ʻO kēia holoholona lime ʻulaʻula huluhulu (ʻike ʻia e nā zoologists ma lalo o ka inoa kikoʻī "squirrel maʻamau") maʻa mau i nā wahi ākea Lūkia i kiʻi ʻia i nā hōʻailona o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale. Hoʻonani ʻelua mau squirrels i ke kapa pale o Zelenograd, hoʻonaninani kekahi i ka pale o Yakutsk, a ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau squirrels ma ke kapa kila o ke kauhale o Yarensk (Arkhangelsk region), a hiki i ka 1924 ke kūlana o ke kūlanakauhale.
Hōʻike o ka squirrel maʻamau
ʻO ka rodent, kahi lālā o ka ʻohana squirrel, kapa ʻia ʻo sciurus vulgaris ma ka ʻōlelo Latina a he inoa hapa poina kona i poina ʻia - veksha... ʻO nā ʻelele āpau o ka genus squirrel (a ʻo kēia mau ʻano he 30 e noho nei i ʻEulopa, ʻĀkia, Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema), hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano, ka squirrel maʻamau, e noho ana ma Rūsia.
Helehelena
ʻO kēia holoholona uʻi, wikiwiki hoʻi, ua like ia me nā squirrels ʻē aʻe. He kino palupalu ko ka veksha i hoʻopau ʻia i kahi huelo fluffy, pālahalaha iki ʻia mai 13 a 19 cm (ma kahi o 2/3 o ka lōʻihi o ke kino). Nānā ka huelo ma muli o nā lauoho lōʻihi (3-6 cm), pālahalaha ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua.
Piʻi ka squirrel maʻamau a 19-28 knm, e loaʻa ana ka nui ma kahi o 250-340 g i kahi mokuʻāina. He poʻo poepoe ko ka holoholona me nā maka ʻeleʻele a me nā pepeiao leʻaleʻa lōʻihi e kau ana i nā kaula i luna (ʻike nui ʻia lākou i ka hoʻoilo).
ʻO Vibrissae, ka mea maʻalahi ke nānā aku, kāhiko wale nō ka mu mu, akā ʻo ka wāwae hoʻi a me ka ʻōpū o mua. ʻO kahi ʻōpū squirrel, ma ke ala, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka piko a i pena ʻia i keʻokeʻo. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o nā wāwae o mua ma mua o nā wāwae hope. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā lālā me nā māiʻu ʻoi loa.
Mea nui! ʻO ka nui o ka squirrel maʻamau e iho mai nā wahi mauna a i nā pāpū, ʻo ka nui o ka iwi poʻo liʻiliʻi e liʻiliʻi ana mai ka hema a ke kūkulu ʻākau, a hoʻomālamalama ke kala o ka hulu i ka kiko waena o ka pae.
Ma ke anuanu hoʻoilo, ulu ka squirrel maʻamau i kahi hulu kiʻekiʻe a ʻoi aku ka fluffy, akā i ke kauwela hoʻololi ia i kāna hanana, lilo i pōkole, paʻakikī a me ka sparse.
Waihoʻoluʻu
Ma ke ʻano o ka loli ʻana o ke kala, ʻo Veksha ke alakaʻi kanalua ʻole i waena o nā ʻano holoholona he nui o ka ʻāina nui ʻo Palaearctic: hoʻololi ia i ke kala o kona huluhulu huluhulu ma muli o ke kau, nā ʻāpana, a ma loko nō hoʻi o nā palena o kona heluna kanaka.
I ke kauwela, hoʻolālā ʻia ka lole squirrel i ke kani, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā leo brown brown; i ka hoʻoilo, ua hina ke kapa, i kekahi manawa ʻane ʻeleʻele (i kekahi manawa me kahi aniani brown). Ma waena o nā kuʻemaka a me nā piebald, nona ka hulu hipa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me nā kiko keʻokeʻo, a me nā hiʻohiʻona me nā hulu ʻeleʻele (melanists) a, me ka ʻokoʻa, me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā pigment (albinos).
