ʻO ka hoopoe (Upupa epops) kahi manu liʻiliʻi a ʻōniʻoniʻo me ka nuku loloa a me ka piko, i kekahi manawa hāmama ākea i ke ʻano o ka peahi. Pili kēia ʻano manu i ke kauoha ʻo Hornbill a me ka ʻohana o ka Hoopoe (Upupidae).
Ka wehewehe o ka hoopoe
ʻO kahi manu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi 25-29 knm ka lōʻihi me kahi ʻēheu maʻamau o 44-48 cm... Ma muli o kona ʻano ʻano ʻē, pili ka hoopoe i ka mahele o nā manu ʻike maʻalahi ʻia.
Helehelena
ʻIke ʻia nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ke kauoha Hornbill a me ka ʻohana Hoopoe e ke kū ʻana o nā ʻōuli ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo o nā ʻeheu a me ka huelo, kahi nuku loloa a lahilahi hoʻi, a me kahi pūlima lōʻihi e waiho ana ma ka wahi poʻo. ʻO ke kala o ka ʻāʻī, ke poʻo, a me ka umauma, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻano o nā ʻaoʻao, hiki ke loli ʻia mai ke kala pinkish a i ke kala chestnut brownish.
ʻO nā Lunamaka'āinana o kēia laha e ʻike ʻia e nā ʻeheu ākea a me ka poepoe, ʻano ʻoniʻoni loa me ka ʻokoʻa keʻokeʻo-melemele a me nā kaha ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka huelo he waena i ka lōʻihi, ʻeleʻele, me kahi kāʻei keʻokeʻo ākea i waenakonu. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū ma ke kino he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i ke kala, me ke kū ʻana o nā kaha lonikū i nā ʻaoʻao.
Hoihoi ia! I nā manawa pagan, ma waena o ka Chechens a me Ingush, ua manaʻo ʻia nā hoopoes ("tushol-kotam") he mau manu laʻa, e hōʻailona ana i ke akua wahine o ka momona, ka puna a me ka hānau keiki ʻo Tusholi.
ʻO ka piko ma ka māhele poʻo kahi ʻalani-ʻulaʻula kala, me nā pulu hulu ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka maʻamau, paʻakikī ka piko o ka manu a lōʻihi kona 5-10 cm. Eia nō naʻe, i ke kaʻina hana o ka pae ʻana, hoʻolaha nā ʻelele o ka ʻoka Hornbill a me ka ʻohana Hoopoe i luna a pā. ʻO ka nuku o kahi manu makua he 4-5 knm ka lōʻihi, pelu iki i lalo.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo, ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻēmi nui ʻia. ʻO kahi o nā wāwae he kēpau-hina. Ua lawa ka ikaika o nā lālā o ka manu, me nā metatarsal pōkole a me nā māiʻuʻu ākea.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Ma ka ʻili o ka honua, neʻe wikiwiki a maʻalahi nā hoopoes, ma mua o ke ʻano o nā starling maʻamau.... I nā hōʻailona mua o ka pīhoihoi hikiwawe, a ke hiki ʻole i nā manu ke holo holoʻokoʻa, hiki i kahi manu ke peʻe, e kīkē ana i ka ʻili o ka honua, e hohola ana i kona huelo a me nā ʻēheu, a e hāpai aʻe hoʻi i ka nuku.
I ke kahua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kā lākou keiki a hānai ʻana i nā moa, nā manu makua a me nā pēpē e hoʻopuka i kahi wai aila aila i hūnā ʻia e ka goke coccygeal a me ka ʻala, ʻala maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ia ʻano wai a me nā palahalaha kahi ʻano pale o ka hoopoe mai nā mea ʻino o ka honua.
ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka manu i ʻae iā ia i nā maka o ke kanaka e lilo i mea "haumia" loa. I ka lele ʻana, ʻaʻole wikiwiki nā hoopoes, e lele ana e like me nā butterflies. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka pūʻulu Rhinoceros a me ka ʻohana Hoopoe i ka lele ʻana, no ka mea ʻaʻohe hiki i nā mea ʻili hulu ke hopu iā ia i ka lewa.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka hoopoe
ʻO ke ola awelika o ka hoopoe, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻewalu mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻAʻohe o nā kāne o ka hoopoe a me nā wahine o kēia ʻano he ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka helehelena mai kekahi i kekahi. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio e pili ana i ke kauoha ʻo Hornbill a me ka ʻohana Hoopoe, ma ka laulā, he mau momona ka momona o ka momona, ʻike ʻokoʻa i ka nuku pōkole, a me kahi kiko pōkole.
