ʻO ka manu Steppe me kahi kuhukukū - ʻo kēia ka wehewehe i hāʻawi ʻia e Vladimir Dal i ka huaʻōlelo "drakhva" (aka bustard) ma ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo wehewehe o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini Nui e noho nei.
Hōʻike o ka bustard
ʻO Otis tarda (bustard, i ʻike ʻia ʻo dudak) kahi ʻohana ʻo Bustard o ke ʻano ʻo Crane a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā manu lele nui loa. Ulu ke kāne i ka nui o ka turkey a kaupaona ʻaneʻane i ka manawa o ka wahine... ʻO ka nui o ke kāne he 7-16 kg me ka lōʻihi o 1.05 m, ʻoiai kaupaona ʻana o nā wahine i ka awelika o 4-8 kg me ka lōʻihi o 0.8 m.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka bustard:
- ʻO Otis tarda tarda - bustard ʻEulopa;
- ʻO Otis tarda dubowskii - East Siberian bustard.
Helehelena
He manu nui ia me ka umauma hoʻonui a me ka ʻāʻī mānoanoa. ʻOkoʻa ka bustard mai nā huluhulu hulu ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i ka nui o kāna ana hoʻohālikelike e like me ke kala ʻokoʻa a me nā lālā unfeathered ikaika (hoʻopili ʻia no ka neʻe honua).
Hoʻopili ʻia ka plumage me ka ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele a me nā kala hina, a me keʻokeʻo, kahi e pena ʻia ai ka ʻōpū, ka umauma, lalo a me ke kua o nā ʻeheu. ʻO ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī he hina lehu (me nā aniani māmā i nā lā hikina). ʻO ka luna o nā hulu ʻulaʻula-buffy me kahi ʻano streaky ʻano o nā ʻāpana transverse ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā ʻeheu lele o ke kauoha mua he ʻeleʻele mau, no ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua - ʻeleʻele, akā me nā aʻa keʻokeʻo.
Hoihoi ia! Ma ka punawai, loaʻa nā kāne āpau i nā kolina chestnut a me nā ʻumiʻumi. ʻO nā mea hope loa he hulu paʻa paʻa i ke ʻano o nā filament lōʻihi e hoʻonui ana mai ke kumu o ka nuku i nā ʻaoʻao. I ka "ʻumiʻumi" e hoʻomaikaʻi ai nā kāne a hiki i ka hopena o ke kauwela.
Nānā ʻole ʻia o ka manawa o ka makahiki, hana hou nā wahine i ka lau o ka hoʻoilo / hoʻoilo o nā kāne. He nuku hina hina a me nā maka ʻeleʻele ko ka bustard, a me nā wāwae lōʻihi, ikaika o ke kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻeleʻele. He 3 manamana wāwae ko kēlā me kēia wāwae. Lōʻihi ka huelo, poepoe i ka hopena. ʻO 1.9-2.6 ka mū ākea ākea. Lawe ka bustard me ka ikaika, akā lele wikiwiki, kau i kona ʻāʻī a ʻohi i nā wāwae i hele ʻole ma waho o ka lihi o ka huelo.... ʻAʻole wikiwiki nā pā o nā ʻeheu, e ʻae i kekahi e ʻike i nā pā keʻokeʻo nui a me nā hulu lele ʻeleʻele ma luna o lākou.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Ala ka puʻukena i nā hola o ke ao. I ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, ʻike ʻo ia i ka meaʻai, a i ka ʻauinalā hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i kahi pāʻina nona iho, e waiho ana i ka honua ma lalo o ka malu o nā mauʻu kiʻekiʻe. Inā uhi ʻia ka lani i nā ao a ʻoluʻolu ka ea, hana ka pāhaka me ka hoʻomaha ʻole o ke awakea a hānai ʻole ʻia. Ma waho o ka wā hānau, huddle huddle i ka nui, ʻoi aku ka pinepine o nā hipa kāne like, e piʻi ana i hoʻokahi haneli mau kānaka.
