Ma Rūsia, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia manu nani he mea hoʻomāʻewaʻewa a mālama ʻia i loko o nā hale, e aʻo ana i nā mele mele kaulana. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Bullfinch i nā leo a me nā kani a ua kāhea ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "Russia parrot".
Ka wehewehe o bullfinch
I ko mākou ʻāina, ʻike ʻia ka bullfinch maʻamau (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) mai ka genus Pyrrhula, kahi ʻāpana o ka finch ʻohana.... Ua unuhi ʻia ka inoa Lākina ʻo Pyrrhula ma ke ʻano he "ahi".
ʻO ka inoa Lūkini "bullfinch" he ʻelua mana o kona kumu. Wahi a ka mea mua, ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka manu no ka mea lele ia i nā wahi hema mai nā ʻākau me ka hau a me ka hau mua. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻelua e pili ana i ka "snig" Turkic (red-breasted), i hoʻololi ʻia i ka huaʻōlelo Lūkini "snigir", a laila i loko o ka "bullfinch" kamaʻāina.
ʻIke, kala
ʻO ka kūpuna o nā bipi kāne ʻo Pyrrhula nipalensis, ka lāhui kahiko loa i loaʻa ma ʻAkia Hema a kapa ʻia ʻo ka brown buffalo finch. ʻO Pyrrhula nipalensis i ke kala e like me nā bipi kāne ʻōpio i lele iho nei mai ka pūnana mai. Mai kēia ʻano ʻAsiatic, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 5 mau lā hou i ulu aʻe, kāhiko ʻia me kahi ʻano “pāpale” o nā hulu ʻeleʻele.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka pāpale i ʻike ʻia (ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻeleʻele a puni ka nuku / maka a ma ka piko o ke poʻo) ʻike wale ʻia i nā mākua a hemo ʻole i nā moa, nā mea ʻākala ʻākala maʻamau.
ʻO nā Bullfinches he manu manoanoa a ulu, e ʻoi aku ana i ka nui o nā manu i a nui a piʻi i 18 cm. I nā hau ʻino, ʻano mānoanoa nō lākou, no ka mea, e mahana ana, hoʻomāhuahua loa lākou i kā lākou mau puʻupuʻu momona. ʻO ka mea kūikawā o ke kala o nā bipi kauō kahi hoʻokaʻawale pono o nā kala mua ma luna o nā hulu, kahi i loaʻa ʻole nā kiko, nā kiko, nā kaha a me nā māka ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke kani, a me ka nui o ke kala o ka lalo o ke kino, no ka laha o ka bullfinch a me kāna mau ʻano ponoʻī. ʻO ka huelo a me nā hulu lele e ʻeleʻele mau me ka sheen metallic blue. Keʻokeʻo undertail a me ka malo. Hoʻomakaukau ʻia ka bullfinch me ka nuku ikaika - ākea a mānoanoa, hoʻopili ʻia no ka haki ʻana i nā hua ikaika a me ka loaʻa ʻana mai o nā ʻanoʻano.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Noho nā Bullfinches e like me nā kaulike o ka mākua: nā kāne me ka hoʻolohe ʻole i nā wahine, nā mea ʻano hakakā. Na lākou nō i hoʻokumu i nā hakakāʻohana a lanakila i loko o lākou, akā naʻe, me ka lawe ʻole i nā hakakā i nā hakakā. Ke ʻike lākou i kahi nuku ākea ākea a lohe i kahi i hihi ʻole ʻia, hala nā bipi, e hāʻawi ana i nā lālā o kā lākou hoaaloha me ka nui o nā hua a me nā puʻupuʻu berry lush loa. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne i ka phlegmatic a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kelepona ma mua o nā wahine.
ʻO ka hoʻoilo o nā manu i loko o nā palena o ka wahi e hoʻomoana ai (e ʻimi ana i nā wahi noho a me nā ʻāina mahiʻai), i kekahi manawa e ʻākoakoa ana i nā pūʻulu nui, kahi e ʻike nui ʻia ai nā bipi. Ma kahi kokoke i ka puna, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, hoʻāʻo lākou e hūnā mai ka maka prying, no lākou e neʻe ai i nā ululāʻau.
Hoihoi ia! I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻoilo a i ka wā puna, ʻo ka manawa kēia no ke mele ʻana, ke hoʻāʻo nui nā kāne i ko lākou leo, e noho ana ma luna o nā ululāʻau a i ʻole nā lei aliʻi kiʻekiʻe. Himeni pinepine nā wahine. I ka wā o ka pūnana, pau nā helu leo a pau.
