ʻO Salmon (lat. Salmonidae) he ʻelele o ka ʻohana wale nō e pili ana i ke kauoha ʻo Salmoniformes a me ka papa o ka iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia me Ray.
Hōʻike o ka salemona
Pili nā salmonid āpau i ka mahele o nā iʻa i hiki ke maʻalahi ke hoʻololi i ko lākou nohona, ko lākou helehelena maʻamau, a me ke kala ʻano nui, e like me nā ʻano o nā kūlana kūwaho.
Helehelena
Hoʻololi ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā mākua i kekahi mau kenimika a i mau mika ʻelua, a ʻo ke kaupaona keu he 68-70 kg... ʻO ke kino o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kauoha Salmoniformes e like me ke ʻano o nā iʻa no ka nui o Herringiformes. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hiki i kēia manawa, ua koho ʻia ka ʻohana Salmonidae ma ke ʻano he herring, akā laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kahi kauoha kūʻokoʻa loa - Salmoniformes.
Lōʻihi ke kino o ka iʻa, me kahi pāomi i ʻike ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao, i uhi ʻia me nā cycloidal a me nā ʻāpana poepoe a i ʻole nā kūpeʻe, i hāʻule maʻalahi. ʻO nā pelvic fins he ʻano nui-kukuna, aia ma ka hapa waena o ka ʻōpū, a ʻo nā ʻāpana pectoral o kahi iʻa makua he ʻano noho haʻahaʻa, me ka ʻole o nā kukuna uila. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā lua o nā iʻa dorsal o ka iʻa e ka mea i loaʻa a me ka hānai anal. ʻO ke kūʻana o kahi fin adipose liʻiliʻi kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona a me kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o nā ʻelele o ke kauoha Salmoniformes.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka fin dorsal o salmonids ke kū ʻana o ʻumi a i ʻumikūmāono mau kukuna, ʻoiai nā ʻelele o ka hina ʻana he 17-24 mau kukuna.
ʻO ka wai ʻauʻau o ka iʻa, ma ke ʻano he pili, hoʻopili ʻia i ka esophagus e kahi auwai kūikawā, a he palena luna ko ka waha salmon me ʻehā mau iwi - ʻelua premaxillary a me nā iwi maxillary. ʻOkoʻa nā wahine i nā oviduct o ke ʻano rudimentary a i ʻole loaʻa iā lākou āpau, no laila, ʻo nā hua moa a pau mai ka ovary e hāʻule maʻalahi i loko o ka lua o ke kino. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka iʻa e ke kū ʻana o nā hoʻopili pyloric he nui. ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha i loaʻa nā lihilihi maka maka. ʻOkoʻa nā salmonid he nui i ka ʻāpana iwi iwi i piha i ka ossified, a ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka iwi poʻo e hōʻike ʻia ana e ka cartilage a me nā kaʻina ʻaoʻao i loaʻa ʻole i ka vertebrae.
Hoʻohui ʻana, ʻano salmon
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻohana Salmon e nā ʻohana ʻekolu:
- ʻekolu mau pūkuna o ka ʻohana Whitefish;
- ʻehiku moʻokūʻauhau o ka subfamily o salmonids kūpono;
- hoʻokahi genus o ka subfamily Grayling.
ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana āpau o ka subfamily Salmonidae he medium a nui ka nui, he unahi unahi, a me ka waha nui me nā niho hoʻomohala maikaʻi a ikaika. Hoʻohui ʻia a ʻano ʻaihue paha ka ʻano meaʻai o kēia subfamily.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka salemona:
- ʻAmelika a me ka arctic char, kunja;
- Salemona ʻākala;
- Ishkhan;
- Chum;
- Coho salmon, chinook salmon;
- ʻAmelike ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa;
- ʻIliuli Brown;
- Lenok;
- Steelhead Salmon, Clark;
- Salemona ʻulaʻula;
- Salemona a i ʻole Salemona Noble;
- ʻO Sima a i ʻole Mazu;
- Danube, Sakhalin Taimen.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka ʻohana Sigi a me nā salmonid kūpono e hōʻike ʻia e nā kikoʻī i ke ʻano o ka iwi poʻo, kahi waha liʻiliʻi a me nā unahi nunui. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka Gray subfamily e ke alo o kahi fin dorsal lōʻihi loa a kiʻekiʻe, a he ʻano plume paha kona a me ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinolino. ʻO nā hina āpau he iʻa wai hou..