ʻO nā manawa, ʻike ʻia nā kāne ʻōpio, ʻōpio makua ʻole i nā hui wahine maʻamau. ʻO ka bustard, ʻokoʻa ka manuʻō, ʻaʻole ʻae i kona mau wāwae / nuku e komo i mea e hoʻonā ai i ka honua a hoʻāla i ka ʻōpala. Hele mālie ka manu a ʻōpala i ka mauʻu, kuʻi wale i ka mea hiki ke ʻike ʻia a kū pinepine.
Hoihoi ia! Hopu ʻo ia i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi me ka pā wikiwiki o kona nuku, hoʻolei ikaika i kona poʻo i mua. Hoʻopiʻi ka pāʻani heʻe me nā lele wikiwiki, hoʻoluliluli a hoʻopau paha ma ka honua ma mua o ka ale ʻana.
Holo ka bustard ma ka lewa i ka lā wale nō. Ma ke komohana a me ka hema o ia wahi he noho, ma ka hikina a me ka ʻākau ka mea e neʻe ai i nā kau a ua manaʻo ʻia he neʻe / hapa hapa. I kekahi manawa lanakila i ka mamao ma ka wāwae, a haʻalele i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka hala (ʻaʻole ma mua o ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa), e ʻākoakoa ana i nā pūʻulu he nui a i nā haneli manu. Dudaki molt ʻelua mau manawa i ka makahiki: i ka hāʻule, ke loli holoʻokoʻa ka plumage, a i ka puna (ma mua o ke kau male ʻana), ke hoʻololi wale nā hulu liʻiliʻi.
Ehia mau bustard e noho nei
Wahi a nā nānā a nā ornithologists, ola ka bustard i nā kūlana kūlohelohe ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua hoʻopuehu ʻia nā wahi o ka noho o ka bustard ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻāina ʻo Eurasia, a ʻo ka poʻe liʻiliʻi e noho nei ma ka ʻākau hikina o Morocco (ʻApelika). Eia naʻe kekahi ʻike, eia nō naʻe, ua lilo ka heluna kanaka ʻApelika i ka nalowale. Ma Eurasia, ʻo kēia ka hema o ka Iberian Peninsula, ʻAukekulia, Solowakia a me ka hema o Bohemia. Loaʻa ʻo bustard nui ma kahi kokoke i Gomel, ma Chernigov, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Penza a me Samara a hiki i ka hema o Bashkiria.
Noho ka lāhui i Siberia Komohana, a hōʻea i Barnaul a me Minusinsk, ka hema o nā Hikina Sayan Mountains, nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka Angara Luna, ke awāwa ʻo Khanka a me ke awāwa o ka haʻahaʻa Zeya. Ma ka hema, hoʻonui ka wahi i ke Kai Kaiwaenahonua, nā ʻāpana o ʻAsia Minor, nā ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAzerbaijan a me ka ʻākau o ʻIrana. Noho nā manu ma ka hikina o ke kai Caspian a hele i ka palena haʻahaʻa o Urals, Irgiz, Turgai a me nā wahi hikina o Kazakhstan.
Noho ka bustard ma Tien Shan, a ma ka hema hoʻi, ma ke komohana hema ʻo Tajikistan, a ma ke komohana, i ka pali ʻo Karatau. Ma ka hikina o ka Tien Shan, uhi ka wahi i nā palena ʻākau o ka Gobi, ka wāwae o ka Great Khingan ma ke komohana hema, ʻākau hikina o ka moku ʻo Heilongjiang a me ka hema o Primorye.
Mea nui! ʻO ke āpau ma waena o nā pae o nā ʻaoʻao hikina a me komohana e holo ana ma Altai. Kūleʻa nā ʻāpana Tureke a me ʻEulopa i ka noho ʻana, lele aku ka hikina (steppe) no ka hoʻoilo, koho i ka Crimea, ka hema o Central Asia a me ka mokuna Caspian, a me ka ʻākau hikina o Kina.
ʻ speaklelo nā Ornithologists e pili ana i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe o nā kaiaola o nā laha, e pili ana i ka hāʻawi nui ʻia o ka zonal. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻāpoki e noho a hana kope i nā hiʻona ʻāina i hoʻololi ʻia e nā kānaka kokoke i ka ʻike.