Nā ʻano hoopoe
Nui nā ʻāpana o nā ʻelele o ke kauoha Hornbill a me ka ʻohana Hoopoe (Upupidae):
- ʻO Upupa epops epops, a i ʻole ʻo Common Hoopoe, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana nominative. Noho ʻo ia ma Eurasia mai ka ʻAkelanika a ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana a i ka Scandinavian Peninsula, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a ma waena o Rūsia, ma ka Hikina Waena, ʻIrana a me Afghanistan, ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana komohana o ʻĀnia a ma nā mokuna komohana komohana o Kina, a ma nā mokupuni ʻo Canary a ma ʻApelika komohana;
- ʻoihana ʻohana Upupa epops nā ola nui ma ʻAigupita, ka ʻākau o Sudan a me Chad hikina. ʻO ia nā subspecies nui loa, ʻoi kona nuku lōʻihi, kahi hina hina ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino a me kahi kāʻei bandiki i ka wahi o ka huelo;
- ʻO Upupa epops senegalensis, a i ʻole Senegalese hoopoe, noho i ka panalāʻau o Algeria, nā kāʻei maloʻo o ʻApelika mai Senegal a Somalia a me ʻAitiopia. ʻO kēia subspecies ka mea liʻiliʻi loa me nā ʻēheu pōkole a me ke kū ʻana o kahi nui o ke keʻokeʻo ma nā hulu kula kiʻekiʻe lua;
- Nā ʻāpana ʻo Upupa epops waibeli kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o Equatorial Africa mai Cameroon a me ka ʻākau ʻo Zaire a ma ke komohana a Uganda. ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā mea kōkua i ʻike nui ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka ʻĀkau o Kenya. Ua like ke ʻano me U. e. senegalensis, akā ʻokoʻa i nā leo ʻeleʻele i ke kala;
- Noho ʻo Upupa epops africana, a i ʻole ʻo Afrika hoopoe, ma Equatorial a me ʻApelika Hema mai ke kikowaena ʻo Zaire a i waena o Kenya. He ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia subspecies, me ka ʻole o nā kaha keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao i waho o ka ʻēheu. I nā kāne, ʻike ʻia nā ʻeheu ʻēheu lua e kahi kumu keʻokeʻo;
- ʻO Upupa epops marginata, a i ʻole ʻo Madagascar hoopoe, kahi lunamakaʻāinana o nā manu o ka ʻākau, komohana a me ka hema ʻo Madagascar. I ka nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o kēlā manu ma mua o nā subspecies ma mua, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi i ke alo o ka paler plumage a me nā kaha keʻokeʻo loa e kau ana ma nā ʻeheu;
- Noho nā ʻupena ʻo Upupa epops saturata i Eurasia mai nā ʻaoʻao hema a waena o Rūsia a i ka ʻaoʻao hikina o nā Kepanī Kepani, ka hema a me ka waena o Kina. ʻAʻole nui ka nui o kēia mau inoa nominative. Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā Lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻāpana e kahi ʻāpana hina hina i ka hope, a me ke alo o kahi aniani ʻalani mānoanoa i ka ʻōpū.
- ola nā ʻupena Upupa epops ceylonensis e noho ana ma Central Asia hema o Pakistan a me ka ʻākau ʻo India, ma Sri Lanka. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia mau ʻāpana, he ʻulaʻula hou aʻe kā ka ʻulaʻula, a ʻo ke kala keʻokeʻo ma ka piko o ka piko ʻaʻole loa;
- Noho nā ʻāpana ʻo Upupa epops longirostris i ka mokuʻāina India o Asom, Indochina a me Bangladesh, hikina a me ka hema o Kina, a me ka Malacca Peninsula. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka manu ma mua o nā inoa nominative. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hiʻohiʻona, he kala keʻokeʻo ʻo U. ceylonensis a he ʻāpana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻeheu.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka hui kahiko o nā manu, e like me nā hoopoes hou, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻohana lōʻihi loa Messelirrisoridae.