No ka hikina hikina, ʻo Carpathian a me Manchu subspecies o ka squirrel maʻamau, ʻeleʻele a me nā akaʻeleʻele o ka hulu hoʻoilo ke ʻano. A ʻo nā squirrels teleut (nā lunamaka nui loa o ka Veksha ma ka palena o ka USSR mua) e hōʻike i ke kala hina a hina a me ka bluish i ka hoʻoilo, a me ka hina hina (me ka hoʻohui o ka huelo ʻeleʻele a me ka melemele).
ʻO nā squirrels Teleut i pili i nā squirrels hina-hina (i hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kala hoʻoilo o ka huelo). Me lākou, ua mahele ʻia ka Veksha i "tail-brown", "red-tailed" a me "black-tailed".
Molting
ʻO ka loli o ka ʻahu ma ka squirrel maʻamau hiki, e like me ka nui o nā holoholona, ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki.... Loaʻa i ka huelo squirrel kāna pinepine ponoʻī o ka hoʻohou hou ʻana: hoʻokahe wale ia i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. Kū pinepine ka molt Spring i ʻApelila - Mei, a me ka molt hoʻoheheʻe mai Kepakemapa a Nowemapa.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, kaohi ʻia ka molting o nā māmela āpau e ka lōʻihi o ke ao, ka mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hana o ka pituitary gland. Hoʻopuka ka hope i kāu thyrotropin, kahi (ma kahi) e hana i ka hana o ka pona thyroid, kahi e hoʻonāuki i ka hoʻokahe.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻomaka mau ke kāne makua makua e molt ma mua o nā wahine a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i hānau ʻia i kēia makahiki. ʻO ka loli o ka huluhulu i hele i ke poʻo a i ke kumu o ka huelo, a me ka hāʻule - mai ke aʻa o ka huelo i ke poʻo.
He loli loa ka manawa o ka molt, no ka mea pili ia i ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai a me nā ʻano pae. Me kahi kumu hānai nui, hoʻomaka a hoʻololi ka hoʻololi o ka hulu squirrel ma mua, i nā mea wīwī, ʻaʻole ia he lohi wale nō, akā kau pū kekahi.
ʻO ke ola, ʻano
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa kēia rodent lawe lima i ka teritori, no laila, ʻaʻole hōʻike wale ʻia nā wahi o ka squirrel, akā kau pinepine ʻia kekahi ma luna o kekahi.
Alakaʻi ʻo Veksha i kahi nohona maʻa nui, e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika i nā hola o ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi... I kēia manawa hele ʻo ia e holoholo ma waena o ka ululāʻau e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai, a he 60-80% o kāna manawa hana. Ke nānā nei i ka pilikia, ʻoi aku ka makemake e peʻe i ke kalaunu o kahi lāʻau.
Lele maʻalahi ka squirrel mai kahi kumulāʻau a i kahi lāʻau ʻē aʻe, e lanakila ana i ka 3-4 m i kahi laina pololei a 10-15 m i ka piʻo i lalo, e hoʻohana ana i kona huelo ma ke ʻano he hoeuli. I ka hoʻoilo, i mea e ʻaʻole e paʻa ai nā paws, lele ʻoi aku ia ma luna o nā poʻo. I ka wā o ka moena ʻana, a me ka nele o ka hau, neʻe maʻamau ia ma ka honua (lele i luna i 1 m).
I nā hau hau koʻikoʻi a i ka wā maikaʻi ʻole o ke aniau, hiki iā ia ke noho mau loa i kahi malu, e hiamoe ana. ʻO ka manaʻo lapuwale wale ʻole o ka pōloli hiki ke hoʻopuka i ka Vetsha mai ka peʻe ʻana i ka hoʻoilo.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻūlū
ʻO kēlā me kēia hale squirrel, e noho mau ia i kahi kumulāʻau. I loko o kahi ululāʻau deciduous, makemake ka squirrel e noho i loko o nā lua, e hoʻopiha iā lākou me nā laikini lāʻau, ka mauʻu a me nā lau maloʻo.
I kahi nahele coniferous, kūkulu mau ʻo ia i nā pūnana (25-30 cm ke anawaena), e waiho ana iā lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 7-15 m ma waena o nā lālā mānoanoa. ʻO kēlā pūnana, i kapa ʻia he gayn, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia e veksha i pōpō, e uhi ana iā ia i loko me nā lau, nā lauoho, ka limu a me ka mauʻu.
