Nā kūpeʻe (lat. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa ma ke ʻano he suborder wale nō, akā ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike a me ka moʻomeheu karyological a me ka molekole he hui kime.
Hōʻike o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa
Noho nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa ma kā mākou honua no nā makahiki he ʻumi a miliona paha, a ʻo nā mea i loaʻa o ka iwi iwi o ia holoholona mai ka wā Eocene mai.... Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā meaola kahiko loa mai nā kānaka o kēia au, akā ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona o ko lākou hiki ke lele ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi wehewehe ʻepekema.
Helehelena
I loko nō o ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui a me ka helehelena ma waena o nā lunamaka o nā ʻano ʻōpeʻapeʻa like ʻole, he nui nā hōʻailona e hoʻohui iā lākou. Uhi ʻia ke kino o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa me ka hulu, nona nā aniani māmā i loko o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻololi ka ʻēheu o kēlā holoholona ma waena o 15-200 knm. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā ʻeheu, me nā fluctuations o ka lōʻihi a me ka laulā, akā like mau ko lākou ʻano. ʻO nā ʻeheu o kahi holoholona me nā membrane ʻili i hoʻolako ʻia me nā mākala a me nā ʻalolo elena, ma muli o ia mea, i ka hoʻomaha ʻana, kaomi ikaika ʻia lākou i ke kino.
Hoihoi ia! Lele nā peʻa me ke kōkua o nā ʻēheu pūnaewele, e neʻe nei i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā lālā hope.
Hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia nā forelimbs i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa, me nā poʻohiwi pōkole ikaika a me nā pūlima lōʻihi loa i hoʻokumu ʻia e hoʻokahi radius. Aia kekahi māwae kuʻikuʻi ma ka manamana nui o ka forelimb, a ʻo nā membrane o nā ʻeheu, aia ma nā ʻaoʻao, kākoʻo ʻia e nā manamana lōʻihi lōʻihi.
ʻO ka awelika o ka lōʻihi o ka huelo, a me ke ʻano o ke kino e pili pono i nā ʻano o ke kanaka. ʻO ke kū ʻana o ka ulu o ka iwi i kapa ʻia ʻo "spur", e ʻae i nā ʻano he nui e wehe maʻalahi i ko lākou mau ʻēheu a hiki i ka hiʻu.
Ka nohona a me ka lawena
ʻAneʻane nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa āpau, me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa ʻē aʻe, makemake i kahi nohona pō, no laila, i ke ao e hiamoe lākou me ke poʻo e kau ana i lalo a i ʻole nā hulu i nā māwae i nā pōhaku, nā kumu lāʻau a me nā hale. Ma ke ʻano he puʻuhonua no nā māmela papa a me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa kauoha, hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i nā ana i lawa i loko o nā kumulāʻau, nā ana a me nā grottoes, a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole o luna a i lalo hoʻi o ka honua.
Hiki i kahi ʻōpeʻapeʻa ke hāʻule i loko o kahi kūlana o ka numbness, i ukali ʻia me ka hōʻemi o ka nui o nā kaʻina hana metabolic, kahi lohi i ka ikaika o ka hanu ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka helu o ka puʻuwai. Nui nā lunamaka o ka laha i hāʻule i loko o kahi manawa lōʻihi o ka hibernation kau, i kekahi manawa he ʻewalu mau mahina. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono maʻalahi iā ʻoe iho i ka nui o ka metabolic i loko o ke kino, e ʻae i nā ʻōpeʻe insectivorous e hele me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Hoihoi ia! I ke kaʻina o ka neʻe maʻamau, hiki i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa makua ke hiki i ka wikiwiki o 15 km / h, akā i ke kaʻina o ka hopu holoholona, holo wikiwiki ka holoholona i 60 km / h.
