ʻO ka hipa kāne polū (genus Pseudois), i kapa ʻia ʻo bharal a i ʻole nakhur ma nā wahi noho, e noho ana i nā pae mauna, kokoke i Kina āpau, mai Mongolia loko a i ka Himalayas. ʻOiai kona inoa, ʻaʻohe pili iki o kēia holoholona i nā hipa a i ʻole ka polū. E like me ka morphological, behavioral a me nā molekiola i hōʻike ʻia, ʻo kēia mau hulu hina a me nā hipa ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo e pili loa me nā kao Copra. A i kēia manawa hou aʻe e pili ana i ka artiodactyl pohihihi.
Ka wehewehe o nahur
ʻOiai ua kapa ʻia ʻo nakhura he hipa kāne polū, he ʻano like ia me ke kao... He artiodactyl mauna nui ia me ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo o 115-165 kenimika, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka poʻohiwi o 75-90 kenimika, kahi lōʻihi o ka huelo o 10-20, a me ke kino o 35-75 kilokilo. ʻO nā kāne kahi hoʻonohonoho o ka nui ma mua o nā wahine. Aia nā kāne ʻelua i nā pepeiaohao ma ke poʻo o ko lākou mau poʻo. I nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou, ulu i luna i ke ʻano melo, huli iki i hope. Hiki i nā pepeiaohao o ke kāne nahur i kahi lōʻihi o 80 kenimika. No nā "lede" ʻoi aku ka pōkole a me ka pololei o lākou, a ulu wale i 20 kenimika.
Helehelena
ʻO ka huluhulu bharal ke ʻano mai ke oho hina a i ka polū shale, no laila ka inoa maʻamau no nā hipa polū. He pōkole a paʻakikī hoʻi ka hulu, ʻaʻohe o ke ʻano ʻumiʻumi o nā artiodactyls he nui. Aia kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ma ke kino, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ka ʻaoʻao i luna mai ka ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo. Eia kekahi, hoʻokaʻawale kahi kaha like i ka mole, e hele ana mai ka laina ihu. Mālamalama ke kua o nā ʻūhā, pouli ke koena, kokoke i ka malu i ʻeleʻele.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Hoʻoikaika nui nā hipa kāne polū i ke kakahiaka nui, ahiahi ahiahi, a me ke awakea. Noho lākou i ka nui o nā holoholona, ʻoiai aia kekahi poʻe hoʻokahi. ʻO nā kāne a wahine paha me nā ʻōpio wale nō. Aia kekahi ʻano hui, kahi e loaʻa ai nā kāne ʻelua, nā papa makahiki o nā mākua a me nā keiki. ʻO ka nui o nā kau bipi mai ʻelua mau hipa polū (ʻo ka wahine pinepine a me kāna pēpē) a 400 mau poʻo.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pūʻulu hipa he 30 mau holoholona. I ke kauwela, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kāne kāne o kekahi ʻano noho me nā wahine. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi holoholona he 11 a 15 mau makahiki. ʻO ko lākou wā noho i ka honua e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ʻia e nā mea ʻino, ka mea makemake ʻole i ka ʻahaʻaina kolohe. I waena o kēia mau mea, nā ʻīlio hae a me nā leopadi. Eia kekahi, ʻo bharal ka mea nui i hōʻino ʻia o ka leopadi hau ma ka pā Tibeta.
ʻO nā ʻano hana a ka hipa polū e hōʻike i kahi hui o nā kao a me nā ʻano o nā hipa. Noho nā hui ma nā pali huakaʻi ʻole, nā kula mauna a me nā wahi ulu ma luna o ka laina nahele. Eia kekahi ma nā pali palupalu me nā mauʻu, kokoke i nā pōhaku, kahi e hiki ai ke pakele i nā ala mai nā mea hōkai. ʻO kēia makemake i ka ʻāina e like me ke ʻano o nā kao, e noho ana ma nā pali kūpikipiki a me nā pali pōhaku. Makemake nā hipa i nā puʻu mālie e uhi ʻia me nā mauʻu a me nā sedge, akā aia mau nō i loko o 200 mau mika pali, hiki ke piʻi ʻē a pakele i nā mea ʻaihue.
Hoihoi ia!ʻO ka camouflage maikaʻi loa o ke kala e ʻae i ka holoholona e lurk a kāwili ʻia me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻāina e ʻike ʻole ʻia. Holo wale nā hipa polū inā ʻike pono ka mea ʻino iā lākou.