Hoihoi ia! I mea e hoʻopilikia ʻole ai i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka pūnana, noho ka squirrel i ka hale manu. ʻAʻole pilikia nā kāne i ke kūkulu ʻana i kā lākou pūnana ponoʻī, akā noho lākou i nā hale i waiho ʻia e nā wahine a i ʻole nā pūnana hakahaka o nā muria, ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻalalā.
Ua helu nā biologists i kēlā me kēia rodent "hoʻolimalima" i kekahi mau hale hoʻomaha (a i 15), e hoʻololi nei iā lākou i kēlā me kēia 2-3 lā (e holo paha mai nā parasite). Inā he mau squirrels ka wahine, huki ʻo ia iā lākou i kona mau niho. I hoʻokahi pūnana, a ʻehā mau kenekulia i hōʻiliʻili i ka hoʻoilo, ʻoiai ke ʻano o kēia mau holoholona i kahi nohona mehameha.
Nā Mea Hele
ʻO nā ʻike e pili ana i ka neʻe nui ʻana o nā squirrels hiki ke loaʻa i nā moʻolelo Lūkia kahiko.
Hana ka neʻe ʻana i ka hopena o ke kauwela - hoʻomaka i ka hāʻule, a ʻo nā ahi nahele a me nā kau maloʻo ka ikaika pinepine, akā ʻoi aku ka nui - kahi hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi o ka ʻai o ka squirrel, nā hua a i ʻole nā ʻanoʻano o nā conifers.
He kākaʻikahi nā neʻe lōʻihi a lōʻihi hoʻi o 250-300 km: ma ke ʻano he nui, neʻe nā squirrels i kahi mamao kūpono i ka nahele kokoke.
I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, lele lele nā meheu pākahi, akā e hana i kahi alo ākea (ma kahi o 100-300 km), me ka hele ʻole ʻana i loko o nā ʻohana hipa a me nā hui nui. Hoʻomaopopo wale ʻia ke ʻano lehulehu i mua o nā pale kūlohelohe.
I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, kea ka squirrel i nā ʻāpana kūlohelohe a me nā ālaina, e like me:
- paepae wāwae;
- tundra and ululāʻau-tundra;
- mokupuni;
- nā kai kūʻono a me nā kahawai;
- Puu mauna;
- nā noho.
Hele mau ka neʻe ʻana me ka make o nā squirrels, i piholo, paʻa i ka make, luhi i ka luhi a hāʻule i nā niho o nā mea ʻino.
Me nā neʻe nui, ʻike ʻia nā neʻe kau ʻana, kahi e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpio i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa, a me ka oʻo ʻana o ka hānai. Hoʻololi ʻia nā neʻe kau ʻana me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai i ka neʻe ʻana.
Hana ʻia ka hānau ʻana o Veksha ʻōpio ma ʻAukake / Kepakemapa a ma ʻOkakopa / Nowemapa, ke neʻe lākou 70-350 km mai ko lākou mau pūnana ʻōiwi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, noho mau kekahi o nā protein i oʻo i ka moekolohe. Hoʻololi wale lākou i ka hoʻohui o ka papaʻai, hoʻololi i nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa-calorie me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka fiber.
- lichens;
- nā puʻupaʻa;
- ʻili o nā wana ʻōpio;
- mau nila.
ʻO kēia hui o nā rodents i lilo i kumu no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka heluna squirrel.
Wā ola
I ke ʻano, he ola pōkole loa kahi squirrel maʻamau: ʻo ka mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 mau makahiki i manaʻo ʻia he ʻelemakule. ʻO nā "liʻiliʻi lōʻihi" i ka heluna kānaka ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10%. Akā i ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana (me ka ʻole o nā ʻenemi a me ka meaʻai maikaʻi), ola ka veksha a 10-12 mau makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua koho ʻia ka squirrel maʻamau (pani ʻia e 40 mau ʻāpana) i ka ʻāpana o ka moku Eurasia mai nā kapakai o ʻAkelanika a hiki i Kamchatka, Sakhalin a ma kahi o. Hokkaido.
