ʻO ka ʻīlio ʻulaʻula, a ʻīlio hae hoʻi, a wolf Himalayan (Cuon alpinus), a kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo buanzu, he mea hānai holoholona o ka ʻohana Canidae. I kēia lā ʻo ia wale nō a me nā lālani laha ʻole e pili ana i ka genus Cuon, kahi ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make loa.
Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula
ʻOkoʻa nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula mai nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā canine e nā molars liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o nā nipples.
Helehelena
ʻO nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula nui nā holoholona nui me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 55-110 cm, me ka nui o ka huelo o 45-50 cm a me ke kino o 17-21 kg. Hoʻohui ka hiʻohiʻona o kahi holoholona hihiu i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻalopeke, kahi ʻīlio hae a me kahi ʻīlio hae. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui mai ka ʻīlio hae maʻamau kona kala, aahu fluffy a me kahi huelo lōʻihi, a hiki i ka ʻili o ka honua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui e ke kū ʻana o kahi muzzles pōkole a kikoʻī... ʻO nā pepeiao, hoʻonoho kiʻekiʻe ʻia ma ke poʻo, he nui, ʻano kū, me nā piko poʻohiwi e ʻike ʻia.
ʻO ka leo maʻamau o ke kala o ka ʻahuʻula he ʻulaʻula, ʻano loli ʻole i nā poʻe he nui e noho ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka laulā. ʻEleʻele ka piko o ka huelo. ʻEkolu mau makahiki o ko kou mau makahiki, he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ko nā keiki. ʻO kaʻaʻahu i ka hoʻoilo he kiʻekiʻe loa ia, ma kahi palupalu a mānoanoa. I ke kauwela, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka hulu, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi. Maikaʻi ka huelo, e like me ka ʻalopeke maʻamau. I kūlike me ka loli o ke kala a me ka nui o ka hulu, a me ka nui o ke kino, ua wehewehe ʻia he ʻelima mau lālā i kēia lā, ʻelua o lākou e noho ana i ka panalāʻau o Rūsia.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO ka ʻīlio ʻulaʻula kahi kamaʻāina kuahiwi maʻamau, e piʻi ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ʻehā kaukani mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai. No kahi mahele nui o ka makahiki, noho ka holoholona ʻaihue ma nā Alps a me ke kāʻei subalpine, a ma ka taiga mauna me nā wahi pōhaku a me nā kahawai. Ma nā wahi ākea a pālahalaha hoʻi, ʻaʻole kau ka holoholona, akā i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai hiki ke hana i nā neʻe kau o ka wā ma kahi lōʻihi. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā lunamaka o ka genus ke hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina maʻamau, e like me nā ʻāpana steppe, nā ululāʻau a me nā wao akua.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi uhi kiʻekiʻe o ka hau i nā kuahiwi, hoʻomaka nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula e hāhai ma muli o nā holoholona hihiu ʻāhiu, e komo pū me ka argali, ibex, dia a me nā dia ʻulaʻula. I kēia manawa o ka makahiki, makemake nā mea ʻaihue e noho i nā wāwae, i nā wahi me ka hau liʻiliʻi, me nā pali me ka lā maikaʻi. Noho nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula a ʻimi holoholona i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻumikūmālua mau kānaka o nā hanauna he nui. I kekahi manawa ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā holoholona i loko o ka ʻohana i ʻelua a ʻekolu kakini paha.
Hoihoi ia!ʻO nā kani a nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula e ʻano ʻokoʻa ai, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻīlio hae maʻamau, hoʻomanaʻo hou i nā mele mele a me nā mele i huki ʻia.
ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka pilina ma loko o ia pēke ʻaʻole kūpale. Kūpono ke kūpaʻa o nā pilina hierarchical ma hope o ʻehiku mau makahiki o ka makahiki. ʻO ka puʻuhonua o ka predator ka maʻa mau o nā kaha pōhaku o ka lawa kūpono, a me nā niches a me nā ana. He lohe maikaʻi hoʻomohala ʻia ka holoholona, hiki ke ʻauʻau a hiki ke lele, lanakila maʻalahi i kahi mamao ʻeono mika. Makemake nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula e hōʻalo i nā kānaka, no laila ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohuli ʻia, akā hiki nō iā lākou ke hana pono hou i ka pio.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula
Aia kekahi mau hihia kaulana i ka wā o ke ola ʻana o kahi ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i ka noho pio ʻana he 15-16 mau makahiki, akā i ka nahelehele he mammal predatory e noho liʻiliʻi ana. I ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe, pono kēlā mau mea hōʻaiʻe e hoʻolimalima i kahi hakakā kokoke a ikaika loa hoʻi no ka noho ʻana, no laila nā holoholona i ke kūlohelohe, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, ola no ma kahi o ʻelima mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
E like me ia, ʻaʻole i haʻi iki ʻia ka moekolohe dimorphism ma waena o nā wahine a me nā kāne o ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula a hōʻike wale ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi i nā mākua me ka nui o ke kino.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka nohona a me ka laulā o ka wolf ʻulaʻula aia ma Central a me ʻAkia Hema, ma ka hema hikina ʻo Asia, e like me Indonesia, India, Kina a me Tibet, a me Mongolia, nā mokupuni ʻo Java a me Sumatra. Ma loko o ka nohona, ma nā wahi e hoʻopau loa ʻia ai kahi predator a hoʻopau ʻia paha e ka poʻe, ma nā wahi e ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā wahi nui me ka ʻole o ke kōkua kanaka. ʻO ke kumu, ʻaʻohe o ka holoholona hānai i ka wao nahele a me nā ʻāpana o ka laulā.
