Ua hopu ʻia kēia mau manu e ko ʻAigupita kahiko, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a me nā pahu liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻokele a me nā hulu lele. A ma kahi o. ʻO Kerete a me ʻAlapia, ua kinai ʻia nā manu lele no ka pono o nā ʻili, kahi i loaʻa mai ai ka hulu hulu hoʻonaninani.
Hōʻike ʻāʻī
ʻO nā genus Gyps (vultures, a i ʻole nā ʻohina) kekahi mau ʻano mai ka ʻohana hawk, i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā vultures o ka Old World... ʻAno like lākou me ʻAmelika (nā World vulture), akā ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo ʻia he ʻohana. A ʻo nā ʻekue ʻeleʻele hoʻi, ka mea i loko o ka ʻohana like me nā ʻekue, he ʻano kaʻawale Aegypius monachus.
Helehelena
He helehelena kupaianaha ko Vultures - kahi poʻo poʻo ʻole a me ka ʻāʻī, kahi kino hulu kaumaha, kahi nuku lou nui a me nā wāwae manamana nui. Pono kahi nuku ikaika e haehae i ke koʻo ma ia wahi: he manamana lima nāwaliwali ka manu ʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i kahi pio nui. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hulu ma ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī kahi ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe e kōkua ai e hōʻemi i ka lepo ke ʻai ʻoe. He hana like ko ke apo hulu ma ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī - e kāohi i ke kahe o ke koko, e pale ana i ke kino mai ka haumia.
Hoihoi ia! Loaʻa nā ʻōpū a pau i ka ʻōpū voluminous nui loa a me ka goiter, e ʻae iā lākou e ʻai a 5 kg o ka meaʻai i kahi noho.
Pena ʻia nā Vultures o ka World Kahuna - ʻeleʻele, hina, ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo ke kani i ka plumage. Ma ke ala, hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine e ke kala, a me nā kikoʻī kūwaho hoʻi, e like me ka nui. ʻO nā ʻāpua makua, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā ʻōpio. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o ka lāhui: ʻaʻole ulu kekahi ma mua o 0.85 m me ke kaumaha o 4-5 kg, ʻo kekahi e piʻi i 1.2 m me ke kaupaona o 10-12 kg. He huelo pōkole a poepoe ko nā Vultures a me nā ʻeheu ākea a ākea, nona ka lōʻihi he 2.5 manawa ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻōiwi ke neʻe i nā neʻe o ke kau a noho maʻa mau (hoʻokahi a pālua paha), e maʻa mau ana i nā pūnaewele paʻa. Pilikia lākou i nā panalāʻau e pili ana inā loaʻa ka carrion ma laila. ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻaina (a i mau manu he mau haneli). ʻO ka kī ʻana i ke kupapaʻu, ʻaʻole hakakā nā manu ʻāpala, ke kipaku nei i kekahi manawa i nā mea hoʻokūkū me ka pale ʻoi o ka ʻēheu. Hoʻonui ʻia ka hakakā ʻole i nā manu ʻē aʻe i pili ʻole iā lākou. Kōkua ka mālie a me ka like i ka pale ʻana i nā hola he nui i ka wā e lele ai ka manu i luna o ka honua, e nānā ana no ka mea i hōʻino ʻia a e nānā ana hoʻi i kona mau hoa ʻohana.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā lele lele maikaʻi loa, e loaʻa ana i ka lele ākea a i 65 km / h a i ka lele kū (lele i lalo) - a 120 km / h. ʻO ia kekahi o nā manu lele kiʻekiʻe: i ka manawa i hāʻule ai ka manu lele ʻApelika i loko o ka liner ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 11.3 km.
Lele maikaʻi ka ʻōiwi, akā hiki ʻole ke lele i ka honua, keu hoʻi ma hope o ka ʻaina awakea nui. I kēia hihia, koi ʻia ka glutton e kāpae i ka nui o ka meaʻai ma ke kāʻei ʻana iā ia i ka wā e hemo ai. Aia i ka lewa, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka manu i kona poʻo, huki i kona ʻāʻī a pālahalaha ākea i kona mau eheu lele mua, e hana ana i nā pale ākea a hohonu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻano ka lele ʻana o ka lele ʻana no ka ʻāʻī: ʻoi aku ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana i ka lana manuahi ʻana, e hoʻohana ana i nā ea o ka ea i luna.