ʻO ka nāhelehele ākea ākea i manaʻo ʻia ka ʻāina kumu o ka Dudak.... Makemake nā kahu o kēia wā i nā cereal mauʻu kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ka hapanui ka mauʻu) nā ʻūhū. Noho pinepine lākou i nā wahi pālahalaha, kahi puʻu iki (me nā kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe nāhelehele), e pale ana i nā gullies, nā awāwa, nā puʻu pali a me nā wahi pōhaku. ʻO ka pūnana Bustards, ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ma ka pāpū, ke hoʻonohonoho nei i kekahi manawa i nā steppes mauna.
ʻAiʻai bustard nui
He waiwai nui ko ka manu, kahi o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, ka lākiō e hoʻohuli ʻia e ka makahiki a me ka wahine o ka bustard, kahi o kona wahi noho a me ka loaʻa o nā meaʻai kikoʻī.
ʻAi ʻoluʻolu nā mākua i nā lau, nā lālā, nā inflorescence a me nā ʻanoʻano o nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia / hihiu e like me:
- dandelion, kākalaioa kula, ʻili kao, e lūlū i ke kākalaioa, tansy maʻamau, kulbaba;
- meadow and creeping clover, sainfoin, peas and alfalfa (lūlū);
- ʻo ka lūlū a me ka mākala radish, rapeseed, cabbage kīhāpai, turnips, ʻeleʻele mākeke;
- kao a me fescue;
- nā mea kanu like ʻole.
ʻO kekahi manawa hoʻololi ʻia i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu - umbelliferae, palaoa a me nā aniani.
Hoihoi ia! Me ka hemahema o nā mea kanu maʻa mau, hoʻololi ka bustard i nā meaʻai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, no ka laʻana, nā lālā beet. Akā ʻo nā olonā ākea o nā beets ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā manu ma muli o ka palapū ʻole.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hānai holoholona e like me kēia:
- nā mākua / ʻelala o ka ʻūhini, ʻūhini, kiki a me ka bea;
- nā nalo / larvae o nā nalo honua, nā nalo make, nā nalo o Colorado, nā nalo ʻeleʻele, nā ʻiʻo lau a me nā weevil;
- ʻenuhe lele o nā butterflies a me nā ʻūlū (rare);
- nā nīnū, nā ʻenehu a me nā earwigs;
- nā moʻo, nā rana, nā moa o ka skylark a me nā manu ʻē aʻe e pūnana mai ana ma ka honua;
- nā koʻekoʻe liʻiliʻi;
- ants / pupae mai ka genus Formica (no ka meaʻai no nā moa).
ʻAʻole hiki i nā Bustards ke hana me ka ʻole o ka wai: i ke kauwela lele lākou i kahi wai, i ka hoʻoilo ua māʻona lākou i ka hau.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻi hou nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi Migratory i ko lākou ʻāina ʻōiwi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau, e hoʻomaka ana e ʻoki i ka wā e maloʻo ai ka paepae. Hele wāwae lākou i nā hui (ʻaʻohe hakakā) a me ke mele hoʻokahi, ke koho ʻana i nā wahi hāmama no kēia au kahi e hiki ai ke nānā i ka wahi.
ʻO 50 kāne ke anawaena o hoʻokahi kāne. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia au e kūlike me ka puka ʻana a ka lā, akā i kekahi manawa hana ʻia ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā a i ke awakea. Hoʻolahalaha ke dudak pāʻani i kona mau ʻeheu, hoʻolei i kona ʻāʻī, hoʻonui i kona ʻāʻī, bristles i kona ʻumiʻumi a hoʻolei i kāna huelo ma kona kua. ʻO ke kāne i ke aloha ecstasy ke nānā aku e like me ke ao keʻokeʻo, e lawe i kāna hiʻohiʻona "manu" maʻamau ma hope o 10-15 kekona.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā wahine e hōʻea ana a i ʻole e hele mai nei i kēia manawa ʻaʻole lākou he paʻa paʻa. I nā bustards, ʻike ʻia nā polyandry a me nā polygyny, ke pili nā "kāne kāne" a me nā "wahine" me nā hoa like ʻole.
