ʻO ka luaʻi, a i ʻole kohola polū, ʻo ia ka māmela nui a kaumaha loa hoʻi o nā mea ola āpau a i hoʻokahi manawa e noho ana ma ka honua. Nui nā inoa o kēia kamaʻāina kai - ka koholā uliuli, a me ka minke ʻākau nui a me ka bell-bellied.
Wehewehe, helehelena
ʻO Bluval kahi ʻano o nā koholā minke mai ka ʻohana cetacean nui... Piʻi kahi koholā makua a hiki i 33 mau mika a ʻoi ke kaumaha ma luna o 150 tone. Ma o ka kolamu wai, ʻālohilohi ka hope o ka holoholona i ka uliuli, i hoʻoholo i kona inoa nui.
ʻO ka ʻili koholā a me ke kala
ʻO ke kino o ke koholā, kāhiko ʻia me nā kāhiko kinikini a me nā kiko hina hina, ke nānā aku ke hina hina me kahi ʻano uliuli o ka uliuli. Hoʻomaopopo hou ʻia ke kiko ʻana ma ka ʻōpū a me ke kua o ke kino, akā emi ma ke kua a ma mua. Mālama ʻia kahi kala, monochrome kala ma ke poʻo, ka auwae a me ka iwi ā lalo, a pena ʻia ka ʻōpū me ka melemele a me ka ʻumiʻumi.
Inā ʻaʻole no nā kaha lonikū ma ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻāʻī (mai 70 a 114), hiki ke kāhea ʻia ka ʻili luaʻi. Lawe pinepine ʻia ka ʻili o ka ʻili e nā parasite (kahi papa o nā crustacea): nā moʻo kohola a me nā barnacles, e hoʻopuka pololei i kā lākou pūpū i nā ʻāpala. Komo i loko o ka waha o ke koholā nā Roundworms a me nā copepods, e kau ana ma luna o kahi kohola.
I ka hōʻea ʻana i nā kahua hānai, loaʻa i ke koholā polū nā "malihini" hou, nā diatom, e uhi ana i kona kino. I nā wai mehana, nalowale kēia mea kanu.
Ana, hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona
Kūkulu kaulike ʻia ke koholā polū a loaʻa kahi kino i kahawai maikaʻi.... Ma luna o kahi poʻo lio e like me nā kihi e kiki ana i nā ʻaoʻao, aia nā liʻiliʻi (e kūʻē i ke kua o ke kino) nā maka he 10 kenetimita. Aia lākou ma hope a ma luna o ka laina waha. Kūlou ka iwi ā lalo i nā ʻaoʻao i waho (15-30 cm) me ka waha paʻa. Pale ʻia ka hanu (ka lua e hanu ai ke kohola) e kahi wili e kahe ana i ka pali.
ʻO ka huelo huelo he hapahā o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Kuhi nā wili pectoral pōkole ʻia a kikoʻī hoʻi, ʻoiai ka fin dorsal liʻiliʻi (30 cm ke kiʻekiʻe) hiki ke lilo i nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho like ʻole.
Hoihoi ia! E kūkulu ka waha o ka koholā polū i kahi lumi o 24 sq. m., like ke anawaena o ke aorta i ke anawaena o ka bakeke awelika, a me ka nui o nā akemāhā he 14 mau mika cubic. mika. Hiki i ka papa momona ka 20 knm. He 10 tone o ke koko ka luaʻi, he 600-700 kg ke kaumaha o ka puʻuwai, he kaona ke kaupaona o ke ake, a he ʻekolu manawa ke kaumaha o ke alelo ma mua o ke ake.
Whalebone
I ka waha o kahi koholā polū, aia he 280 a 420 mau pā kohola, i ʻeleʻele loa a i haku ʻia me ka keratin. ʻO ka laulā o nā pā (kahi ʻano o nā niho kohola) he 28-30 cm, ʻo ka lōʻihi he 0.6-1 m, a ʻo ke kaupaona ma kahi o 150 kg.
ʻO nā pā, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka iwi ā luna, hana ma ke ʻano he kānana hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻopau me kahi ʻaoʻao paʻa, hoʻolālā ʻia e mālama i ka meaʻai nui o ka luaʻi - nā crustacea liʻiliʻi.
