ʻO Iwashi a i ʻole ka Sardine Hikina Hema, kekahi o nā iʻa i makemake nui ʻia a pālahalaha ʻia i ka wā Soviet, me nā mea ʻono a maikaʻi hoʻi e pono ai ka poʻe kūʻai. He helu kona ona iho a me nā mea hoihoi. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hopu nui, ua kokoke pau kona heluna kanaka i ka make.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Iwashi
ʻO Iwashi kahi iʻa kai kālepa o ka ʻohana herring, akā ʻoi aku ka pololei o ke kāhea ʻana iā ia ʻo ka Sardine Hikina Hema. ʻO ka inoa kūwaho, ua loaʻa kēia iʻa liʻiliʻi e nā ʻepekema hoʻi i ka makahiki 1846 - Sardinops melanostictus (Temminck et Schlegel). ʻO ka inoa maʻamau "Iwashi", ua loaʻa mai ka sardine mai ka puana ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo "sardine" i ka ʻōlelo Kepanī, e like me "ma-iwashi". A ʻo ka inoa "sardine" loa ka iʻa i loaʻa, e like me ka mea i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ma ke Kai Kaiwaenahonua, ʻaʻole mamao aku mai ka mokupuni ʻo Sardinia. ʻO Sardine Hikina Hikina a i ʻole Iwashi kekahi o nā ʻelima ʻelima o ka lā Sardinops.
Video: Iwashi
Ma waho o Iwashi, ʻo ka genus Sardinops kahi ʻano sardine e like me:
- ʻO ʻAseteralia, ke noho nei ma kahakai o Australia a me New Zealand;
- ʻApelika Hema, maʻamau i ka wai o ʻApelika Hema;
- ʻO Peruvian, ʻike ʻia ma kahakai o Peru;
- Noho ʻo Kaleponi i loko o nā wai o ka Moana Pākīpika mai ʻAkau o ʻAmelika a hiki i Kaleponi Hema.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻohana ʻo Iwashi no ka ʻohana hānai, ke kuhi nei he herring ia he kuhi hewa. ʻO ia wale nō ka pili pili loa o ka ʻāina ʻAkelanika, a kū i ke ʻano he ʻano ʻokoʻa loa.
Mea hoihoi: hāʻawi aku kekahi mau lawaiʻa lawehala ʻole i nā mea kūʻai aku ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka sardine momona a maikaʻi loa o ka Hikina Hema, herring ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka sardine i nā ʻano mea kūʻai aku.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o Iwashi
ʻOiai ka like o waho me ka herring, liʻiliʻi ka iʻa i ka nui a me ka māmā i ke kaupaona, ma kahi o 100 mau gram. ʻIke ʻia ka iʻa e kahi kino ololi oblong, akā i ka manawa like me kahi hanana paʻa. ʻO ka maʻamau ʻaʻole ʻoi aku kona lōʻihi ma mua o 20 mau kenimika, akā i kekahi manawa aia kekahi poʻe e hiki aku ana i 25 mau kenimika. He poʻo nui elongated kona me nā ālaki o ka like, he waha nui a me nā maka.
He una unahi uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo nani ko ka Sardine Hikina Hema, e ʻōlinolino nei me nā kala o ke ānuenue. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻōpū o kahi kala silvery māmā me nā kiko ʻeleʻele ʻokoʻa. I kekahi mau laha, ʻālohilohi nā kaha keleawe ʻeleʻele e like me ke kukui mai ka lihi o lalo o nā gills. ʻO ka fin ma ke kua, he iwakalua mau kukuna palupalu. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā sardine ka fin caudal, e pau ana i nā unahi pterygoid. ʻAneʻane ʻeleʻele ka huelo, he hohonu kona kiko i waenakonu.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona holoʻokoʻa o ka iʻa e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka maneuverability maikaʻi, a hoʻonohonoho pono ia ma lalo o ka wai, ke neʻe nei i nā manawa āpau. Makemake ʻo ia i ka mehana a noho i nā papa o luna o ka wai, neʻe i nā hipa nui, e hana ana i nā kaulahao a 50 mau mika.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo ka genus Sardinops, nona ka Iwashi, ʻo ia ka mea nui i waena o nā lunamakaʻāinana he nui o ka sardine.
