Nā pāheʻe, a i ʻole nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ʻākau (Pleuronectidae) he ʻelele o ka ʻohana mai ka papa o nā iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā flounders. ʻO ka hui ʻana o kēia ʻohana he ʻumikūmālua mau ʻano iʻa me ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona.
Wehewehe hālana
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka Flounder ʻohana kahi o nā maka ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke poʻo, no ka mea i kapa ʻia kēlā iʻa he flounder ʻaoʻao ʻākau. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi manawa aia kekahi mau mea i kapa ʻia he hoʻi a ʻaoʻao hema o ka flounder.... Hoʻohālikelike nā peʻa pelvic a he wahi hāiki.
Nā ʻano laulā o nā ʻano ʻohana āpau:
- kino pālahalaha;
- elongated dorsal and anal fins me nā kukuna he nui;
- poʻo asymmetrical;
- protruding a pili pono nā maka, hana kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi;
- ke kūʻana o kahi laina ʻaoʻao ma waena o nā maka;
- slanting waha a me nā niho ʻoiʻoi;
- hoʻopōkole i ka peduncle caudal;
- kahi ʻaoʻao makapō, mālamalama i uhi ʻia me ka ʻili huluhulu a paʻa.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hua manu e ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi kulu momona, e lana ana, a ʻo ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa i ke kolamu wai a i kāna mau papa luna. ʻO nā mea kanu ʻelima holoʻokoʻa i hua i nā hua hua ma lalo.
Hoihoi ia! Mahalo i ka mimicry, ua hiki i nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana Kambalov ke hana akamai e hōʻano ʻē iā lākou iho i nā ʻano kūpuna paʻakikī, ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa i kēia mākau a hiki i kahi chameleon.
Helehelena
Nānā ʻole ʻia o ka ʻauhau, makemake nā flo flo āpau i kahi nohona benthic, e noho i nā hohonu a ʻike ʻia e kahi kino wīwī i hoʻopili ʻia, oval a i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke daimana.
Holo kahawai (Platichthys flesus) pili pū me ka flounder Star-shaped, Kalkan Black Sea a me Arctic flounder:
- Holo ka hōkū (Platichthys stellatus) - kahi laha me kahi hoʻonohonoho hema hema o nā maka, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ākea ma nā hika a me nā papa stellate spiked ma ka ʻaoʻao maka. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 50-60 cm me ke kino o 3-4 kg;
- Kalkani ʻeleʻele (Scophthalmidae) He ʻano laha e kuhi ʻia i kahi kūlana hema hema, kahi kino o ke kino a puni, a me nā ʻōpala lumpy i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele-ʻoliva i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kahi iʻa mākua ma mua o ka mika me ka awelika o 20 kg;
- Lana polar (Liopsetta glacialis) He ʻano pale anuanu me kahi kino oval elongated o kahi kala ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele paʻa me nā ʻāpana palaka.
ʻOluʻolu ke kai flounder i loko o nā wai paʻakai. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēlā ʻano e ka nui ākea i ka nui, ke ʻano o ke kino, ke kala fin, kahi o ka ʻaoʻao makapō a ʻike ʻia.
- Kahua kai (ʻO Pleuronectes platessa) he auhau maʻamau me ke kala kumu ʻeleʻele-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻalani. Ke ulu nei nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui i 6-7 kg me ka nui o ka nui i loko o hoʻokahi mika. ʻO ka lāhui ka mea nona kahi mimicry ulu;
- Pā-keʻokeʻo hema a flounder ʻākau pili i ka iʻa o lalo o ke kai, ulu pinepine a 50 cm. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hiʻohiʻona ke kū o kahi arcuate diluted lateral line, kahi kala waiū o ka ʻaoʻao makapō, ʻeleʻele ka ʻāpana o ka maka a ʻāpana palaoa paha.
- Pohaku Yellowfin (Limanda aspera) he ʻano anu-anuanu, ʻano ʻia e ke alo o nā unahi me nā spine a me ke kino ʻeleʻele poepoe, i kapili ʻia e nāʻili melemele-gula. ʻO ka i kā mākou nui o kahi iʻa mākua ma kahi o 45-50 cm me ka awelika o 0.9-1.0 kg;
- Nā Haʻawina hōʻike ʻia e ʻelima mau ʻano, ʻo ka mea nui e ulu a i 4.5 mau mika me ke kaupaona o 330-350 kg, a ʻo ka mea i koho ʻia he pua puaʻa hāhā, a he mea liʻiliʻi loa ka loaʻa ʻana ma mua o 8 kg me ka lōʻihi o ke kino 70-80 cm.