Ma mua o ka hana ʻana o nā lula, ua koi nui ʻia ka whalebone ma waena o nā mea kalepa mea maloʻo. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pālahalaha ikaika a ma ka manawa like e hana ai:
- kāhili a me nā kāhili;
- nā pahu kūpaka;
- nā nila kuʻi no nā umbrellas;
- huahana wicker;
- upholstery no nā pono hana;
- ʻohe a me nā mea pā;
- pihi;
- nā kikoʻī o nā lole, me nā corset.
Hoihoi ia!Ma kahi o kahi kilokilo o kahi kohola i hele i ke corset o kahi fashionista medieval.
Kaha leo, kamaʻilio
Hoʻohana ka luaʻi i kona leo leo nui e kamaʻilio ai me nā poʻe huakaʻi... ʻAʻole pinepine ka pinepine o ke kani i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o 50 Hz, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa ma kahi o 8-20 Hz, ke ʻano o ka pono.
Hoʻohana ka nui o ke koholā polū i nā hōʻailona infrasonic ikaika i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, e hoʻouna ana iā lākou i kona hoalauna, kahi ʻauʻau pinepine ma kahi mamao o kekahi mau kilomita.
ʻO ka poʻe ketologist ʻAmelika e hana ana ma Antarctica ua loaʻa i nā koholā minke nā hōʻailona mai ko lākou mau hoahānau, aia ma kahi o 33 km mai lākou.
Ua hōʻike kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi ua kāhea ʻia nā kāhea o nā blues (me ka mana o 189 decibels) ma kahi mamao o 200 km, 400 km a me 1600 km.
Wā ola
ʻAʻohe manaʻo paʻa e pili ana i kēia mea, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo maopopo i nā ketologists kēia pilikia. Hāʻawi nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole i nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa, mai 40 mau makahiki (i loko o nā holoholona kohola kohola i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e noho ana ma ke kahawai ʻo St. Lawrence) a hoʻopau me nā makahiki 80-90. Wahi a nā ʻike i hōʻoia ʻole ʻia, ʻo ka nui o ka luaʻi loa i ola a 110 kona mau makahiki.
ʻO kahi hōʻoia kū ʻole o ke ola lōʻihi o nā koholā polū i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka wā o hoʻokahi hanauna (31 mau makahiki), mai a lākou e hoʻomaka ai i ka helu ʻana i ka dinamika o ka nui o nā koholā polū.
Nā ʻāpana koholā polū
ʻAʻole nui o lākou, ʻekolu wale nō:
- papapa;
- hema;
- ʻākau
ʻOkoʻa iki nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i kekahi i kekahi i nā anatomy a me nā ana... Hoʻomaopopo kekahi mau ketologists i nā ʻāpana ʻehā - ka kohola polū India, e noho nei ma ka ʻāpana ʻākau o ka Moana ʻInikia.
Loaʻa nā subspecies dwarf, ma ke ʻano he rula, i ke kai tropical, ʻoiai loaʻa ka hema a me ka ʻākau i nā wai polar anuanu. Alakaʻi nā mea ʻohana āpau i kahi nohona like - mālama lākou i kēlā me kēia, ʻaʻole hui iki i nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi.
Ka nohona kohola
Kūʻē i ke kāʻei o nā cetaceans ʻē aʻe, nānā ke koholā polū kokoke i ka heleuma: ʻaʻole hele hewa ka luaʻi i loko o nā holoholona, makemake e alakaʻi i kahi ola mehameha a i kekahi manawa e hana hoaaloha kokoke ana me 2-3 mau huakaʻi.
Hoihoi ia!Me ka nui o nā meaʻai, hana nā koholā i nā hōʻuluʻulu hoʻohanohano (50-60 mau kānaka pākahi), e komo ana i kekahi mau "subdivision" liʻiliʻi. Akā i ka hui, hōʻike lākou i ka hana kaʻawale.
ʻAʻole maopopo maikaʻi ka hana luaʻi i ka pouli. Akā, ke hoʻokolokolo nei i ka lawena o nā koholā ma kahakai o Kaleponi (ʻaʻole ʻauʻau lākou i ka pō), hiki iā lākou ke pili i nā māmela e alakaʻi ana i ka nohona diurnal.
Ua ʻike pū kekahi nā Ketologists he haʻahaʻa ka kohola polū ma mua o nā cetacean nui ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka maneuverability. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā koholā minke ʻē aʻe, ua luaʻi ʻoi aku ka ʻino a me ka lohi.