Ua hoʻopiha ʻia kēia holoholona iā Siberia, ka Hikina Hikina a me ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia... Ua komo nā ʻōmaka mua ma Kamchatka ma kahi o 1923-24. Hoʻololi ʻo Veksha i ke ola ma Tien Shan, a ma Caucasus a me Crimea i noho i nā wahi moʻomeheu (māla waina a me nā māla).
ʻO Squirrel, ma ke ʻano he kamaʻāina maʻamau i ka nahele, makemake i nā ululāʻau coniferous-deciduous i hui pū ʻia me ka waihona forage nui (nā kumu lāʻau).
Hoʻohui ʻia, noho wale ka holoholona i nā mea kanu e like me:
- nahele kedera;
- nā mānoanoa o ka kedera dwarf;
- nahele spruce;
- nahele ululāʻau;
- nahele ahi;
- nahele paina hui.
ʻIke ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka nui o ka poʻe squirrel i kēlā mau ʻāpana ʻākau kahi e lanakila ai nā ulu lāʻau pine a me nā larch sparse.
Nānā kumuʻiʻo maʻamau
Nui ka makemake o Veksha gastronomic (ma luna o 130 mau mea), akā ʻo ka meaʻai nui nā ʻano ʻiʻo conifer, me pine, spruce, cedera Siberian, larch a me fir. I nā wahi hema, kahi nui o nā ulu lāʻau ʻoka (me nā mānoanoa o ka hazel), ʻūlū wale ia i nā hazelnuts a me nā acorn.
Ke holo pono ʻole ka hānai nui, hoʻohuli ʻia ka protein i nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā wana o nā kumu lāʻau, nā rhizome a me nā tubers, nā laikini, nā hua, nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu (makemake i nā truffle deer).
Ke loaʻa ka hemahema o ka meaʻai, huli ka protein i pest, e ʻai ana i nā pua o nā fir. I ka wā o nā pāʻani aloha, hoʻololi pinepine ʻo ia i ka meaʻai holoholona - nā kolo me nā ʻūlū, nā moa, nā hua manu a me nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi.
Akamai ka squirrel a mālama i nā waihona no ka hoʻoilo me nā nati, ʻākena a me nā ʻone, e hoʻokomo ana iā lākou i mau lua a i ʻole ke kanu ʻana ma waena o nā aʻa... Hoʻomaloʻo nō hoʻi ʻo ia i nā fungus ma ke kau ʻana iā lākou ma waena o nā lālā. He hoʻomanaʻo pōkole ʻo Veksha: poina iā ia kāna mau wahi e waiho ai a ʻōkupe lākou ma luna o lākou.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻohana ʻia ka squirrel "sclerosis" e nā poʻe noho nahele ʻē aʻe (bear, rodents a me nā manu), e ʻai ana i kāna "ʻai kini". Eia nō naʻe, uku ka veksha iā lākou me ke kālā like, ke ʻike nei i nā lako i hana ʻia e nāʻiole, chipmunks a me nā nutcrackers ma lalo o ka papa he 1.5 m o ka hau.
Ke hele nei i waho o ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā ka squirrel i nā iwi o nā holoholona make a kipa aku i nā leki paʻakai. Hoʻololi ka lawe ʻana o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā e pili ana i ke kau: i ka wā puna, i ka wā hānau, ʻai ka protein i 80 g, i ka hoʻoilo - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 35 g.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Vekshas e ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka momona, e lawe ana i 2 mau litters i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ʻekolu a i ka hema o ka pae. Hānau ka squirrel Yakut hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. Hoʻopaʻa ka hoʻomaka o ke kau moʻo i ka latitude o kekahi wahi, ka helu o nā holoholona a me ka loaʻa o nā meaʻai, akā hoʻomaka mau i ka hopena o Ianuali - i ka mua o Malaki, e pau ana i Iulai - ʻAukake.
ʻAʻole nele ka wahine i nā keikikāne, ke koho ʻana mai nā mea noi he 3-6, i ke kaua ʻana nona, e halulu nui lākou, alualu i nā hoa paio a kūlou loa i nā lālā me kā lākou wāwae Ma hope o ka moekolohe me ka mea lanakila, kūkulu ka wahine i kahi pūnana maʻemaʻe a me ka lumi (pinepine ʻelua a ʻekolu paha), kahi e ʻike ʻia ai kāna keiki ma hope o 35-38 mau lā.
