maʻi a me ke ola i ka nui.
Hoihoi ia! Wahi a nā wānana loa rosy, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka heluna leopadi o ka Hikina Hikina ma mua o 40 mau holoholona, ʻo ka hapa nui e noho ana ma Primorye (ma kahi o 30) a me kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma Kina (ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10).
I kēia manawa, pale ʻia ka leopadi Amur i ka mālama kūlohelohe Leopardovy a me kahi mālama kūlohelohe ʻo Kedrovaya Pad.
