ʻO ka mea kanu lāʻau nui ma ʻAmelika Hema, i mālama ʻia e nā India Quechua ma mua o 6 tausani mau makahiki i hala. Ua hāʻawi lākou i kēia ʻano i kona inoa hou "guanaco" (mai wanaku).
Ka wehewehe o guanaco
ʻO Lama guanicoe kahi artiodactyl mai ka genus o llamas o ka ʻohana kamela, kahi e loaʻa ai ka alpaca, vicuña a me llama me nā guanacos, ʻoiai ka nele o nā puʻupuʻu. ʻAno like nā ʻano 4 āpau i kekahi i kekahi i ka anatomy, physiology a me ka nohona, a ua kapa ʻia ka llama i kekahi manawa he uri hanauna o ka guanaco.
Helehelena
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Guanaco ma ke ʻano he kāmela no ka mea o kona mau lālā ʻelua me ka manamana e hoʻopau ana i nā māiʻuʻu i kūlia a me kahi callus a puni ka wāwae (ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻokomo ʻia ai i ke kaʻina o nā callus). Ke hele wāwae, kau ka guanaco i nā phalanges, ʻaʻole ma nā piko o kona mau manamana lima.... Pili pū ʻo ia i ke kāmelo me ke ʻano haʻaheo o ka waha, ʻike ʻia e D. Darrell, ka mea i hoʻomaopopo i ke kino lahilahi, ʻokiʻoki ʻia (e like me ka racehorse) mau wāwae a me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi lōʻihi, e like iki me ka giraffe.
Ma ke ala, kōkua ka ʻāʻī e mālama i ke kaulike ʻoiai ke hele a me ka holo. He holoholona nui ʻo Guanaco (like i ka like me ka antelope a i ʻole nā dia), e ulu ana a 1,3 m ma kahi maloʻo a 1.75 m ka lōʻihi me ka nui o 140 kg. Hoʻopili ʻia ke poʻo liʻiliʻi me nā pepeiao kuhi. ʻO nā maka ʻeleʻele nunui me nā maka maka mānoanoa e pale ana i ka makani, lepo a me ka lā ke ʻike ʻia ma ka waha lōʻihi.
Mea nui! ʻO Guanacos he ʻekolu keʻena (ʻaʻole ʻehā mau keʻena, e like me ka nui o nā lāʻau ʻōpelu) ʻōpū a me nā oval (ʻaʻole disc-shaped) erythrocytes, e hāʻawi i ka maikaʻi o ke komo ʻana o ka oxygen i loko o nā pūnaewele i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe.
He ʻeleʻele a palupalu ke kapa (lehu-hina ma ke poʻo, melemele-ʻeleʻele ma luna a keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻōpū / loko o nā ʻaoʻao), pale ia mai nā hoʻololi koke o ka mahana. ʻO Guanacos, i hui ʻia e ka huakaʻi a D. Darrell, ua uhi ʻia me ka hulu mānoanoa o kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, a ma ka ʻāʻī a me nā wāwae wale nō kahi malu māmā, e like me ke one i ka lā. Pōkole ka huelo o ka guanaco, ma kahi o 15-25 cm, a like me ka palaki palupalu fluffy.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO ka Collectivism a me ka wahine polygamy kāne - wehewehe kēia mau manaʻo i ke ola o nā guanacos, e noho nei i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi (ma kahi o 20 mau wahine me nā keiki makua), alakaʻi ʻia e kahi kāne alpha. Pale aku ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e nā holoholona mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a nā hoalauna, a ʻo ka nui e pili ana i ka ʻāina o ka noho... Hoʻokumu ke alakaʻi i ka hui o ka ʻohana, kipaku aku i nā kāne ʻōpio ma mua o 6-12 mau mahina a, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi, nā wahine ʻoluʻolu ʻole iā ia. ʻO nā ʻohana o ke ʻano o nā harem e hana ma mua o 18% o nā kāne makua piha: ʻo ke koena e pili ana i nā kāne like (a hiki i 50 mau kānaka) nā hui a noho wale paha. ʻO nā legume nā kāne kāne kahiko i haʻalele pinepine ʻia e kā lākou wahine.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO Guanacos, e like me vicuñas, hakahaka ʻia i nā helu like, ma nā puʻu a i ʻole nā ala maʻamau. Ma laila e ʻike ai nā kamaʻāina i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o ka manure, a lākou e hoʻohana ai i wahie.
I ka wā o ka nele i ka meaʻai, hui pū nā guanacos i loko o nā pipi i kāwili ʻia a hiki i ka hapalua tausani poʻo a auwana e ʻimi nei i nā mea kanu kūpono. Koho nā holoholona i nā wahi e nānā ākea ana, ʻaʻole ia e pale iā lākou mai ka lele maʻalahi ʻana i nā kuahiwi a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana ma luna o ke kahakai. ʻAʻole kū wale / moe ʻo Guanacos i nā kahawai kuahiwi, akā ʻo nā ʻauʻau maikaʻi loa.