Ma hea e noho ai ʻo Iwashi?
Kiʻi: ʻIʻa Iwashi
ʻO Iwashi kahi subtropical, ʻano anu anuanu o nā iʻa e noho nui ana ma ke komohana o ka Moana Pākīpika, ʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi mau kānaka i nā wai o Iapana, ka Lūkini Hikina Lūkia, a me Kōlea. ʻO ka palena ʻākau o ka nohona Iwashi e holo ana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka puʻu ʻo Amur ma ke kai o Iapana, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hoʻi o ke kai ʻo Okhotsk a kokoke i nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril ʻākau. I ka wā mahana, hiki i nā sardine ke hōʻea i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Sakhalin, a i nā makahiki 30, aia nā hihia o ka hopu ʻana i ivasi i nā wai o ka Kamchatka Peninsula.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nohona a me ka manawa e hānau ai, ua mahele ʻia ka sardine Hema Hikina i ʻelua subtypes, ka hema a me ka ʻākau.
- subtype hema, hele i ka spawn i nā mahina hoʻoilo, Kēkēmapa a me Ianuali, i ka wai o ka Moana Pākīpika kokoke i ka mokupuni Kepani ʻo Kyushu;
- Hoʻomaka ka Iwashi ʻākau i ka hana manu ʻana i Malaki, e neʻe ana i ka Penina Kōlea a me nā kapakai Kepani o Honshu.
Aia nā ʻike mōʻaukala ke Iwashi, no ke kumu ʻole, nalo koke no hoʻokahi mau makahiki he ʻumi mai ko lākou wahi noho maʻamau o Iāpana, Kōlea a me Primorye.
He mea hoihoi: ʻoluʻolu ʻo Iwashi i nā kahe mahana, a ʻo ka hāʻule nui o ka mahana o ka wai ke hiki i ko lākou make.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka iʻa Iwashi. E nānā kāua i ka ʻai a kēia mea ʻai.
He aha ka mea a Iwashi e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Herring Iwashi
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papaʻai o ka sardine hikina loa ma nā ʻano mea liʻiliʻi o ka plankton, zooplankton, fitoplankton a me nā ʻano limu o ke kai āpau, ka mea maʻamau i nā latitude temperate a me subtropical.
Eia kekahi, inā makemake nui ʻia, hiki i ka sardine ke ʻahaʻaina ma ka caviar o nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe, ka shrimp a me nā ʻano invertebrates āpau. Hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻoilo, ke emi nui ka plankton i ke kai.
ʻO kekahi o nā kīʻaha punahele loa o ka Sardine Hikina Hema nā copepods - copepods a me cladocerans, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻauhau nui ma ke aupuni holoholona. Pili ka papaʻai i ka mokuʻāina o ka kaiāulu o ka plankton a me ke kau o ka wā hānai.
I ka wā ʻōpio, ua pau ka hānai ʻana o kekahi poʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, me kahi waihona momona no ka hoʻoilo, i ke kai o Iapana, a ʻaʻohe manawa e neʻe ai i nā wahi e ulu ana i kahakai, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka make nui o nā iʻa ma muli o ka wī o ka oxygen.
Mea hoihoi: Mahalo i ka papaʻai kaulike, poʻokela ʻo Iwashi i ka ʻike o nā omega-3 fatty acid a me nā kumuwaiwai maikaʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Pacific Iwashi
ʻO ka sardine Far Hikina ʻaʻole ia he predatory, iʻa mālie e ʻimi no ka plankton, e huddling ana i nā kula nui. He iʻa aloha wela e noho ana i nā papa o luna o ka wai. ʻO ka mahana o ka wai maikaʻi loa no 10-20 kekelē Celsius, no laila i ke kau anuanu e neʻe ai ka iʻa i nā wai ʻoluʻolu hou aʻe.