Nā pūnana i ka mua o Mei, ke hoʻonohonoho nei i nā pūnana ma ka honua lepo, i ka manawa pākī me ka mauʻu. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua (2-4), a me ka hānai ʻana i nā pua, hāʻawi ʻia i ka makuahine: hui nā makuakāne i nā hipa a neʻe i nā wahi o ka molting postnuptial.
Hoʻopiʻi nā Chicks i Mei - Iune, ma hope o ʻekolu a ʻehā mau pule o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana... Kokoke koke nā puʻupuʻu i kolo mai ka pūnana, akā ʻaʻole lākou e waiho: ma aneʻi hānai ko lākou makuahine iā lākou. Hoʻomaka lākou e ʻimi kūʻokoʻa i ka meaʻai i nā lā ʻelima, me ka hāʻawi ʻole ʻana i ka hānai makuahine no 2-3 mau pule ʻē aʻe. Holo piha nā ʻōpio a lawe ʻēheu ma kahi o 1 mau mahina, ʻaʻole e waiho ana i ko lākou makuahine a hiki i ka hāʻule, a pinepine a hiki i ka puna. Hōʻike ka plumage hoʻoilo hope / hoʻouluulu i nā bustard ʻaʻole ma mua o 4-6 mau makahiki i ka like me ka momona, i loaʻa i nā wahine ma 2-4 mau makahiki, a i nā kāne ma 5-6 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Huli ʻia nā manu makua e nā mea ʻaihue terrestrial a me ka hulu.
- nā aeto;
- ʻaeto ʻaeto;
- ʻaeto huelo keʻokeʻo;
- ilina;
- ʻalopeke, me nā paepae ʻeleʻele;
- ʻīlio hihiu a me ʻīlio hae;
- steppe ferret;
- pōpoki / ʻīlio hele hewa
I nā wahi i hoʻomohala nui ʻia e nā kānaka, hoʻoweliweli ka makaʻu i nā pua a me nā paʻa o ka dudak. Hoʻonā pinepine ʻia nā pūnana e ka nāhelehele a me nā mea pale i ke kula, nā ʻalopeke, nā mopies, nā ʻūlū hina / ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻoka. Hoʻololi ka mea hope e hele pū me nā lako o ke kahua, ka makaʻu ʻana i nā brooders mai kā lākou pūnana, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻohana ai nā rook. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā keiki moa a me nā hua manu i lilo i mea maʻalahi no nā ʻīlio hele hewa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
A hiki i ke kenekulia 20, ua pālahalaha ka ʻāpana, e noho ana ma kahi ākea o Eurasia I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia ua laha ka pelapela, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka manu i loko o nā puke ʻIkepili Ulaula o kekahi mau ʻāina a me ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, a me ka pale ʻia e nā ʻaha kūkā kūloko.
Mea nui! ʻO nā kumu no ka luku ʻia o nā laha i ka nui o ka anthropogenic - ka hopu holoholona ʻole, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā wahi noho, ka hana o nā mīkini mahiʻai.
Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻike, ua hoʻopau loa ʻia ka bustard ma Palani, Scandinavia, Polani, ʻEnelani, nā Balkans a me Morocco. Manaʻo ʻia aia ma ka ʻākau o Kelemania ma kahi o 200 mau manu, ma Hungary a me nā wahi e pili kokoke ana iā ʻAukekulia, Solowakia, Czech Republic a me Romania - ma kahi o 1300-1400 Dudaks, a ma ka Iberian Peninsula - ma lalo o 15 tausani mau kānaka.
I Lūkia, ua kapa ʻia ka inoa o ka bustard "pākaha", e hopu ana iā ia i nā mea he nui me ke kōkua o ka ʻimi manu a me nā puaʻa. I kēia manawa ma kahi o ka Soviet Post ma kahi o 11 tausani mau kānaka i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, nona nā manu he 300-600 wale nō (e noho ana ma Buryatia) no nā ʻohana hapa hikina. No ka mālama ʻana i nā laha, ua hana ʻia nā wahi mālama holoholona lōhiu a me nā mālama i Eurasia, a ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻoulu holoholona ʻana o ka bustard a me kāna hoʻolauna hou ʻana i nā wahi kahi i haʻalele mua ʻia ai. Ma Rūsia, ua wehe ʻia kahi mālama like e like me ka ʻāina Saratov.