Hiki i ka manu ke kāhāhā me ka ʻeleu a me ka iho ʻana i ka honua: e hoʻāʻo nui ʻoe i mea e hopu ai i ka manu lele e holo nei.... Ke piha lākou, hoʻomaʻemaʻe nā ʻāpala i ko lākou hulu, inu nui a, inā hiki, ʻauʻau. Ke kāpae nei i nā koʻohune a me nā microorganism, lawe nā ʻauwi i nā ʻauʻau lā - noho lākou ma luna o nā lālā a hoʻonui i ko lākou mau hua i hiki ai ke kukui ultraviolet i ka ʻili ponoʻī. I ka wā hoʻomaha a ʻike ʻana paha i nā meaʻai, kani nā manu i nā kani kani, akā hana iki lākou i kēia. ʻO ke kamaʻilio kamaʻilio nui loa i waena o nā aeto ʻo ke poʻo keʻokeʻo.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o nā ʻelepele
Manaʻo ʻia he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o kēia mau mea ʻaihue (ma ke ʻano a me ka paʻa pio), ma kahi o 50-55 mau makahiki. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo Alfred Brehm e pili ana i ka launa kupaianaha ma waena o kahi manu lele griffon a me kahi ʻīlio kahiko i noho pū me kekahi mea ʻoki kī. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka ʻīlio, hāʻawi lākou iā ia i ka ʻalā e haehae ʻia, akā ʻo ka ʻāpala, ʻoiai ua pōloli ʻo ia, ʻaʻole i hoʻopā i kāna hoaaloha, ua lilo i homeick a make i ka walu o ka lā
Nā ʻano o nā manamana lima
Loaʻa i ka genus Gyps nā ʻano 8:
- Gyps africanus - ʻAiwi ʻApelika;
- ʻO Gyps bengalensis - Bengal vulture;
- Gyps fulvus - griffon manu lele;
- Gyps dictus - Manu ʻ Indianiwi;
- Gyps coprotheres - Lāʻau manu;
- Gyps ruppellii - Ka ʻāʻī ʻo Rüppel;
- ʻO Gyps himalayensis - Manu manu
- ʻO Gyps tenuirostris - ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano he subspecies o ka India.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hoʻopili kēlā me kēia laha i kahi kikoʻī, me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i kona palena, ke koho ʻana i nā kahawai i nānā ʻia no ka noho ʻana - nā wao akua, savannas a me nā pali mauna. Loaʻa ka manu lele ʻApelika i nā pāpū, nā savannas, nā ululāʻau ākea ma ka hema o ka Sahara, a ma waena hoʻi o nā kumulāʻau, i nā wahi ākea a me nā ululāʻau kokoke i nā kahawai. Noho ʻo Gyps tenuirostris i nā ʻāpana o India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar a me Kambodia. Piʻi ka Himalayan Vulture (Kumai) i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o Central / Central Asia, e noho ana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 a 5.2 km, ma luna o ka laina kiʻekiʻe o ka ululāʻau.
Noho ʻo Bengal vagle ma ʻAkia Hema (Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal) a hapa ʻāpana hoʻi ma Hikina Hema Asia. Makemake nā manu e noho kokoke i ka poʻe (ʻoiai i nā kūlanakauhale nui), kahi e loaʻa ai ka nui o nā meaʻai na lākou iho.
Noho ka ʻōiwi India ma komohana India a me Pakistan hikina. Hānau ʻo Cape Sif ma ka hema o ka ʻAinapuni ʻApelika. Maʻaneʻi, ma ʻApelika, akā aia wale nō i kona ʻākau a me ka hikina, e ola nei ka manu lele ʻo Rüppel.
ʻO Griffon Vulture kahi kamaʻāina o nā wahi maloʻo (mauna a me lowland) o ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ʻAsia a me ʻEulopa hema. Hana ʻia ma nā kuahiwi o Caucasus a me Crimea, kahi kahi kaʻawale o ka heluna kanaka. I ke kenekulia 19, lele nā manu lele poʻo keʻokeʻo mai Crimea a Sivash. I kēia lā, ʻike ʻia nā seeps ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka Kerch Peninsula: ma nā mālama Karadag a me ke Kai ʻEleʻele, a ma Bakhchisarai, Simferopol a me nā wahi ʻo Belogorsk.