ʻOiai ʻo nā hoopoes makua o nā ʻāpana āpau i hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke i kahi kanaka a lele ʻole mai iā ia, akā ʻo nā moa hulu piha ke aʻa maikaʻi ma ka home.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
He manu ʻo ka hoopoe o ka Honua Kahiko. Ma ka panalāʻau o Eurasia, ua pālahalaha ka manu i kona lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana a me ka ʻākau hoʻi ʻaʻole ia e pūnana i nā mokupuni ʻo Pelekane, Scandinavia, nā ʻāina Benelux, a me nā mauna o nā Alps. Ma nā mokuʻāina ʻo Baletika a me Kelemania, hāʻawi liʻiliʻi ʻia nā hoopoes. Ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa, nā ʻelele o ka pūnana genus ma ka hema o ke awāwa o Pinilana, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod a me nā ʻāina ʻo Yaroslavl, a me nā repubalika o Bashkortostan a me Tatarstan.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Siberia, piʻi nā manu i ka pae o 56 ° N. sh., hiki i Achinsk a me Tomsk, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina, ka piko o ka laulā e pili ana iā Lake Baikal, ke kahakai Hema-Muisky o Transbaikalia a me ke kahawai kahawai ʻo Amur. Ma nā panalāʻau o ʻAmelika ʻĀkia, noho nā hoopoes ma nā wahi āpau, akā pale lākou i nā wahi wao nahele a me nā wahi ulu mau. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana Hoopoe ma Taiwan, nā Kepanī Kepanī a me Sri Lanka. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina hikina, noho lākou ma ka pae ʻo Malacca. Aia kekahi mau hihia o ka lele pinepine ʻana i Sumatra a me ka ʻāpana insular o Kalimantan. Ma ʻApelika, aia ka pae nui ma ka hema o ka ʻāina Sahara, a ma Madagascar, noho nā hoopoes ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana maloʻo.
Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, noho nā hoopoes ma ka papu a ma nā wahi puʻu paha, kahi e hāʻawi ʻia ai ka makemake i nā kahamaha ākea me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka mauʻu kiʻekiʻe i ka hui pū ʻia me ke kū ʻana o kēlā me kēia kumulāʻau a i ʻole nā ulu lāʻau liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka heluna kanaka nui loa ma nā wahi maloʻo a mehana. Noho paʻa nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana i nā awāwa a me nā kula, noho kokoke i ka lihi a i ʻole ma ka lihi o ka ululāʻau, e noho i nā awāwa a me nā kuahiwi, i nā puʻu kahakai.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo Hoopoes i nā kahakai i hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe, e like me nā wahi hānai, nā pā waina, a me nā māla hua... I kekahi manawa noho ka manu i nā kauhale, kahi e hānai ai lākou i ka ʻōpala mai nā ʻōpala. Makemake nā manu e hōʻalo i nā wahi maʻū a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa, a e hana i nā wahi pūnana e hoʻohana lākou i nā lāʻau kahiko hollow, nā kahawai ma waena o nā pōhaku, nā lua ma nā pali kahawai, nā puʻu termite, a me nā kaumaha ma nā kūkulu pōhaku. Hoʻoikaika wale ka hoopoe i nā hola o ke ao, a hele no ka pō i nā wahi pale e kūpono no ia ʻano.
ʻAiʻai Hoopoe
ʻO ka meaʻai nui o ka hoopoe ka mea i ʻano nui ʻia e nā ʻano invertebrates liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
- nā ʻelala a me nā pupae o ka ʻūpala;
- Nā nalo meli;
- nalo ʻāpala;
- mea ʻai make;
- ʻūhini;
- butterflies;
- steppe filly;
- lele;
- naonao;
- nā kauā;
- punawelewele;
- nā moʻo lāʻau;
- centipedes;
- molluscs liʻiliʻi.
I kekahi manawa hiki i nā hoopoes makua ke hopu i nā rana liʻiliʻi, a me nā moʻo a me nā nahesa. ʻAi wale ka manu i ka ʻili o ka honua, e ʻimi ana i kāna mea pio ma waena o ka mauʻu haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka lepo i kaʻawale mai nā mea kanu. ʻO ka mea nona ka nuku lōʻihi e kīkē pinepine ana i ka lepo a me nā puʻu ʻōpala, nānā i ka meaʻai i ka wahie popopo, a i ʻole e hana i nā lua papau i ka lepo.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā beetle nui ka nui o ka hāmare ma ka honua me ka hoopoe, e haki i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila ʻai ʻia.
ʻO ka manawa pinepine, nā ʻelele o ke kauoha Hornbill a me ka ʻohana Hoopoe e hele pū me nā holoholona hānai hānai. Pōkole ke alelo o ka hoopoe, no laila i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hiki i nā manu ke ʻānai pololei i ka mea pio mai ka honua. No kēia kumu, hoʻolei nā manu i ka meaʻai i ka lewa, a laila hopu lākou a ale iā ia.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hiki i nā Hoopoes ke oʻo kolohe i ka makahiki hoʻokahi. ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻāpana āpau he monogamous. Ma nā panalāʻau o Rūsia, ua hōʻea mua kēlā mau manu i kā lākou wahi i hoʻomoana ai i ka wanaʻao, ke puka mai nā pā wai thawed mua, ma kahi o Malaki a ʻApelila paha. Ma hope koke iho o ka hōʻea ʻana, noho nā kāne i nā wahi hānau. ʻEleu loa nā kāne makua a walaau nui, ke kāhea nei i nā wahine. ʻO ka leo o nā subspecies ʻo Madagascar e like me kahi purr kaʻa loa.