I ka ʻākau, ʻo ka palena o ka laulā wolf ʻula kahi kahakaha liʻiliʻi loa ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia. Hōʻike ʻia nā wahi noho hihiu e nā kauhale hema o ka Hikina Hikina, Central a me Siberia Hikina, kahi o nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula e kākaʻikahi loa a liʻiliʻi loa hoʻi. Ma loko o ko lākou wahi e noho ai, makemake nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i nā kuahiwi a me ka pali kuahiwi.
Hiki i kēia holoholona ʻiʻo manu ʻole ke noho i nā ʻano wahi like ʻole, mai nā kula alpine, me nā awāwa mauna kiʻekiʻe me nā lau nahele he nui, a i nā wahi ulu lāʻau kedera-deciduous o ka Hikina Hikina, me nā ululāʻau coniferous ma Siberia Hikina. Eia nō naʻe, me ka nānā ʻole i nā mea like ʻole o ka wahi noho o kahi ʻāhi o nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula, kahi ʻano nui he uhi hau nui ʻole. Hoʻoikaika ka hau hohonu loa i ka holoholona e neʻe i kahi ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i nā wahi hau.
ʻAi wolf ʻulaʻula
ʻO ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula no ka waeʻano o nā mea ʻino maʻamau. I nā manawa like ʻole o ka makahiki, ʻaneʻane hiki i nā holoholona o ka nahele ke lawelawe i meaʻai na kēlā holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kumu o ka papaʻai o kahi ʻīlio hae makua ka pinepine o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ungulate hihiu nui ʻole. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia ia i ke kau kau wela e hoʻopau ai kahi holoholona predatory i kahi nui o nā meaʻai mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā greens o ka rhubarb mauna. ʻIke mau ʻia ka rhubarb mauna i nā lua wolf i ke alo o nā ʻīlio pēpē, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia e hānai nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula makua iā lākou i nā ʻōpio, regurgitating hapa-ʻeli ʻia, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i nā pua ulu ulu piha.
I kekahi manawa hiki i ka holoholona ʻaihue makua i ka nāhelehele ke ʻai pono i nā kino make a pau. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i ka mea pio i loko o ka wai, hoʻoliʻiliʻi loa i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea pio a hiki ke maʻalahi. Ma mua o ka ʻimi holoholona, komo nā mea ʻino i kahi ʻano paʻakikī paʻakikī e pili pū me ka ʻānai ʻana a me ka honi ʻana, a me nā kūlana heterosexual a me nā kāne kāne.
Hele nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i ka hopu holoholona i ke ao, e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻimi holoholona a me nā ʻano kuʻuna o ka hoʻouka ʻana i kā lākou mea pio, e pili pono ana i ka nui o ka pūʻolo i hana ʻia, nā hiʻohiʻona o ke teritori a me nā ʻano o ka iʻa. ʻO kahi laʻana, makemake nā ʻīlio hae e alualu hoʻokahi wale nō ma nā ʻano lagomorphs a me nā rodents, a ʻo kahi ʻohana wale nō hiki ke alualu i nā holoholona nui loa.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole like me ka nui o nā ʻīlio ʻāhiu, pepehi ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula i kāna mea pio, ʻaʻole lālau iā ia e ka ʻāʻī, akā e hoʻouka ikaika ana ma hope, no laila ua hiki i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau mea ʻānai makua ke pepehi i nā dia 50-kilogram ma lalo o ʻelua mau minuke.
ʻO kahi hui o nā ʻīlio hae, nona nā 15-20 mākua, hana maʻalahi loa, no laila hiki iā ia ke alualu me ka holomua me kahi holoholona nui e like me ka buffalo... ʻImi ka ʻīlio ʻulaʻula a loaʻa i kāna mea pio e ka ʻala, a ma hope e hoʻomaka ka alualu maʻamau. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o kahi holoholona predatory ma mua o nā ʻīlio hae a me nā ʻalopeke, akā ʻike ʻia ia e ke ahonui loa, ma muli o ka alualu ʻana i kāna mea pio a hiki i ka manawa ke pau loa. Ua hopu ʻo ia i kahi mea pio nui loa, nahu ʻia e kahi ʻāhiu ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, no laila ma hope o kekahi manawa hāʻule ka mea pio a ʻai ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue Aia kekahi mau hihia kaulana loa ke kalaiwa ʻia e kekahi pūʻulu ʻīlio hae i kahi mea i alualuia ʻia i ka lihi o ka pali, kahi a lākou i koi aku ai e wāwahi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
I India, hiki i nā lunamaka o nā māmela karnivorous mai ka ʻohana Canidae ke hānau ma kahi o ʻelima mau mahina i ka makahiki. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hāʻule ka wā hānau o ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula i ka manawa mai Kepakemapa a Ianuali. Ke mālama ʻia i ke pio ʻana, ma nā pāka zooological aia ma ke alaloa waena, ʻike ʻia ka ʻā o nā mea hōkai mai ka hoʻomaka o Ianuali a i ka hopena o Pepeluali.