ʻAi ʻaina o nā ʻalā
ʻO kēia mau manu he poʻe scavenger maʻamau, ke nānā nei i nā mea pio i ka wā o ka hoʻolālā lōʻihi ʻana a me ka luʻu wikiwiki ʻana iā ia... ʻO nā pūpū, ʻaʻole like me nā moʻo o ka Honua Hou, ʻaʻohe mea kaua me ko lākou ala o ka honi, akā me ka maka maka, e hiki ai iā lākou ke ʻike i ka holoholona ʻehaʻeha.
Loaʻa ka papa kuhikuhi i nā kupapaʻu ungulate (ma ka mua) a me nā koena o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe liʻiliʻi. I ka ʻai a ka manu lele.
- hipa mauna a me nā kao;
- ʻelepani a me nā kolo;
- wildebeest a me nā llamas;
- holoholona hānai manu hānai;
- manu kuhukukū (hānau hou) a me nā iʻa;
- hua manu;
- nā mea kolo.
I nā kuahiwi a me nā wao nahele, nānā nā manu i nā wahi a puni o kahi kiʻekiʻe a hele pū paha me nā mea ʻaihue nāna i hoʻolaha i kahi huli no nā ungulate. I ka hihia ʻelua, pono wale nā pūpū e kali no ka neʻe ʻana o ka holoholona māʻona. ʻAʻole wikiwiki ʻo Vultures, a inā ʻeha ka holoholona, kakali lākou no kona make kūlohelohe a laila hoʻomaka wale e ʻai.
Mea nui! Kūlike ʻole i ka hilinaʻi nui, ʻaʻole pau nā vultures i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia, e hoʻokokoke ana i kona make. Inā hōʻike koke ka "pā" i nā hōʻailona o ke ola, hoʻi hope ka pā i ka ʻaoʻao.
Kui ka manu i ka hū ʻōpū o ke kupapaʻu me kona nuku a hoʻopili i kona poʻo i loko, a hele i ka ʻaina ahiahi. Ma hope o ka māʻona o ka pōloli mua, huki ka manu i nā ʻōpū, haehae iā lākou a ale iā lākou. ʻAi lūlū a me ka wikiwiki, e ʻūniki i kahi antelope nui i loko o kahi ʻāpana he ʻumi manu i 10-20 mau minuke. Hōʻiliʻili pinepine ʻia nā moʻohe o kekahi ʻano no kahi ʻahaʻaina kokoke i ka mea pio nui, ma muli o kā lākou ʻano meaʻai ʻokoʻa.
Hoʻopaʻa kekahi i nā ʻāpana kino kino palupalu (pulp meat a me ka offal), ʻo kekahi e māka ana i nā ʻāpana paʻakikī (cartilage, iwi, tendons a me ka ʻili). Hoʻohui, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi ke kūpale me ke kalai nui (ʻo kahi laʻana, he ʻelepani me kona ʻili mānoanoa), no laila ke kali nei lākou no ko lākou ʻohana nui. Ma ke ala, kōkua kahi lāʻau lapaʻau kikoʻī e pale aku i ka lāʻau cadaveric o nā ʻohiona - wai gastric, ka mea e hoʻopau i nā mea bacteria a pau, nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me nā toxins. Ua hōʻoia ʻia he hiki i nā ʻekue ke hoʻolōʻihi i nā ʻōloli pololi lōʻihi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
He monogamous nā manu lele - noho kūpaʻa nā kāne a hiki i ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā hoa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa lākou i ka momona, hana ʻana i nā keiki i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, a i ʻole i 2 mau makahiki.
E noho ana nā moʻo manu i loko o kahi aniau mape i ke kakahiaka nui o ka hoʻoipoipo ʻana. Hoʻāʻo ke kāne e hoʻohuli i ke poʻo o ka wahine me nā aerobatics. Inā kūleʻa ʻo ia, ma hope o kekahi manawa hoʻokahi (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pālua) ka hua manu keʻokeʻo i ka pūnana, i kekahi manawa me nā blotches brownish. ʻO kahi pūnana manu e kūkulu ʻia ma luna o kahi puʻu (pōhaku a lāʻau paha) e pale aku ai iā ia mai nā mea ʻino, me he puʻu lā o nā lālā mānoanoa, kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka lalo me ka mauʻu.