Holoholo, luʻu, hanu ʻana
ʻO ka helu hanu o nā koholā minke a me ka luaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, pili i ko lākou mau makahiki a me ka nui. Hanu pinepine nā holoholona ʻōpio ma mua o nā mākua. Inā mālie ka kohola, hanu ia i loko a i waho 1-4 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia minuke. I kahi koholā polū e mahuka ana mai ka makaʻu, wikiwiki ka hanu a 3-6 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia minuke.
Neʻe mālie ka luaʻi hānai, e waiho ana ma lalo o ka wai a 10 mau minuke. Ma mua o ka luʻu lōʻihi, hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i kahi punawai nui a hanu hohonu. Hāhai ʻia kēia ma kahi o 10-12 luʻu waena a me nā luʻu pāpaʻu. Lawe ʻia he 6-7 kekona e puka a mai 15 a 40 kekona no ka luʻu pāpaʻu: i kēia manawa, lanakila ka luaʻi i 40-50 mau mika.
Hana ka kohola i ʻelua luʻu kiʻekiʻe loa: ʻo ka mua, ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana mai ka hohonu, a ʻo ka lua - ma mua o ka luʻu lōʻihi loa.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka punawai i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka kohola kohola e like me ke kolamu kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole he cone 10-mika elongated e hoʻonui aʻe i luna.
Hiki i ka kohola ke luʻu i ʻelua ala.
- Ka mua. Kūlou iki ka holoholona i ke kino, e hōʻike ana i ka leialii o ke poʻo me ka blowhole, kahi ākea ākea, a laila kahi fin dorsal a me caudal peduncle.
- Ka lua. Kūlou paʻa ka kohola i ke kino ke huli i lalo i mea e hōʻike ʻia ai ka lihi luna o ka peduncle caudal. Me kēia immersion, ʻike ʻia ka fin dorsal i ka manawa ke nalowale ke poʻo, me ka alo o ke kua i lalo o ka wai. Ke hāpai ʻia ka piʻo o ka caudal peduncle i ka palena loa o ka wai, aia ka fin dorsal ma kona wahi kiʻekiʻe loa. Hoʻolei mālie ka arc, a lilo i haʻahaʻa, a hele ka koholā i ke kolamu wai me ka ʻole "hoʻomālamalama" i kāna mau huelo huelo.
ʻAʻau ka luaʻi hānai i ka wikiwiki o 11-15 km / h, a holo ka mea e makaʻu ai i 33-40 km / h. Akā hiki iā ia ke kū i kahi wikiwiki wikiwiki ʻaʻole ma mua o kekahi mau minuke.
Meaʻai, he aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka kohola kohola
ʻAi ʻo Bluval i ka plankton, e kia ana i ka krill - nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (a i 6 cm) mai ke kauoha o euphausiaceae. I nā ʻano wahi like ʻole, koho ke koholā i 1-2 mau ʻano crustacea e ʻono loa no lākou iho.
Manaʻo ka hapa nui o nā ketologists i ka lawaiʻa ʻana o ka iʻa ma ka papa kuhikuhi o ke koholā ʻo Great Northern Minke ma ke kuhi hewa ʻana: moni ʻia me ka plankton.
Hoʻomaopopo kekahi mau kānaka biologists ua huli ka koholā uliuli i kona heʻe i nā heʻe liʻiliʻi a me nā iʻa kula liʻiliʻi ke loaʻa ʻole ka nui o nā crustacean planktonic ma kahi kokoke.
I loko o ka ʻōpū, a hiki i ka puʻu o kahi luaʻi māʻona, mai 1 a 1.5 mau tona o ka hānai hiki ke loaʻa.
Kohola polū hoʻoulu
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka monogamy o ka luaʻi e ka lōʻihi o ka male a me ke kūpaʻa o ke kāne, ka mea pili mau i kāna ipo wahine a haʻalele ʻole iā ia i nā hanana koʻikoʻi.
I kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻelua (maʻamau i ka hoʻoilo), hānau ʻia he 1 cub i ka pālua, i hali ʻia e kahi wahine ma kahi o 11 mau mahina. Hānai ka makuahine iā ia me ka waiū (34-50% momona) ma kahi o 7 mau mahina: i kēia manawa, loaʻa i ka pēpē he 23 tone o ke kaupaona a hiki i 16 mika ka lōʻihi.