ʻO ka manawa hānau āpau no nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i mālama ʻia i nā pāka Zoological home he ʻelua mau mahina a ʻoi iki paha. ʻO ka nui o nā nui litter i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma India mai nā ʻehā a i ʻeono mau pēpē. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ʻike ʻia no ka hemo ʻana he ʻumikūmālua mau keiki mai ka lua o ka ʻīlio hae, akā, e like me ka nui o nā ʻepekema, hiki i ka nui o nā kānaka ke hui pū ʻia he ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau wahine i ka manawa hoʻokahi. ʻO nā pēpē wolf ʻulaʻula hou kahi kala ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole like me ka wolf wolf, kahi monopolist o ka pā moʻo, hāʻawi mau nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i nā mea nui i kā lākou mau ʻīlio, no laila ʻae lākou e ʻai mua, a hānai nā lālā o ia ʻohana i ko lākou mau makuahine a me nā holoholona ʻōpio, regurgitating meaʻai.
Pōpō makapō nā keiki hānau hou, ʻaʻohe o lākou niho a ʻike ʻia e nā aʻa lohe pepeiao paʻa. He ʻokoʻa ke kaulike kaulike o kahi ʻīlio ma waena o 200-350 gram. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā maka i nā maka ma kahi o ʻelua mau pule o ko lākou mau makahiki. I ka nahelehele, haʻalele nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i kā lākou lua ma ka makahiki 70-80 wale nō.
ʻO nā Cubs i hānau ʻia i nā kūlana o ka pā zooological no ka manawa mua hiki ke kolo i waho o ka lua i kēia makahiki i hoʻokahi makahiki. I ka piha ʻana o nā makahiki he ʻehiku, ua hiki i nā keiki ke komo pū i ka ʻimi holoholona hui ʻana, akā hiki lākou i ka moekolohe ma ka ʻelua a ʻekolu paha makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka mea hoʻokūkū nui o ka ʻīlio ʻulaʻula i nā kūlana kūlohelohe no nā makahiki he nui, ʻo ia kona hoahānau hina hina, ma muli o nā kumu kūlohelohe he nui, e like me nā mākana huli maikaʻi a me ke olakino ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu nui ʻana o ka wolf wolf heluna kanaka a hoʻoneʻe ikaika i nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula weliweli e hele nei i kēia manawa. Ke hakakā nei kahi predator kakaikahi loa no ka ola me ka lynx a me ka leopadi hau.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā ʻīlio ʻulaʻula ke kumu o ka hoʻomāinoino ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue, no laila, ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi pāpā i kēia manawa a ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā hoʻopaʻi hoʻoweliweli no ke kī ʻana i ua mea ʻaihue lā.
Nui nā maʻi i loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka heluna ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, i waena o ia mau mea ʻo ka maʻi ahulau a me nā rabies ka mea weliweli i ka poʻe ʻaihue. Hoʻonui ka hana a ka poʻe i ke kūlana o ka holoholona hihiu. Ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei nā panalāʻau nui e nā kānaka ma kahi maʻa mau, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka helu o nā holoholona nunui ʻona nui, e like me nā dia a me nā dia. ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai, i hoʻoluliluli nui ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, make nā holoholona i ka pōloli.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ua helu ʻia ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula i loko o ka puke Red o ka Russian Federation. I ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o IUCN, ua hoʻokau ʻia ka predator i ke kūlana o "Endangered Species". ʻO nā ana i mālama ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula nā unahi o ka honua i kēia lā, a ma ka panalāʻau o ko mākou ʻāina i lawe ʻia ka holoholona hihiu ma lalo o ka pale piha e ka mokuʻāina.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā wahi kahi e ola ai ka ʻīlio hae ʻulaʻula. I loko o ia mau panalāʻau, hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā wahi hoʻomalu holoholona i mea e pale aku ai i ka mea ʻino a me nā holoholona hihiu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he pio. ʻO ka hana hoʻomāhuahua e hoʻomau nei i ka pale ʻana i ke kī ʻana me ka pōʻino o ka lāhui ʻaneʻane make. ʻAʻohe kikoʻī kikoʻī e pili ana i ka heluna ʻāhiu o ka wolf wahine ʻulaʻula.