Noho mālie nā mele a nā bipi kāne - ua hoʻopiha ʻia me nā ʻuhā, ke kani ʻana a me ke kolo... Hoʻokomo pū ka repertoire i nā "fu" melancholic pōkole, nā whistles laconic buzzing "juve" a me "zhiu", "inu" mālie, "fit" a me "pyut", a me nā ahiahi "ahiahi, nā ahiahi". ʻO nā pūʻulu hoa noho o nā bipi kauō pū kekahi me kekahi me nā whistles kūikawā, i ka manawa like a me ka haʻahaʻa (kahi mea e like me "ju ... ju ... ju ...").
Ke piha lākou, noho nā bipi kau no ka manawa lōʻihi ma ka lāʻau forage, hoʻomaʻemaʻe lohi iā lākou iho a i ʻole, ke ʻōpala ʻana, e kani me kahi "ki-ki-ki" kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. I hoʻokahi manawa, hū ka hipa a lele aku, a waiho i nā koina o kā lākou pāʻina ma ka hau - huki ʻia nā hua berry a i ʻole nā koena o nā ʻanoʻano. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilo o nā bipi kauō, e ʻauana hele ʻole ʻana ma waena o nā ululāʻau liʻiliʻi, nā palena o ka ululāʻau, nā māla a me nā māla mea kanu.
Ehia mau bipi kāne e ola nei
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ola nā bipi mai 10 a 13 mau makahiki, akā lōʻihi iki i ka lawe pio ʻana (me ka mālama kūpono) - a i 17 mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa i ka moekolohe i nā bipi kauaka ke ʻike wale ʻia i ke kala, a kūʻē i ke kumu o ka wahine, ʻo ia ke kāne e ʻōlinolino ke nānā aku, mahalo ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa ʻo Pyrrhula ("ahi").
Mea nui! I ke kāne, hoʻopiha ʻia nā pāpālina, ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma me kahi leo ʻulaʻula nani, ʻoiai e hōʻike ana ka wahine i ka umauma brownish-hina hina a me ka hope ʻeleʻele. Loaʻa i nā kāne nā hina hina hina a me ka huelo keʻokeʻo o luna / huelo.
I nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻano like nā wahine me nā kāne: pāpale ʻia ka pāpale ʻelua me nā pāpale ʻeleʻele mai ka nuku a i ka ʻoka. Uhi ka pena ʻeleʻele i ka ʻāʻī, kahi kokoke i ka nuku a me ka nuku ponoʻī, e kala pū ana hoʻi i ka huelo a me nā ʻeheu, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā kaha keʻokeʻo. ʻAʻole kahe ʻo Black i nā kala ʻē aʻe i nā wahi āpau a hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia mai ka ʻulaʻula. He ʻeheu / huelo ʻeleʻele nā bipi ʻōpio, akā nele i nā pāpale ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele ke kala ma mua o ka hāʻule o ka molt mua. ʻIke ʻia ke kala ʻokoʻa (e ka moekolohe a me nā makahiki) ke ʻike ʻoe i kahi ʻohana o nā bipi kāne i ka ikaika piha.
Nā ʻano o nā bullfinches
ʻO ka genus Pyrrhula he 9 mau ʻano bipi. Mai ka manaʻo o kekahi mau ornithologists, ka mea i manaʻo i ka hina a me ka Ussuri ʻano he ʻano laha o ka bullfinch maʻamau, aia nō he ʻewalu mau lā. Hoʻokaʻawale pū ʻia ka genus i nā hui 2 - ʻeleʻele (4-5 mau ʻano) a me nā bipi kauō (4 ʻano).
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, e ʻike nei i 9 mau ʻano, like me kēia:
- Pyrrhula nipalensis - brown bullfinch;
- Pyrrhula aurantiaca - bullfinch i kākoʻo ʻia i melemele;
- Pyrrhula erythrocephala - bullfinch poʻo ʻulaʻula;
- Pyrrhula erythaca - hina poʻo poʻo hina;
- Pyrrhula leucogenis - barnacle bullfinch;
- Pyrrhula murina - Azorean bullfinch;
- Pyrrhula pyrrhula - bullfinch maʻamau;
- Pyrrhula cineracea - hina bullfinch;
- Pyrrhula griseiventris - Ussuri bullfinch.