Hoihoi ia! Me ka hānai waiū (90 liters o ka waiū i kēlā me kēia lā), lilo ka bipi keiki i kēlā me kēia lā i 80-100 kg kaumaha a ulu ma mua o 4 cm. Ma kēia helu, i ka makahiki o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua me ka hoʻonui ʻia o 20 mika, he 45-50 tone kona kaumaha.
Hoʻomaka ka momona i ka luaʻi i 4-5 mau makahiki: i kēia manawa, ulu ka wahine ʻōpio a 23 mau mika. Akā ʻo ke oʻo kino hope loa, e like me ka ulu ʻana o ke koholā (26-27 mau mika), aia wale nō i ka makahiki 14-15.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua hala nā lā i hele ai ke kohola koholā i ke ākea o ka moana honua holoʻokoʻa. I ko mākou manawa, ʻāpana kahi o ka luaʻi a moe mai ke kai Chukchi a me nā kahakai o Greenland, ma waena o Novaya Zemlya a me Spitsbergen i ka Antarctic. ʻO ka Great Minke Nui, kahi malihini kipa i ka ʻāina tropical, hibernates i ke kai mehana o ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau (kokoke i Taiwan, Iapana Hema, Mexico, Kaleponi, ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ka Caribbean), a me ka Hemisphere Hema (kokoke i Australia, Ecuador, Peru, Madagascar a me Southern ʻApelika).
I ke kauwela, hoʻomaha ka kohola polū i ka wai o ka ʻAkelanika ʻAkau, Antarctica, ke kai Chukchi a me Bering.
Kohola polū a kāne
ʻAneʻane ʻaʻole i lūlū ʻia ka mea ʻai ʻoihana a hiki i nā makahiki 60 o ke kenekulia i hala ma muli o nā lako lawaiʻa kīnā ʻole: ua hopu ʻia ka kohola me kahi lira lima a mai nā moku hāmama. Hoʻomaka ka luku nui ʻana o nā holoholona i ka 1868, ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pūkuniahi harpoon.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua ʻoi aku ka mākaukau a me ka sophisticated o ka ʻimi kohola ʻana ma muli o nā kumu ʻelua: ʻo ka mea mua, ua kiʻi ʻia nā cetaceans i kahi pae hou o ka mīkini, a, ʻo ka lua, pono e ʻimi i kahi mea nāna e hoʻolako hou ka whalebone a me ka momona, ʻoiai ka humpback heluna kanaka. ua emi nui ka kohola.
Ma kahi o 325,000-360,000 mau koholā polū i make wale ʻia ma ke kapakai ʻo Antarctic i kēlā mau makahiki, akā ua pāpā ʻia kā lākou waiwai pio ma 1966 wale nō.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo nā hopena mua o ka luaʻi kū kānāwai ʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i ka makahiki 1978.
Kūlana lehulehu
ʻOkoʻa ka ʻikepili ma ka helu mua o nā koholā uliuli: aia ʻelua mau kiʻi - 215 tausani a me 350,000 mau holoholona... ʻAʻohe lōkahi i ka manaʻo o nā holoholona. I ka makahiki 1984, ua aʻo ka lehulehu i kahi liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 1.9 tausani mau polū e noho nei ma ka Hemoleka ʻAkau, a ma kahi o 10 tausani i ka Hemisphere Hema, a ʻo ka hapalua o ia mau mea he papa hana dwarf.
I kēia manawa, ua loli iki nā helu helu. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ketologists mai ka 1.3 tausani a i ka 2 tausani kohola polū e noho nei ma ka honua, ʻoiai e hana ana nā mea kūʻē me nā helu like ʻole: 3-4 mau kānaka e noho ana ma ka Hemoleka ʻĀkau a me 5-10 tausani - ka Hema.
I ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hoʻoweliweli pololei i ka heluna kānaka i luai, aia kekahi mau weliweli ʻokoʻa ʻole
- lōʻihi (a i 5 km) ʻupena laumania;
- nā hoʻokuʻi koholā me nā moku;
- haumia kai;
- ua luaʻi ke kaohi ʻana o ka leo i ka walaʻau o nā moku.
Ke ola nei ka heluna kohola ʻōuli, akā lohi loa. Makau ka poʻe Ketologists ʻaʻole e hoʻi hou nā koholā uliuli i kā lākou helu kumu.