Ka hana a me ka nohona
ʻO Salmon kahi iʻa anadromous maʻamau e noho mau i ke kai a i ʻole ka loko loko, a piʻi i nā kahawai no ka pono wale nō o ka hānau ʻana. ʻO ka hana nui o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like, akā he ʻano kikoʻī kikoʻī kāna. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, i ka hiki ʻana i ka makahiki he ʻelima, komo ka salemona i ka wai wikiwiki o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, i kekahi manawa piʻi i uka no kekahi mau mile. ʻAʻole kūlike ka ʻikepili kūlohelohe i ke komo ʻana o salmon i loko o nā wai o ka muliwai a hiki ke loli ka nui.
No ka heleuma i loko o nā wai kahawai i ka wā pre-spawning, salmon e koho i ka hohonu ʻole a me nā wahi wikiwiki ʻole, i ʻike ʻia e ke alo o ka one-ʻiliʻili a i ʻole ka lepo lalo. ʻO ka hapanui o nā manawa, aia kēlā mau wahi ma kahi kokoke i ka honua e hoʻomoʻa ai, akā ma luna o nā rapids a i ʻole nā rapids.
Hoihoi ia! I nā kai o ke kai, hiki i ka salemona ke hoʻomohala i kahi wikiwiki kūpono ke neʻe - a hoʻokahi haneli mau kilomita i ka lā hoʻokahi, akā i ke kahawai ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o ia iʻa e lohi loa.
I ke kaʻina hana o ka noho ʻana ma ia mau ʻāpana, ʻo ka "lag" salmon, no laila ʻike maka ʻia ko lākou kala a hana ʻia ka lou ma ka iwi ā, i haʻi nui ʻia i nā kāne o kēia ʻohana. ʻO ke kala o ka iʻa iʻa i loko o kēia wā e paler, a ʻo ka nui o ka momona e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻano, no ka nele o ka lawa pono o ka meaʻai.
Wā ola
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ola o nā salmonid ma mua o ʻumi mau makahiki, akā hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke noho no kahi hapahā o ke kenekulia.... ʻO Taimi i kēia manawa e hoʻopaʻa nei i ka moʻolelo no ka nui o ke kino a me ka lōʻihi o ke ola maʻamau. I kēia lā, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa inoa ʻia kekahi o kēia ʻano, ke kaupaona ʻia nei he 105 kg me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 2.5 m.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Noho ʻo Salemona ma ʻaneʻane o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a puni ka honua, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoihoi ai ka hoihoi i nā iʻa like ʻole.
ʻO Ishkhan, kahi iʻa gourmet waiwai, noho i ka wai o Lake Sevan. ʻO ka lawaiʻa lehulehu o ka haku mōʻī o ka Pākīpika expanses - chum salmon - mālama ʻia ʻaʻole ma ko mākou ʻāina wale nō, akā ma ʻAmelika hoʻi.
ʻO nā wahi nui o ka trout brown me nā muliwai ʻEulopa he nui, a me nā wai o ke Keʻokeʻo, Baletika, ʻEleʻele a me nā Moana Aral. He kamaʻāina ʻo Mazu a ʻo Sima paha ma ka ʻĀkia hapa o ka wai Pākīpika, a he iʻa nui loa ʻo Taimen e noho ana i nā kahawai āpau ma Siberia.