Noho makaʻala ʻo Guanacos i ke ao, e hele ana i nā wahi hānai i ke alaula a e hiamoe ana i ka wā pō, a me ka ʻoliʻoli i nā manawa he nui i ka lā. Hele nā holoholona i ka wahi wai i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o guanaco
I ka nahelehele, ʻo ke ola o nā guanacos he 20 mau makahiki, akā hoʻonui nui ʻia i nā zoo a i waena o nā mahiʻai, a hiki i 30 mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine guanacos i hōʻike ʻia i ka nui wale: ʻo ka mea nui ma mua o ka hope.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Wahi a paleogenetics, ua kū mai nā kūpuna o nā guanacos (nā kāmelo kahiko) ma ka Honua ma kahi o 40 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ua make kekahi o lākou i ka wā Ice Ice, a ʻo ka lua, i ola, neʻe i nā kuahiwi. Maanei lākou i hoʻopili ai i ke kaomi haʻahaʻa a hoʻemi i ka ʻike oxygen ma ka lewa. I kēia manawa hiki ke loaʻa nā guanacos ma ʻAmelika Hema, ma nā wahi me kahi aniau ʻino - mai nā piko mauna o nā Andes a i Tierra del Fuego a me Patagonia.
Uhi ka laulā hou o nā guanacos:
- Alekina;
- Bolivia;
- Palakuae;
- Pelū;
- Kili;
- Nā Mokupuni Falkland (hoʻolauna ʻia).
Mea nui! Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hapanui o ka heluna guanaco (81-86%) ma ʻAtenekia, me kahi o 14-18% ma Chile a ma lalo o 1% ma Bolivia, Peru a me Paraguay i hui pū ʻia. Noho ʻia ʻo Guanacos e nā pampas, nā wao akua a me nā kahakai mauna, mai ke kapakai a 5.5,000 mau mika ma luna aʻe o ka ʻilikai, me ka manaʻo ʻole i nā kula ma lalo o 3,000 mau mika.
Kākaʻikahi loa nā ʻāhiu hihiu o nā guanacos, me ka ʻokoʻa o nā kihi hiki ʻole ke hui ʻia nā holoholona me nā pua manuahi o nā vicunas. I kēia manawa ua kū mai nā guanacos hihiu a ulu ma ka mauna mauna kiʻekiʻe o Pampa Canyahuas (Peru), kahi i hana ʻia kahi mālama ʻāina, kahi a lākou, me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, i pale ʻia e ka mokuʻāina.
Kaʻaiʻai ʻo Guanaco
Ua waiho ka noho ascetic i kāna māka ma ka papaʻai o nā guanacos, i maʻa mau i ka ʻoluʻolu me nā mea kanu kaka ʻole a me ka wai o ke ʻano kānalua.
I kekahi mau ʻāina, hoʻokūkū nā guanacos me nā bipi a me nā lio no ka ʻai. Inā kokoke ke kumu, hoʻopau lākou i ko lākou make wai i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole e hoʻowahāwahā ʻia i ka brackish a me ka wai paʻakai. Ke mamao ke kumu, kipa lākou iā ia i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule a hana paha me ka wai ʻole. Hānai lākou i ke kino me nā minelala, e palu ana i nā waihona o ka paʻakai maoli.
ʻO ka papaʻai guanaco nā mea kanu e like me:
- mulinum spinosum (lāʻau);
- colletia spinosissima (kumulāʻau);
- lichens;
- nā mea kanu a me nā pua;
- nā moʻo a me nā moʻo;
- huaʻai;
- kakaka
Mea nui! Ma muli o ke kūlana kūikawā o ka ʻōpū, e like me nā ruminants āpau, nāu nā guanacos i nā mea kanu i nā manawa he nui, e ʻimi ana i nā meaola āpau. Kōkua kēia hiki iā lākou ke ola i ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi hānai no kahi manawa lōʻihi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ka rana guanaco, hele pū me nā kāne kāne kolohe, kū i nā mahina like ʻole, e like me ka wahi: ʻAukake (ma ka ʻākau) a me Pepeluali (ma ka hema). Piʻi nā holoholona, e like me nā kāmelo āpau, i ko lākou mau wāwae hope, kaomi i lalo i ka hoa paio me ko lākou ʻāʻī, keehi me ko lākou alo i mua, nahu a kuha me ka huhū.
Loaʻa i ke kāne e lanakila i ke kaua ke kuleana i ka wahine kikoʻī, akā ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu iki me ia wale nō, akā holo wikiwiki i loko o kekahi kaua ma hope o kekahi a hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kahi harem o nā wahine male 3-20, a ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻO Guanacos mate, e like me nā kāmelo, e moe ana i lalo. He 11 mau mahina ka hali ʻana, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana he 1-2 cubs.