Noho nā hipa polū Dwarf (P.schaeferi) i nā pali, a me nā kahakai, a pali hoʻi o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze (2600-3200 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai). Ma luna o kēia mau pali, hoʻonui ka ʻāpana o ka ululāʻau i 1000 mau mika a i nā kula alpine, kahi he ʻumi mau manawa keu o lākou. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo ia ka ʻano o nā pepeiaohao e hōʻike i ka maikaʻi o ke ola o ka holoholona a me ka wahi noho. ʻO nā hipa "laki" ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou pepeiaohao.
Me ka hoʻomanawanui ikaika no nā kūlana kaiapuni nui loa, hiki ke loaʻa ka hipa polū ma nā wahi mai ka wela a me ka maloʻo a i ke anuanu, makani a me ka hau, aia ma nā kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o 1200 mika a 5300 mika. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā hipa ma luna o ka papu Tibet, a ma nā pae mauna a kokoke a kokoke hoʻi. ʻO ka wahi noho o nā hipa polū e komo pū ana me Tibet, nā wahi o Pakistan, India, Nepal a me Bhutan, ka palena o Tibet, a me nā ʻāpana o nā moku ʻo Xinjiang, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan a me Ningxia.
Noho ka hipa polū dwarf ma nā pali a me nā kahakai o ke awāwa ʻo Yangtze, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2600 a 3200 mika.... Loaʻa ia ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, hema a komohana o Batan County ma Kham (Sichuan Province). Noho pū ka nakhur maʻamau i kēia wahi, akā noho mau i nā kula alpine i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā lunamakaʻāinana. Hoʻokaʻawale ka nui o kahi o 1,000 mau mika o ka wahi nahele i kēia ʻano ʻelua.
Ehia mau ola nakhur
Ua hōʻea ʻo Bharal i ka moekolohe ma ka makahiki o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa makahiki. Hana ʻia ka male ma waena o ʻOkakopa a Ianuali. Ma hope o 160 mau lā o ka hāpai ʻana, hānau ka wahine i hoʻokahi keiki hipa, a ukuhi ʻia i 6 mau mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. ʻO ke ola o kahi hipa kāne polū e hiki i 12-15 mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Loaʻa i kahi hipa polū kahi dimorphism moekolohe. ʻO nā kāne kahi kauoha o ka nui nui ma mua o nā wahine, ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o ke kaulike mai 20 a 30 kilokilo. Kaupaona ke kāne i ke kaha o 60-75 kilokilo, ʻoiai ʻaʻole paʻakikī nā wahine i 45. He nani nā pepeiaohao o nā kāne makua, ʻoi aku ka nui a hū ʻia (ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 cm ka lōʻihi a he 7-9 kilokilo ke kaupaona), ʻoiai i nā wahine liʻiliʻi lākou.
ʻAʻohe ʻumiʻumi nā kāne, kāhea ke kuli, a ʻaʻala ke kino ikaika i loaʻa i nā hipa ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi huelo pālahalaha, ākea me kahi ʻaoʻao ventral ʻōlohelohe, nā māka koʻikoʻi ma kā lākou forelegs, a me nā mākia nui e like me ke kao. ʻO nā haʻawina o kēia au e pili ana i nā loiloi behavioral a chromosomal i hōʻoia i kā lākou ʻoi aku ka nui o nā genus o nā kao ma mua o nā hipa.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano ma Bhutan, Kina (Gansu, ka palena Ningxia-Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, hema Xinjiang a me Yunnan ʻākau), ʻĀkau ʻo India, ʻākau ʻo Myanmar, Nepal, a me Pakistan ʻākau. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau kumuwaiwai aia kēia ʻano ma Tajikistan (Grubb 2005), akā a hiki i kēia mau lā ʻaʻohe hōʻike o kēia.
Noho maʻamau kēia ʻauhau ma ka hapa nui o kāna mau pae nui ma waena o ka Tibet Plateau ma Kina. Ma aneʻi, hoʻolaha ʻia kāna mahele mai Tibet komohana, komohana hema Xinjiang, kahi ma nā mauna e pili ana i ka lihi komohana o Aru Ko, aia kekahi mau poʻe liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui ana i ka hikina ma waena o ka ʻāina kūʻokoʻa. Pēlā nō ke kūlana ma ka hema o Xinjiang, ma nā kuahiwi ʻo Kunlun a me Arjun.
Loaʻa nā hipa polū ma ka hapa nui o ke komohana a me ka hema o nā kuahiwi ʻo Qinghai ma ka hikina ʻo Sichuan a me ke komohana ʻākau ʻo Yunnan, a ma kahi kokoke i Kilian a me nā moku ʻo Gansu e pili ana.