ʻO Far East flounder kahi inoa hui e hoʻohui i kahi ʻumikūmālua mau kālā, ʻo ia ka iʻa pālahalaha i kapa ʻia. Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i nā melemele, stellate a me nā ʻano keʻokeʻo-bele, a me nā laina ʻelua, proboscis, ihu lōʻihi, halibut, bellied-melemele, warty a me nā flounders ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Noho kaawale ʻo Flounder a me ka benthic. Hoʻomaopopo loa nā lālā o ka ʻohana iā lākou iho e like me ke kaiapuni (mimicry). Hoʻolilo kēlā iʻa i kahi ʻāpana nui o kā lākou manawa e moe ana i ka papa o ka moe wai a i ʻole e ʻānai iā lākou iho i ko lākou mau maka i nā sediment o lalo. Mahalo i kēia camouflage kūlohelohe maoli, ʻaʻole hiki i ka flounder ke kiʻi wale i kahi mea pio mai kahi ʻano hoʻohālua, akā e hūnā hoʻi mai nā mea ʻino wai nui.
ʻOiai i loko o kahi lohi a ʻano clumsiness paha, hoʻohana maʻalahi ʻia ka flounder e neʻe mālie ma ka honua, i kumu ʻia e nā neʻe ʻole ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, lilo ka flounder i mea ʻauʻau maikaʻi loa ke pono. Hoʻomaka koke kēlā ʻano iʻa, a ma kahi mamao aku hiki ke hoʻomohala i kahi wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe.
I nā kūlana i koi ʻia, "pana" ka flounder me kona kino pālahalaha holoʻokoʻa he mau mika i ka manawa i koi ʻia, e hoʻokuʻu ana i kahi mokulele wai ikaika loa i ka lalo me ke kōkua o ka uhi gill ma ka ʻaoʻao makapō o ke poʻo. ʻOiai e waiho ana kahi ʻōpala ʻeleʻele o ke one a me ka silt, lawa ka manawa o ka iʻa ikaika e lālau i kāna mea pio a hūnā koke paha mai kahi mea ʻino.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi flounder
ʻO ka awelika o ke ola o kahi flounder ma lalo o nā kūlana kūwaho maikaʻi loa ma kahi o ʻekolu mau makahiki. Akā i ke ola maoli, hiki i nā lālā laha ʻole o ka ʻohana ke noho i kahi makahiki hanohano a make pinepine i ka nui i nā ʻupena hana lawaiʻa.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO nā kāne o ka flounder ʻokoʻa mai nā wahine i ko lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, kahi mamao nui ma waena o nā maka, a ʻo nā kukuna mua lōʻihi hoʻi o nā ʻāpana pectoral a me nā dorsal.
Lāhui Flounder
Hui ʻia nā ʻano flounder he kanaonokū i kēia manawa i loko o nā moʻokūʻauhau iwakāluakūmākolu:
- Pākuʻi Prickly (Acanthopsetta), me Prickly flounder (Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi) a i ʻole Coarse flounder;
- Nā halibuts Arrowtooth (Atheresthes), me nā halibut ʻāpana ʻAsia (Atheresthes evermanni) a me nā halibut American arrowtooth (Atheresthes stomias);
- Pāheʻe poʻo poʻo poʻokela (Cleisthenes), e like me kā Herzenstein flounder (Cleisthenes herzensteini) a me flounder poʻo poʻo poʻo (Cleisthenes pinetorum);
- Warty flounder (Clidoderma), me Warty flounder (Clidoderma asperrimum);
- ʻO Eopsetta, me Eopsetta grigorjewi a i ʻole Far East flounder, a ʻo Eopsetta jordani a i ʻole Kaleponi eopsetta;
- ʻO ka flounder lōʻihi (Glyptocephalus), me Red flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), Far Eastern long flounder (Glyptocephalus stelleri), a ʻo Steller's flounder liʻiliʻi paha;
- Halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides), me Japanese halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides dubius) a i ʻole Japanese ruff flounder, Northern halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides elassodon) a me European flounder (Hippoglossoides a also platessoides)
- Nā Halibuts (Hippoglossus), a i ʻole nā halibut keʻokeʻo, e like me nā halibut Atlantic (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) a me nā halibut Pacific (Hippoglossus stenolepis);
- Pāhola Bicolor (Kareius) a me Biline flounder (Lepidopsetta), e pili pū ana me ka flounder White-bellied (Lepidopsetta mochigarei) a me North flounder (Lepidopsetta polyxystra);
- ʻO Limanda, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Yellowfin flounder (Limanda aspera), Yellowtail limanda (Limanda ferruginea) a me Ershovatka (Limanda limanda), ʻo Limanda i ʻoki ʻia lōʻihi (Limanda punctatissima) a me Sakhalin flounder (Limanda sakhalinensis);
- Pākuʻi Arctic (Liopsetta), me Blackhead flounder (Liopsetta putnami);
- ʻŌhumu Oregon (Lyopsetta);
- ʻO nā flounder liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (Microstomus), me Microstomus achne, flounder poʻo liʻiliʻi (Microstomus kitt), flounder Pacific a me Microstomus shuntovi;
- Kahe ʻana o ka muliwai (Platichthys), ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Stellate flounder (Platichthys stellatus);
- Flounder (Pleuronectes), me Yellow flounder (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus);
- Pāholo poʻo paʻakikī (Pleuronichthys), me Pleuronichthys coenosus, Horned flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus);
- Pākuʻi ʻike (Psettichthys);
- ʻO ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo (Pseudopleuronectes), me ka flounder Yellow-striped (Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini), Schrenk flounder (Pseudopleuronectes schrenki), a me flounder Japanese (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae).