Kaʻai salemona
ʻO ka papaʻai, maʻamau no Salemona, ʻano ʻokoʻa. Ma ke ʻano he rula, i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā mākua, aia nā iʻa pelagic liʻiliʻi a me kā lākou ʻōpio, a me nā ʻano crustacea like ʻole, nā mollusc eheu pelagic, nā ʻōpio heʻe a me nā ilo. ʻAno emi iki, hānai ʻia nā jellies kāhili liʻiliʻi a me nā jellyfish i nā iʻa makua.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka meaʻai nui no ka salemona ʻōpio e hōʻike pinepine ʻia e nā larva o nā ʻano iʻa ʻoki kai like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka parr ke hiki ke hānai pū me nā iʻa predatory ʻē aʻe, sculpin a me nā ʻano iʻa liʻiliʻi. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka ʻai o salmonids e like me ke kau a me kahi e noho ai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
I nā wai o ka muliwai ʻākau, hiki i ka wā e hānau ai i ka hapa lua o Kepakemapa a ʻOkakopa paha, me ka awelika o ka mahana o ka wai mai 0-8 ° C. I nā wahi hema, kupu ʻo Salmonids mai ʻOkakopa a Ianuali, i ka mahana o ka wai o 3-13 ° C. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Caviar i loko o nā recesses i ʻeli ʻia i ka lepo o lalo, a ma hope iho ʻaʻole ia e pīpī nui ʻia me kahi huikau e pili ana i nā ʻiliʻili a me ke one.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻololi ke ʻano o nā salmonid i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana a me ka wā spawning, no laila, i ka wā piʻi, hana nui ka iʻa, pāʻani ikaika a hiki ke lele i waho o ka wai i lawa ke kiʻekiʻe, akā kokoke i ke kaʻina hana.
Ma hope o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ulu a lahilahi ka iʻa a nāwaliwali koke, a ma muli o ia mea i make ai kahi ʻāpana nui o ia mea, a ʻo nā mea ola āpau e hele hapa i loko o ke kai a i ʻole kai loko, akā hiki ke noho i nā kahawai a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka puna.
I nā kahawai, ʻaʻole hele mamao nā salmonid spawned mai ka pūnaewele e hoʻomālamalama ana, akā hiki ke neʻe i nā wahi hohonu a mālie hoʻi. I ka pūnāwai, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpio mai nā hua manu i lū ʻia, like me ke ʻano o ka iʻa iʻa... I nā wai o ke kahawai e hoʻolimalima mai hoʻokahi a ʻelima mau makahiki.
I loko o kēlā manawa manawa, hiki i nā kānaka ke ulu a 15-18 knm ka lōʻihi. Ma mua o ka holo ʻana i loko o ke kai a i ʻole kai loko, ua nalowale nā ʻōpio i ko lākou ʻano kikoʻī kikoʻī a loaʻa i nā unahi i kahi kala kala. Aia i loko o ke kai a me nā loko i hoʻomaka ka salmon e hānai ikaika a loaʻa koke ke kaumaha.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā hua hua i kau ʻia a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpio maʻalahi ka waiwai no ka hina hina makua, ka trout brown, ka pike a me ka burbot. ʻAi nui ʻia kahi heluna nui o ka poʻe neʻe i lalo e nā gull a i ʻole nā manu ʻai iʻa maʻamau. I nā kai o ke kai, nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o salemona me ka cod, salmon a me ka sila ʻumiʻumi, a me kekahi mau mea ʻaihue.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I kēia manawa, aia kekahi mau mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole i ka heluna kanaka a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano. ʻO ka hopena o ka lawaiʻa ʻana iʻa i ka kahua e hoʻouluulu ʻana ka hoʻohiolo o ka hānau ʻana, a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā heluna holoʻokoʻa.... Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i ka lawaiʻa ʻana ke hoʻoweliweli wale i ka hanana kūlohelohe a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka salemona, akā hiki nō hoʻi iā ia ke hoʻonele i nā muliwai nui o ka lehulehu o ia iʻa no nā makahiki he nui.
ʻO nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻopili pū i nā kaʻi kai ikaika a me nā kahe, nele i ka meaʻai, lawaiʻa lawaiʻa a me ka haumia o ka waha o ka muliwai. Luku pinepine ʻia ka mauʻu salmon e ka mahiʻai, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻoihana ʻino. I kēia manawa, helu ʻia nā mea aʻe i loko o ka Red Book: Sakhalin a me Ordinary taimen, Lake salmon, Mikizha a me Malorotaya paliya, Eisenamskaya trout a me Kumzha, a me Svetovidova a me Davatchan's finned long finned.
Waiwai kālepa
I kēia lā, ʻo nā mea lawaiʻa ʻo Lolets a me Gorbusha, a me nā iʻa momona ʻo Ishkhan, Keta a i ʻole Far East salmon, Salmon a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe i waiwai nui, momona, ʻiʻo momona a me ka caviar.