Hoihoi ia!ʻO ka nui hikina o kāna kaʻana like i kēia manawa e nānā ʻia ma Helan Shan, ʻo ia ka palena komohana o ka Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (me Inner Mongolia).
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Nahur ma Bhutan ʻākau, ma kahi mamao o 4000-400 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai... Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia nā hipa kāne polū ma ka Himalayan ʻākau a me nā wahi a puni o India, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka mahele hikina ma ka palena ʻākau o Arunachal Pradesh. Kaulana lākou ma nā wahi he nui o East Ladakh (Jammu a me Kashmir), a me nā ʻāpana o Spiti a me ke awāwa ʻo Parvati luna, ma ka ʻākau o Himachal Pradesh.
ʻIke ʻia nā hipa polū e loaʻa i ka Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary a me NandaDevi National Park, a kokoke i Badrinath (Uttar Pradesh), ma nā pali o ka Hangsen Dzonga Massif (Sikkim) a ma ka hikina ʻo Arunachal Pradesh.
I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke alo o kēia mau hipa ma ke kihi komohana ʻākau o Arunachal Pradesh, kokoke i ka palena me Bhutan a me Kina. Ma Nepal, hāʻawi ʻāwīwī lākou i ka ʻākau o ka Great Himalayas mai ka palena me India a me Tibet ma ke komohana ʻākau ma ka hikina, ma ka hikina ma o Dolpo a me Mustang a hiki i ka moku ʻo Gorkha ma ka ʻĀkau waena o Nepal. ʻO ka mahele hāʻawi nui o nā hipa polū ma Pakistan, a komo pū me ke awāwa ʻo Gujerab luna a me ko Gilgit, me kahi ʻāpana o ka Khunjerab National Park.
ʻAi Hipa Blue
Hānai ʻo Bharal i nā mauʻu, nā laulau, nā mea kanu ulu lāʻau paʻakikī, a me nā limu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hiki i nā hipa polū ke oʻo makua i ka makahiki o hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau makahiki, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka hapanui o nā kāne ke lilo i mau kōkua holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻohana a hiki i ka piha ʻana o ʻehiku makahiki. Hoʻololi ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana o nā hipa i ka palena o ka wahi o ka holoholona. Ma ka laulaha, ʻike ʻia nā hipa polū no ka moena i ka hoʻoilo a hānau i ke kauwela. ʻO ka holomua hoʻohua hilinaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ke aniau a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. ʻO ka wā hānau o ka hipa bharala he 160 mau lā. He pēpē kā kēlā me kēia wahine hāpai. Ua ukuhi ʻia nā keiki ma kahi o ʻeono mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO Bharal kahi holoholona mehameha a ola paha i nā hui o 20-40 mau kānaka, pinepine pinepine o ka like like. ʻEleu kēia mau holoholona i ka lā, ke hoʻohana nei i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa e hānai a hoʻomaha. Mahalo i kāna pena camouflage maikaʻi loa, hiki i ka nahur ke hūnā ke hele mai ka ʻenemi a noho ʻike ʻole ʻia.
ʻO ka mea ʻai nui nui e ʻimi holoholona ana ʻo ia ka leopadi Amur a me nā leopadi maʻamau. Hiki i nā hipa Nahura ke hāʻule i nā mea ʻānai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻīlio hae, a i ʻole nā ʻaeto ʻulaʻula.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ke kūlana e pili ana i ka likelihood o ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā hipa polū i unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he weliweli loa i ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o IUCN 2003... Pale aku ʻo Bharal ma Kina a helu ʻia i ka Papa Helu III o ke kānāwai 1972 Wildlife Protection. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka mai 47,000 a 414,000 artiodactyls.
Hoihoi ia!Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hipa polū dwarf e like me ka mea e hopohopo nui nei ma ka papa inoa Red IUCN 2003 a pale ʻia ma lalo o nā kānāwai o Sichuan. Ua manaʻo ʻia ma ka makahiki 1997 aia ma kahi o 200 mau hipa dwarf i koe.
ʻO ka emi o ka helu o nā hipa polū e hilinaʻi nui ia i nā wā o ka ʻimi holoholona. Mai nā 1960 a i ka 80, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau hipa i ke kālepa ma ka moku ʻo Qinghai o Kina. Ma kahi o 100,000-200,000 kilokika o ka ʻio polū ʻo Qinghai i lawe ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka mākeke makamae ma ʻEulopa, i Kelemania ka nui. ʻO nā hunts, kahi i pepehi ai nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi haole i nā kāne makua, hoʻoikaika nui i ka hanana makahiki o kekahi poʻe. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻolaha ākea nā hipa polū a nui a lehulehu hoʻi i kekahi mau wahi.