I ko mākou ʻāina, loaʻa ka nui o ka bullfinch maʻamau, me nā ʻāpana ʻekolu e noho ana i nā wahi like ʻole o ka wahi ma hope o Soviet:
- Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula - Euro-Siberian bullfinch maʻamau, ʻo ia nō hoʻi ʻo ʻEulopa Hikina (ke ʻano ikaika loa);
- ʻO Pyrrhula pyrrhula rossikowi - Caucasian maʻamau bullfinch (ʻokoʻa i ka nui haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o ke kala);
- ʻO Pyrrhula pyrrhula cassinii kahi Kamchatka bullfinch maʻamau (ʻo nā mea ʻoihana nui loa).
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Noho ʻo Bullfinches ma ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa, a ma ʻAkia Komohana / Hikina hoʻi (me ka hopu ʻia o Siberia, Kamchatka a me Iapana)... ʻO ka palena hema o ka laulā e hoʻonui i ka ʻākau o Sepania, nā Apennines, Helene (ʻĀkau ʻākau) a i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Asia Uiki. I Lūkia, ʻike ʻia nā bipi mai ke komohana a i ka hikina, i ka nahele a me nā ululāʻau-steppe (hapa) kahi e ulu ai nā lāʻau coniferous. Makemake nā manu i nā ululāʻau mauna a me haʻahaʻa, akā nānā ʻole i nā wahi treeless.
Ma waho aʻe o nā ululāʻau me ka ulu nui, noho nā bipi i nā māla o ke kūlanakauhale, nā pāka a me nā pā (ʻoiai i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kau). I ke kauwela, ʻike ʻia nā bipi kauō ʻaʻole wale i nā mānoanoa, akā i nā ululāʻau māmā. Noho maʻa mau ka manu, neʻe i ke anuanu wale nō mai ka taiga ʻākau. Aia nā wahi o ka neʻe ʻana a hiki i Kina Hikina a me ʻAkia Waena.
ʻAiʻai Bullfinch
Kāhea ka poʻe haʻi manu i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania i nā bullfinches "seed-predators", e kuhikuhi nei i nā manu e hilahila ʻole i nā mea kanu me ka hana maikaʻi ʻole i nā kumu lāʻau.
Hoihoi ia! I ka hōʻea ʻana i nā hua, kuʻi nā bipi iā lākou, lawe i nā ʻanoʻano, haki, hoʻokuʻu iā lākou mai nā pūpū, a ʻai. Hana ka Thrushes a me ka waxwings i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa - ale lākou i nā hua holoʻokoʻa, ma muli o ka ʻai ʻana o ka pulp, a puka nā ʻanoʻano me ka lepo i kupu i ka puna.
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka bullfinch e komo pū ana i nā meaʻai mea kanu a i kekahi manawa me nā arachnids (ʻoiai ke hānai ʻana i nā moa). Hoʻokomo ʻia ka papa kuhikuhi maʻamau i nā ʻanoʻano a me nā hua, e like me:
- nā hua lāʻau / shrub - maple, hornbeam, lehu, lilac, alder, linden a me birch;
- nā hua o nā lāʻau hua / nāhelehele - lehu mauna, cherry manu, irga, buckthorn, viburnum, hawthorn a me nā mea ʻē aʻe;
- ʻo nā huamona hop a me nā hua juniper.
I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻololi nā bipi i nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā ʻanoʻano i loaʻa i kēlā manawa o ka makahiki.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻi hou ʻo Bullfinches i nā pūnaewele pūnana (coniferous a me nā ululāʻau ulu lāʻau) e ka waena o Malaki - kakahiaka ʻApelila... Akā i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomaka nā kāne e lele me nā wahine. Me ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka mehana, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomau o ka noho aloha ʻana, a hana ʻia nā paʻa mua i nā hipa. Kūkulu ka bullfinch i kahi pūnana ma luna o ka lālā spruce mānoanoa, mai kahi kumu mai, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2-5 m. I kekahi manawa kū nā pūnana ma nā birch, pine a i ʻole nā lāʻau juniper (kiʻekiʻe).