I ke kaʻina o ka noho aloha ʻana, lele mālie nā kāne a me nā wahine ma hope o kekahi, e kaha ana i kahi no kā lākou pūnana i ka wā e hiki mai ana... ʻO ka pinepine, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāina i koho ʻia e nā hoopoes no kekahi mau makahiki. ʻO ka pinepine, hānai kaʻawale nā manu i nā pālua, a ke kokoke nā manu ʻē aʻe, hiki ke kaua ma waena o nā kāne e like me nā moa.
No ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pūnana, koho ʻia kahi wahi mehameha i ke ʻano o ka hakahaka o kahi kumulāʻau, a me ka pali pōhaku a i ʻole ke kaumaha i ka pali o kahi pali. I ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi malu kūpono, hiki ke waiho pono i nā hua ma ka honua. ʻAʻohe loa ka uhi ʻana o ka pūnana a i ʻole he mau hulu wale nō ka, nā lau o ka mauʻu a i ʻole nā ʻāpana o ka lepo pipi.
I kekahi manawa, lawe ʻia ka lepo lāʻau popopo i loko o ka lua e nā hoopoes. ʻAʻole like me ka nui o nā manu ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻoneʻe nā hoopoes i nā kulu mai ka pūnana. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ke kahua o ka incubation a me ka hānai hou ʻana i nā moa, hana nā ʻano manu i kahi ʻano aila wai. Hūnā ʻia e ka gland coccygeal a loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻala pungent ʻoluʻolu ʻole, kahi mea pale maikaʻi i nā ʻenemi i ke kūlohelohe.
Hana ʻia ka hānau ʻana, ma ke ʻano he rula, hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, a hiki ke loli ka nui o ka paʻa i ke kaukaʻi. ʻO nā hua he oblong i ke ʻano, 26x18 mm ka nui a me ke kaulike awelika o ma kahi o 4.3-4.4 g. Hoʻololi ke ʻano o ke kala i loko o kahi ākea ākea, loaʻa paha i kahi aniani bluish a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha. Hoʻokahi hua e waiho ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, a hoʻomaka ka hoʻouluulu ʻana me ka hua mua loa a mau ka mahina. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma mua o umikūmālima mau lā.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻokomo ʻia ka paʻa e ka wahine wale nō, a hānai ke kāne iā ia i kēia wā. Makapō ka hatchling a uhi ʻia me ka fluff ʻulaʻula kaka ʻole.
Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, ulu hou kahi fluff o ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. ʻO ke kahu hānai keiki ke kuleana o nā mākua ʻelua, nāna i lawe ʻē aʻe i nā ilo a me nā larva o nā ʻelala like ʻole i ka pūnana. I ka makahiki he ʻekolu pule, haʻalele ka moa i ko lākou pūnana a hoʻomaka e lele lele, koe no kekahi mau pule hou aʻe i ko lākou mau mākua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Hoʻoweliweli ka hoopoe i ka poʻe ʻenemi, hoʻokomo koke me nā ʻeheu i hohola ʻia i ka ʻili o ka honua a hāpai i kona nuku. I kēia kūlana, ua lilo lākou i mea e hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo a ʻike ʻole ʻia, a no laila weliweli a hiki ʻole ke ʻai.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- Parrot kea
- Oatmeal māla
- Lapwings
- ʻO Goldfinches
ʻAʻole nui nā ʻenemi i ke kūlohelohe no ka hoopoe - e ʻaʻa kahi holoholona laha ʻole e ʻai i ka mea pilau a ʻaʻala maikaʻi ʻole. I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, i Kelemania, ʻai ʻia ka ʻiʻo o ka makua mākoe a me nā moa a loaʻa "ʻono loa".
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I loko o ka pukeʻikepili ʻulaʻula, aia i kahi hoopoes kahi kūlana o kahi ʻauhau me ka makaʻu liʻiliʻi (mahele LC). ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā manu i ʻike maka ʻia i ka hōʻemi ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia kāna mau dynamics i kēia lā e noʻonoʻo.