Noho nā ʻano he nui i nā ʻano kūlohelohe like ʻole, akā ʻano like nā ʻano o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa.... ʻAʻole kūkulu kēlā mau holoholona i nā pūnana, akā ʻo kahi nohona mehameha ke ʻano o kekahi mau ʻano wale nō. I ke kaʻina o ka hoʻomaha, hoʻāʻo ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa e nānā pono i ko lākou helehelena, no laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono lākou i ko lākou mau ʻeheu, ʻōpū a me ka umauma. ʻO nā ʻōkuhi ka hoʻoneʻe ma waho o ke kau kau e pili ana i nā ʻano laha, no laila, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana e kekahi mea kōkua ʻole, a he nui nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa e hiki ke piʻi maikaʻi a neʻe ikaika me ke kōkua o nā paws paʻa.
Ehia mau ʻōpeʻapeʻa e ola ana
Hiki i nā ʻōpeʻa o kēlā me kēia ʻano ke ola lōʻihi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ka papa Mammal. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ke ola maʻamau o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa ʻeleʻele i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i kēia lā he kanakolu mau makahiki a ʻoi.
Nā ʻano ʻōpeʻapeʻa
Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano peʻapeʻa, a ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻōpeʻapeʻa e kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka iwi poʻo a me ka helu o nā niho.
- Pāleʻokeʻo Tailless a i ʻole Honduran - kekahi o nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka 45 mm lōʻihi. Noho ka holoholona sonar ma Honduras a me nā ʻāina ma Central America. ʻAi ʻia i nā huaʻai. Hoʻohui ʻia nā kānaka i ʻohana, ʻo ka hapanui he ʻelima a ʻeono paha poʻo;
- Nā opeapea ihu puaʻa - nā holoholona me kahi kino huelo ʻole a 33 mm a me ke kaupaona o 2.0 g. Ua like ka ihu me ka stigma puaʻa i ka helehelena. Noho nui lākou ma Thailand a me nā ʻāina kokoke, kahi e noho ai i nā ana pōhaku. Hānai nā holoholona i ka ulu ʻohe a me nā teak;
- Opeapea Nocturnal - kahi lunamakaʻāinana o kekahi o nā ʻohana nui loa ma ke ʻano he ʻumikūmākolu mau ʻohana. Ua pālahalaha ka holoholona ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau a ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, kahi e noho ai i nā kanu kanu deciduous. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kahi ʻōpeʻapeʻa nui he hapalua mika. Huli ʻo ia i ka pō a ma mua o ka wanaʻao no nā butterflies, beetles a me kekahi mau manu;
- ʻO ka ʻīlio lele a me ka ʻalopeke a i ʻole "iole hua" - kahi ʻano ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua āpau me ka muzzle elongated. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kahi holoholona makua nui he 40-42 cm me ke kaupaona a hiki i kahi kilokilo a me kahi ʻēheu o ke 70 cm. ʻAi ʻia ka holoholona weliweli i ka pulp hua a me ka pua nectar. Nā ʻāina ʻĀinapuniʻole o ʻAsia tropical;
- Nā opeapea ihu mānoanoa - kahi ʻohana i kūlike ʻia e ʻekolu haneli mau ʻano, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka muzzle laumanu me ka ʻole o nā ulu cartilaginous. I ko mākou ʻāina, aia he wahi liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ke kanahā mau ʻano i hibernate me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo;
- ʻO Ushans - ʻōpeʻapeʻa me nā pepeiao pepeiao nui, nā ʻeheu pōkole a ākea hoʻi. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma mua o 50-60 mm. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka papaʻai e nā butterflies, nā makika, nā nalo a me nā mea ʻānō ʻē aʻe i ke ao;
- ʻŌpeʻapeʻa Bulldog - he hāiki kūikawā kā ka holoholona, he lōʻihi a lōʻihi hoʻi nā ʻeheu, e ʻae iā ia e hana i nā ʻūlū kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka lele. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 4-14 cm wale nō. Noho lākou i nā wahi tropical, kahi e hui ai lākou i nā kolone me nā helu like ʻole o kēlā me kēia kanaka.