Hoihoi ia! I ka hānai ʻana i kāna ʻōpala mua, ʻai a mālohe hou ka makuahine, no laila ke kaʻawale ma waena o ka hānau ʻana he 13 mau pule i kekahi manawa. I ke kauwela (ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa), ʻo ka heluna o Veksha ka 2/3 mau i hōʻike ʻia e nā squirrels underyearlinga.
Loaʻa i ka ʻōpala mai 3 a 10 mau squirrels makapō ʻōlohelohe, ke kaumaha nei kēlā me kēia me he 8 gram. Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pēpē i ka lua o ka ʻōpala. Hoʻomaka ka ulu o ko lākou lauoho ma hope o ʻelua mau pule, a hāmama nā maka ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina, a ma hope iho e kolo ana nā squirrels mai ka pūnana.
Hānai ka makuahine iā lākou me ka waiū ma kahi o 40-50 mau lā, a i ka hiki ʻana i 8-10 mau makahiki o ka makahiki, haʻalele nā pēpē iā ia. Loaʻa ka hānau ma nā squirrels ʻōpio ma 9-12 mau mahina.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻImi ʻia ka squirrel maʻamau e nā mea ʻino.
- pine marten;
- ʻalalā;
- ʻalopeke;
- pueo;
- sable (i ka ʻĀkia hapa o ka Russian Federation);
- kharza (Hikina Hikina);
- pōpoki.
Hōʻoiaʻiʻo nā meaolaola ʻaʻole hōʻeha ka poʻe hōʻeha i ka lehulehu, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka epizootics a me ka nele o ka meaʻai.... ʻO nā maʻi ʻino, ma ke ʻano he lula, ʻike ʻia i ka hopena o ke kau, akā nui ka laha i ka puna. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ʻia nā squirrels e nā tick, nā ilo a me nā ʻutu. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka make ʻana o nā koʻokoʻo he haneli mai ke tularemia, coccidiosis a me hemorrhagic septicemia.
Waiwai kālepa
ʻO ka squirrel maʻamau no kahi holoholona hulu waiwai, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui o ke kālepa hulu kūloko.... Ma nā panalāʻau o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻeli ʻia i nā ulu lāʻau o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa, nā Ural, Yakutia, Siberia a me ka Hikina hikina.
I nā manawa Soviet, ʻo ka squirrel (ma ka nui o ka hulu huki i hōʻiliʻili ʻia) ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o hoʻokahi sable, akā i kēia manawa ua palena ka nui o ka lawe ʻana o nā ʻili. No laila, mai ka makahiki 2009, ʻaʻole i hoʻokau ʻia ka squirrel no ke kūkālā ma nā kūkālā huluhulu ma Rūsia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Hoʻohuli ʻia ka nui o ka squirrel maʻamau e ka hua o kāna ʻai nui: ʻo ka makahiki momona ka ukali e ka pahū i ka nui hānau (400%), ma hope o ka wīwī - kahi hāʻule o ka helu he ʻumi.
Ulu ka nui o nā holoholona i ka hikina a me ka hema o ka pae: ma ka moku ʻo Moscow, he 20-90 mau squirrels no 1,000 hectares, ma Siberia Hikina - mai 80 a 300 i kēlā me kēia 1000 hectare. Hoʻohuli ʻia ka helu o ka veksh e ko lākou wahi noho. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā squirrels i nā ululāʻau kedera (400-500 poʻo no 1,000 hectares).
Hoihoi ia! Ua ʻike ʻia ma ʻIlani a me ʻEnelani ua hoʻololi ʻia ka squirrel maʻamau e ka ʻāhinahina hina i lawe ʻia mai, nāna i hoʻopili i ka mua me kekahi o nā poxvirus weliweli. I ka Caucasus, i ka ʻokoʻa, ua kipaku ka veksha hoʻolauna i ka squirrel Persian maoli mai nā ululāʻau coniferous.
Ma kahi e hoʻomohala ʻia ai ka lawaiʻa squirrel, hōʻano hou ʻia ka heluna kanaka i loko o 3-4 mau makahiki wale nō. Ma aneʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā make o nā holoholona ʻōpio: 15-25% wale nō o nā squirrels e ola i ka hoʻoilo mua.