Hoʻomaopopo pū kekahi i ka genus Dexistes a me ka genus Embassichthys, i hōʻike ʻia e ka Embassichthys bathybius, ka genus Hypsopsetta a me Isopsetta (Isopsetta), ʻo Verasper a me Tanakius (Tanakius), Psammodiscus, Psamriella ) a me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele (Reinhardtius).
Hoihoi ia! He lunamakaʻāinana ʻo Halibut o ka lana nui a noho i ka hohonu o ka moana Pākīpika a me ʻAkelanika, a ʻo ke ola o ia iʻa iʻa predatory hiki i ka hapalua kenekulia.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO Platichthys stellatus kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o ka wai ʻākau o ka Moana Pākīpika, e like me ke kai Kepanī a me Bering, Okhotsk a me Chukchi. Noho nā ʻano wai wai wai i nā lagoons, nā kahawai o lalo a me nā kahawai. Loaʻa nā lunamaka o ka Scophthalmidae ʻāpana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka ʻAkelanika, a me nā wai o ka moana ʻEleʻele, Baletika a me ke Kaiwaenahonua. Ma waho aʻe o ka nohona kai, manaʻo nui ka flounder o kēia ʻano i nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka Hema Bug, Dnieper a me Dniester.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka paʻakai o ka wai o ke Kai Azov a me ka pāpaʻu ʻana o nā kahawai e kahe ana i loko o laila i pālahalaha aku ai ke Kai ʻEleʻele i ka waha o ka muliwai Don. Noho nā lunamaka o kahi ʻano Arctic kūpale anuanu i ka wai o nā Kara, nā Barents, White, Bering a me Okhotsk Seas, a aia pū nō hoʻi ma nā Yenisei, Ob, Kara a me Tugur, kahi e makemake ai kēlā iʻa i nā lepo lepo momona.
Noho ka wai ʻauhau moana ma nā wai nāwaliwali a paʻakai hoʻi, e hāʻawi ana i ka makemake i nā hohonu ma waena o 30-200 m. Noho ka ʻōhumu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo hema i ke kahakai kahakai o Primorye a loaʻa i ke kai o Iapana, a ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā mākua o nā ʻāpana ʻākau i ka wai o ka Okhotsk, Kamchatka a me Bering Seas.
Hoihoi ia! Ma muli o kā lākou lāhui waiwai a like ʻole a maʻalahi hoʻi o ka biology, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia nā iʻa āpau i nā wahi ma ke kahakai ʻo Eurasia āpau a me nā wai o nā kai kai loko.
Hoʻolahalaha ka papahele Yellowfin i kēia manawa i ke kai Kepanī, Okhotsk a me Bering. Nui loa kēlā mau iʻa ma loko o Sakhalin a me ke kai komohana o Kamchatka, kahi a lākou e makemake ai e noho ma kahi hohonu o 15-80 mau mika a pili i ka lepo one. Noho ʻo Halibuts i ka Moana ʻAkelanika, e noho ana ma nā wai loa o ka Arctic a me ka Moana Pākīpika, e like me nā Barents, Bering, Okhotsk a me nā kai Kepanī.
Papaʻai Flounder
Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻano laha o ka ʻauhau, hiki ke piko o ka hana ʻai ma ka auwina lā, nā hola o ka pō a me nā hola o ke ao.... Hōʻike ʻia ka papaʻai o flounder e ka meaʻai o nā holoholona. ʻAi ʻia nā ʻōpala ʻōpiopio i nā benthos, nā ilo, nā amphipods, a me nā larvae, nā crustacea, a me nā hua manu. Makemake nā flounders kahiko e hānai i nā ophiura a me nā ilo, nā mea echinodermia ʻē aʻe he nui, a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi hoʻi, kekahi o nā invertebrates a me nā crustacea. Hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana i nā ʻōpae a ʻaʻole nui nā capelin.