ʻO nā hoihoi he vampire opeapea, no ka mahele o nā mammals parasite a hoʻoweliweli ʻaʻole wale i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, akā i nā kānaka pū kekahi. Ke nahu ʻia mai ka holoholona, e lawe ʻia nā pathogens o nā maʻi make he nui.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO ka nohona a me nā wahi noho o nā opeapea ʻaneʻane pili like loa me ka mahele o ka ʻākana a nā ʻelele āpau o ke kauoha o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa ko lākou mau ʻāina kūikawā ponoʻī i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻimi holoholona a me ka ʻai ʻana, no laila lele pinepine nā ʻelele o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa ma ke ala like.
Papaʻai bat
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā peʻa e kahi kiʻekiʻe loa o nā hana metabolic, no laila e koi ana i kahi nui o nā meaʻai. Ma ke ʻano he rula, hiki i kahi ʻōpeʻe insectivorous mākua ke ʻai i kēlā me kēia pō i kahi nui o nā meaʻai e like me ka hapakolu o kona kaumaha ponoʻī. E like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia, i hoʻokahi kau kau, hiki i kahi kolone nona nā haneli haneli ke luku aku ma kahi o 500 tausani ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kolo, e like me nā mea ʻino o ka mahiʻai a i ʻole ka ulu lāʻau. Hiki i nā kolone nui loa ke luku ma mua o ʻumi miliona mau kolo i hoʻokahi kauwela.
Mea nui! ʻO ka nui loa o kahi ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana ʻēheu e kōkua i ka nalo wikiwiki ʻana o ka wai; no laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kiʻi manuahi ke kumu nui o ka make wai ʻana a me ka make ʻana o nā opeapea.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻike ʻia nā ʻano Tropical e kahi alelo lōʻihi... ʻAi nui lākou i ka pollen a i ʻole nectar, kahi e kōkua ai i ka hana kope ʻana o nā mea kanu exotic. ʻAʻole nui loa nā ʻano peʻā carnivorous o nā opeapea. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ke alo o nā niho nui a ʻoi loa hoʻi, a ʻo kā lākou papaʻai e hōʻike nui ʻia e nā rodents a me nā manu liʻiliʻi.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā ʻenemi o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa he peregrine falcons, hobbyists, hawks a me nā pueo, a me nā moʻo, martens a me nā wea. Eia nō naʻe, ko lākou ʻenemi nui ke kāne. ʻO ka emi nui o ka nui o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kemika ʻino i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ke alapine a me nā ʻano o ka hana kope ʻana o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa e pili pono i ko lākou ʻano nui a me ka nohona maoli.
- Nā peʻapeʻa ihu mānoanoa - keiki: 1-2, emi pinepine i 3-4 mau pēpē i kēlā me kēia makahiki;
- Ushan - keiki: hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i ʻelua mau pēpē i kēlā me kēia makahiki;
- "Flying Fox" - keiki: hoʻokahi pēpē i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka ʻōpeʻa bulldog ka mea wale nō i hiki ke hānau i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha manawa o ka makahiki, akā hoʻokahi wale nō keiki hānau i kēlā me kēia ʻōpala.
ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha a me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa e hānau hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, a hānau ka wahine i hoʻokahi keiki.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO kahi ʻāpana nui o nā ʻano laha i ka mahele o nā holoholona laha ʻole... Ua nalowale loa kekahi mau ʻano ʻōpeʻapeʻa, e like me ka ʻēheu lōʻihi lōʻihi (Miniortherus schreibersii), a ʻo nā ʻano o ka peʻapeʻa kikoʻī a me nā kazhan kala ʻelua i helu ʻia i ka Red Book. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki he 10 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kūlana me ka helu o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa, ma muli o ka hōʻemi ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kemika no nā kumu waiwai maoli.