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā pūnana me nā paʻa i ka mahina o Mei, nā keiki kāne lele a me nā keiki lele lele wiwo ʻole mai Iune. ʻO ka pūnana o ka bullfinch e like me kahi kīʻaha pālahalaha iki ʻia, ulana ʻia i nā lālā spruce, nā lālā lau nahele, nā limu a me nā limu. I ka paʻa ʻaʻohe mea ma mua o 4-6 mau hua uliuli māmā (2 cm ka nui), kiko ʻia me nā kiko ʻeleʻele / kiko ʻole.
Hoihoi ia! Hana wale ka wahine i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua no 2 mau pule. Hoʻomanaʻo ka makuakāne i ka makua ke ala aʻe nā moa ma ka ʻēheu. ʻO kahi ʻohana nona ke kāne kāne a me 4-5 mau keiki kāne i manaʻo ʻia he maʻamau i nā bipi kauō.
ʻO nā Chicks, a hiki i ko lākou ʻike ʻana pehea e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai iā lākou iho, hānai ʻia me nā ʻano hua liʻiliʻi ʻole, nā hua, nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā arachnids. Mai Iulai, lele hele a lele nā keiki i waho o ka ululāʻau i Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa, e hui pū ana me nā heluna ʻākau e haʻalele ana i ka hema.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā Bullfinches, ʻoi aku ka pinepine ma mua o nā manu ʻē aʻe, i lilo i waiwai pio maʻalahi no kā lākou mau kiʻi hopu, ka nui a me ka lohi.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā bipi kau pū:
- sparrowhawk;
- marten;
- pueo;
- pōpoki (hihiu a kūloko).
ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻano hua / berry, bullfinches e noho wehe ākea a ʻike maopopo ʻia i ko lākou mau ʻenemi hiki. Hoʻonāukiuki ʻia kēia kūlana e clumsiness: ʻaʻole ʻike nā bipi i ka hūnā koke ʻana i nā mānoanoa a i ʻole ka moe ʻana i nā lehelehe i ka lewa, e neʻe nei mai nā manu o ka ʻai.
Hoihoi ia! I mea e pale ai iā lākou iho i ka wā o ka ʻai, ʻākoakoa nā bipi i nā ʻohana hipa a hoʻopili i nā manu ʻāhiu ʻē aʻe (greenfinches, finches and thrush). ʻO ka uwa ala o ka thrush he hōʻailona ia no ka lele, a ma hope e waiho nā bipi i nā lei aliʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I loko o 10-12 mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua emi nui ka helu o nā bipi kauō: i kekahi mau wahi, ua neʻe lākou mai ka maʻamau a ka mea maʻamau. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i kapa ʻia ka luku ʻia ʻana o kahi nohona - ʻaʻole wale nā bipi kauō, akā ʻo kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe e pono ai i nā wahi nui o nā ʻano hihiu. Wahi a ka World Resources Institute, ʻo ka mahele o nā ululāʻau i hoʻopā ʻole ʻia i ka Russian Federation i kēia manawa 43%. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Anthropogenic i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻopili i ka hapa nui o nā manu, me nā bipi kauō, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hala loa aku nei, he mau miliona o lākou i kau ʻia i ka taiga o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka Russian Federation.
Hoʻohuli maikaʻi ʻole nā mea i ka heluna bullfinch:
- hoʻokele waiwai / hoʻonanea ulu ulu;
- hōʻino o nā kūlana kaiapuni;
- kahi hoʻololi i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ululāʻau - conifers i nā mea lau liʻiliʻi, kahi e loaʻa ʻole ai nā manu i ka meaʻai e pono ai a me kahi e hoʻomoe ai;
- wela / haʻahaʻa mahana.
I ka 2015, ua paʻi ʻia ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o nā manu o ʻEulopa (mai ka pilina o ka honua no ka pale ʻana i ke kūlohelohe a me nā manu ʻo BirdLife International), ka mea i hōʻike i ka hoʻokō palena ʻole ʻia o kekahi o nā hui mālama e pili ana i ka Azores bullfinch.
Ua kokoke pau ka laha ma muli o ka laha ʻana o nā lau nahele ʻē aʻe i kahe i ka mokupuni ʻo San Miguel, kahi e noho ai nā bullfinch Azores. Ua hiki iā BirdLife SPEA ke hoʻihoʻi i nā lāhui maoli o nā mea kanu mokupuni, mahalo i hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā bipi kauō he 10 mau manawa (mai 40 a 400 mau pālua), a ua loli ke ʻano i kona kūlana - "i ke kūlana koʻikoʻi" lilo "i kahi mokuʻāina weliweli".