Hānau pinepine ʻia, hiki iā ia ke ukali i kona makuahine ma hope o kahi manawa pōkole... Mākaukau ka wahine no ka hapai hou i loko o 2-3 mau pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, no laila lawe ʻo ia i keiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka bipi keiki e ʻono i ka mauʻu i ka pule ʻelua, akā inu i ka waiū umauma a hiki i ka piha ʻana o 4 mau mahina. ʻAʻole haʻalele ka ʻōpio i ka makuahine a hiki i ka hānau ʻana o kāna keiki hou. Hoʻohui ʻia nā kāne makua i nā kaiaulu liʻiliʻi, e waiho ana iā lākou me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka momona a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kā lākou ponoʻī. Ua hānau hānai ʻia ʻo Guanacos ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Kūleʻa wale ʻo Guanacos i ka moeʻuhane, ʻoiai ke koena o ka manawa aia lākou i ka hopohopo mau, a ʻo nā "kiaʻi kiaʻi" nāna e hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona inā ʻaʻole hiki i ka weliweli ke pohō. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka psyche o nā holoholona i nā wahi pale, kahi e holo ʻole ai nā guanacos i ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe, akā e hoʻokokoke loa lākou.
Hoihoi ia! Ke kuha nei kekahi o nā ʻenehana pale iā ʻoe iho i ka ʻenemi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka luha a me ka ihu. ʻAʻole kūpono loa kēia ala ke hui pū me nā mea ʻino, kahi hiki ke pakele wale ʻia e ka lele ʻana.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā guanacos:
- puma;
- ʻīlio ʻīlio maned;
- ʻīlio hānai.
ʻO nā mea hope loa he mea hoʻonāukiuki loa no nā guanaco e noho ana ma ka ʻĀkau o Chile, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ana i ka heluna kanaka o nā callus. Ke hele mai ka pūʻā i ka wahi hānai, ʻaʻole ʻai nui ke alakaʻi i kona nānā ʻana i nā wahi a puni, e hoʻopuka ana i kahi ʻoki ʻoi i ka hoʻoweliweli kūwaho. Ke holo nei mai ka ʻenemi, hoʻomohala ka guanaco i kahi wikiwiki kūpono a hiki i 55 km / h. Pani mau ke alakaʻi i ka pūʻā, e hakakā ana i ka poʻe alualu kaomi me kāna mau hooves.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o IUCN, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā guanaco i loko o ka mahele o ka "hopohopo liʻiliʻi" no ka mea ua hana maʻalahi ʻia nā holoholona: noho lākou i nā kuahiwi, hānai i nā wahi ʻai kūlohelohe, akā (me nā ʻokoʻa laha ʻole) no nā poʻe, aia ma lalo o kā lākou nānā ʻana.
Wahi a nā koho IUCN, ʻo ka heluna kanaka makua i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 1 miliona mau holoholona, akā ʻo 1.5-2.2 miliona wale nō ka poʻe. He hopohopo nui kēia e nalowale koke ka guanaco ma 3 o 5 mau ʻāina kahi e noho ai kēia ʻano, a ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia nei i kēia manawa me ka luku ʻia - Bolivia, Paraguay a me Peru.
ʻO nā kumu hoʻoweliweli nui:
- hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā wahi noho ma muli o ka ʻai ʻana;
- luku ʻia ka nohona ma muli o ka ʻimi ʻana o ka aila / kinoea;
- hoʻouku lepo;
- hoʻolālā kūkulu kūkulu;
- paio no ka meaʻai me nā laha hoʻolauna.
ʻOiai ʻo nā mahiʻai llama e makemake e hōʻemi i nā kumu hihiu o nā guanacos, ʻoiai e hoʻokūkū ana nā mea hope me kā lākou mau llamas no ka wahi e ʻai ai a me kahi e ʻai ai. ʻO nā heluna kanaka o Guanaco, keu hoʻi nā heluna liʻiliʻi a haʻahaʻa hoʻi, hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ʻimi kū kānāwai ʻole, kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka mōʻaukala i kēia ʻano, me ka nānā ʻole i ka helu o nā holoholona.
Mea nui! Kuhi ʻia ʻo Guanacos no kā lākou huluhulu mehana a me nā ʻili, kahi, ke hana ʻia, lilo i ʻili maikaʻi loa. Ua like ka hulu o Guanaco me ka ʻalopeke a koi ʻia i nā kala ʻelua a me nā pale ʻē aʻe i loaʻa me ke kōkua o nā kala maoli. Eia kekahi, he ʻiʻo maikaʻi nā holoholona, no ka mea ua hoʻopau ʻia lākou e nā mea aloha i ka meaʻai exotic.
I mea e kaohi ai i ka guanacos lawaiʻa, ua hana ʻo Chile a me Peru i nā kānāwai e pale ana i nā laha i ka pae mokuʻāina. Noho lōʻihi nā mea hānai e noho ana ma nā kapuaʻi o nā Andes i ka mahiʻai guanaco, kahi e loaʻa ai nā loaʻa kālā maikaʻi iā lākou.
Pepehi ʻia nā holoholona ʻōpio ma muli o ko lākou huluhulu lahilahi, e loaʻa ana i nā ʻili no nā ahuula kūpono a nani hoʻi, i koi ʻia ma waena o nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi, akā i waena hoʻi o nā kamaʻāina kūloko. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ka hulu hipa maikaʻi mai nā holoholona makua, a i ʻole pepehi ʻia lākou e ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻili no ka humuhumu ʻana i nā kapa waho a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.