Ma muli o ke kaʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, ʻūlū nui ka flounder mai nā lepo mollusk o ka lepo e noho ana i ka mānoanoa o ke kai a i ʻole ka muliwai. ʻO ka ikaika o nā auwae o ka flounder ka nui loa i hiki i kahi iʻa ke maʻalahi a hoʻoponopono koke i nā pūpū paia o nā ʻola, a me nā pūpū o nā pāpaʻi. Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka waiwai nui o nā lunamakaʻāinana e ke kaulike o ka meaʻai me nā protein protein kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ka manawa spawning no kēlā me kēia ʻauhau he mea ponoʻī ia, a pili pono i ka ʻāina o ka noho ʻana, ka manawa o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā puna, ka helu o ka wai e hoʻomehana ana a hiki i nā hōʻailona hōʻoluʻolu loa. ʻO ka wā hānau hānau maʻamau no ka nui o nā laha mai ka ʻumi mau makahiki o Pepeluali a Mei. Aia kekahi mau hoʻokoe, e hoʻopili ana, no ka laʻana, turbot a i ʻole ka Big Diamond.
Hele nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻano i loko o ka wai o ka Moana Baletika a me ʻAkau Akau mai ʻApelila a ʻAukake, ʻoiai makemake ka polar flounder e huki i loko o ka wai i uhi ʻia i ka hau o nā kai Kara a me Barents mai Kēkēmapa a Ianuali.
ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, hiki i ka wā ʻōpio i ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehiku paha o ke ola. No nā wahine o ka hapanui o nā laha, ʻo nā helu o ka momona kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano, no laila, loaʻa i kahi paʻa hoʻokahi ma kahi o 0.5-2 miliona mau hua pelagic. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa incubation ma mua o ʻelua mau pule. Ma ke ʻano he wahi e hee ai ka wai, koho ʻia nā wahi kahakai hohonu me kahi one ma lalo.
Hoihoi ia! Float flounder fry i kahi kūlana kino kūlike me ka symmetrically hoʻomohala ʻelua mau ʻaoʻao, a hoʻohana ʻia nā benthos liʻiliʻi a me kahi nui o ka zooplankton ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai no ka fry.
Hiki i kekahi mau laha ke hana kūleʻa a hiki i ka hohonu o kanalima mau mika, no ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka buoyancy o ka paʻa a me ka nele o ka pono e hoʻopili i nā hua i kekahi mea paʻa paʻa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Hiki i ka Flounder ke hoʻololi wikiwiki a maʻalahi hoʻi i ke kala o ka mokulele kiʻekiʻe o kona kino, kahi mea e kōkua ai i kahi iʻa e hūnā iā ia iho ma lalo o kekahi ʻano o ka lalo a pale ʻia mai ka mea i komo i loko o nā mea ʻino wai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka weliweli loa no nā ʻelele o kēia ʻohana i nā kūlana kūlohelohe i manaʻo ʻia he puhi a he halibut, a he mau kānaka kekahi. Mahalo i ka mea ʻono a ʻono loa hoʻi, kaʻiʻo keʻokeʻo olakino, hopu paʻa ʻia ka flounder e nā lawaiʻa i aneane nā kihi o ka honua.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO nā pilikia o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka loaʻa maʻalahi a me nā lāliʻi liʻiliʻi loa i nā kūlana o ka lawaiʻa snurrevod kekahi mau hihia o kahi pilikia maʻamau i ulu i nā kūlana o ka lawaiʻa nunui, a ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi i kēia manawa. Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i nā kumu kūlohelohe nui loa o ka mea nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka huina o ka flounder, kuhikuhi pinepine nā mea noiʻi i kahi hanana cyclical hiki i ka hoʻemi a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka lehulehu.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- Iʻa Trout
- Iʻa Mackerel
- Iʻa Sterlet
- Iʻa Pollock
Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻopili mau ʻia kekahi mau heluna flounder e nā hana a ke kanaka a i ʻole ma lalo o ke kaomi lawaiʻa kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka lāhui ʻo Arnoglos Mediterranean, a i ʻole ʻo Kessler flounder, i lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make loa, a ʻo ka nui o ka lehulehu o kahi iʻa predatory he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia.
Waiwai kālepa
He iʻa kālepa waiwai nui ʻo Flounder, i hopu ʻia i loko o nā wai o ke Kai ʻEleʻele a me Baletika. Loaʻa ʻo Flounder-kalkan a me turbot i ke kai Mediterranean ma ke ʻano lawaiʻa maʻamau. He kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo iki ko ka iʻa hou a me ka ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo. ʻAneʻane ʻaneʻane lawe ʻia nā ipu flounder āpau e ke kino o ke kanaka, kōkua i ka hōʻeleu ʻana i nā hana metabolic a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka meaʻai meaʻai.