Hoihoi ia! Pili pū ka makuakāne o ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka hana o ka incubation, a he 47-57 mau lā ka lōʻihi. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā mākua i ka paʻa lima: ʻoiai e noho ana kekahi manu i ka pūnana, prowls kekahi e ʻimi i ka meaʻai. Ke hoʻololi nei i ka "kiaʻi", huli pono ka hua.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka moa hatch me ka fluff keʻokeʻo, i hāʻule i waho ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina, e loli ana i keʻokeʻo. Hānai nā mākua i ke keiki me ka ʻai hapa ʻai i hoʻoiho ʻia, regurgitating ia mai ka goiter... Noho ka moa i ka pūnana no ka manawa lōʻihi, e ala ana i ka ʻēheu ma mua o 3-4 mau mahina, akā i kēia mau makahiki ʻaʻole ia e hōʻole i ka hānai a nā mākua. Hoʻomaka ke kūʻokoʻa piha i kahi ʻōiwi ʻōpio ma kahi o ʻeono mau mahina, a ʻo ka wā ʻōpio ma mua o 4-7 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻekue e hoʻopili i kāna mau hoʻokūkū meaʻai e ʻai i ke kino - nā ʻīlio, nā hyenas i ʻike ʻia a me nā manu nui o nā mea pio. Ke hakakā nei i ka hope, pale aku ka manu iā ia iho me kahi pale ʻoi o ka ʻēheu, unuhi ʻia i kahi kū i luna. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i kahi manu lele i kahi pā maoli a neʻe aku. Me nā ʻīlio hae a me nā hyena, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaka i nā hakakā, e hoʻopili ana ʻaʻole wale i nā ʻēheu nui, akā kahi nuku ikaika hoʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka helu o nā ʻekue o ka Honua Kahuna i ʻike maka ʻia e hoʻemi ʻia ma kahi o nā wahi āpau o kona wahi noho. Loaʻa kēia i nā kumu anthropogenic, ka mea hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ʻike ʻia e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā kūlana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka mahiʻai. Wahi a nā lula hou, pono e ʻohiʻohi a kanu ʻia nā bipi i hāʻule, ʻoiai i waiho mua ʻia ma nā wahi hānai. A ʻo kahi hopena, hoʻomaikaʻi ko lākou kūlana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, akā ʻaʻole lawa ka lako o nā manu o ka mea ʻai, e like me nā ʻalulu. Eia hou, ke emi nei ka helu o nā ungulate hihiu mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki.
Mai ka manaʻo o nā ʻoihana mālama, aia nā kumulāʻau Kumai, Cape a me Bengal i kēia manawa i kahi kūlana weliweli loa. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka manu ʻiwi ʻApelika ma ke ʻano he lāhui ʻaneʻane make (e like me ka International Union for Conservation of Nature), ʻoiai me ka nui o ka puʻunaue ʻana o ka heluna lehulehu ma ka ʻāina ʻApelika. Ma ʻApelika Komohana, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā laha ma mua o 90%, a ʻo ka nui o nā manu he 270 tausani poʻo.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka hana hoʻokele waiwai kanaka ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka emi ʻana o ka heluna manu ʻĀpelika, e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale / kauhale hou ma kahi o nā savannas, mai kahi e haʻalele ai nā mammals ungulate.
ʻAmi ʻia nā manu lele ʻApelika e nā kamaʻāina, e hoʻohana ana iā lākou no nā hana voodoo. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea ola no ke kūʻai aku i nā ʻāina ʻē... E make pinepine nā ʻauamo ʻApelika mai ka haʻalulu uila, e noho ana ma nā uea uila kiʻekiʻe. Ua make nā ʻekelika ʻApelika mai ka lāʻau make i ka wā e pesticides pesticides (ʻo kahi laʻana, carbofuran) a i ʻole diclofenac, hoʻohana ʻia e nā veterinarians e mālama i nā pipi, e komo i loko o ko lākou kino.
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe e emi mālie nei ka helu ʻana, ʻo ia ka manu lele griffon. Kipaku ʻia ka manu mai kā lākou wahi noho kuʻuna e nā kānaka a nele i kā lākou meaʻai maʻamau (ungulate). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i nā ʻano palupalu, me ka nānā ʻole i ka hoʻopili ʻana o kāna pae a me ka heluna kanaka. I ko mākou ʻāina, kākaʻikahi ka manu lele griffon, ʻo ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka Red Book o ka Russian Federation.