ʻO ke ola keu o kēlā iʻa ma kahi o 7 mau makahiki, akā naʻe, kākaʻikahi kēlā mau kānaka. Hiki i Iwashi i ka moekolohe ma ka makahiki 2, 3 makahiki, me ka lōʻihi o 17-20 kenimika. Ma mua o ka ʻōpio, noho ka iʻa i ka wai subtropical. I ka hoʻoilo, noho wale ʻo Iwashi ma nā kapakai hema o Kōlea a me Iāpana, hoʻomaka i ka neʻe ʻana i ke kikowaena i ka mua o ka puna, i ka mua o Malaki, a ma ʻAukake, aia nā sardine i nā wahi ʻākau a pau o kā lākou wahi noho. Aia ka mamao a me ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana o ka iʻa i ka ikaika o ke au anuanu a mehana. ʻO ka iʻa ikaika a moekolohe ka mea mua e komo i ka wai o Primorye, a ma Kepakemapa, ke hiki i ka hoʻomehana wela loa o ka wai, hoʻokokoke nā ʻōpio.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka pālākiō o ka neʻe a me ka nui o kāna hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā hipa ma muli o kekahi mau manawa o kāna pōʻaiapili. I kekahi mau manawa, i ka nui o ka poʻe i hōʻea i ka helu nui loa, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā piliona o nā iʻa i ka ʻāina subarctic me ka hana nui ʻana o nā meaola no ka meaʻai, a ua hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa ʻo "Sea Locust" i ka Hikina Hema.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka sardine Far Hikina he iʻa kula liʻiliʻi ia, ua hakakā a nalo ʻia mai kāna kula, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i kona ola ʻana, a make paha paha.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Iwashi, aka sardine Hikina Hema
Loaʻa ke kaupaona a me ka waihona, mākaukau nā wahine no ka hānau ʻana, i ka makahiki 2, 3 makahiki. Kū ka spawning i ka wai hema ma kahakai o Iapana, kahi e ʻaʻole e iho ai ka mahana o ka wai ma lalo o 10 kekele. Hoʻomaka ka nui o nā sardine hikina e hoʻomaka i ka pō, ma nā mahana ʻaʻole i lalo o 14 kekelē. Hiki ke hana i kēia kaʻina ma nā wahi lōʻihi, hohonu, a ma kahi o ke kahakai.
ʻO ka hua awelika o Iwashi he 60,000 mau hua; holoi ʻia ʻelua a ʻekolu paha hapa o ka caviar i kēlā me kēia kau. Ma hope o ʻekolu mau lā, ʻike ʻia kahi keiki kūʻokoʻa mai nā hua manu, kahi i noho mua ai i nā papa o luna o ka wai kai.
Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau morphotypes o ka sardine:
- ulu lohi;
- ke ulu wikiwiki nei.
ʻO ka hanauna mua i hānau ma nā wai hema o ka moku ʻo Kyushu, a ʻo ka lua ma nā wahi e ulu ana ka akau o ka mokupuni ʻo Shikoku. ʻOkoʻa kēia ʻano iʻa i ka hiki ke hānau. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 70s, ua nui ka ulu ʻana o Iwashi nui ulu nui, hoʻomāhuahua ʻia i ka wā hiki loa, hoʻomaka e neʻe i ka ʻākau i Primorye, a he pane maikaʻi i ka mālam.
Eia nō naʻe, i loko o kahi manawa pōkole o ka manawa, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia ʻano e ka sardine ulu lohi, me ka haʻahaʻa o ka ulu ʻana a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona, me ka ʻole o ka pane o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka māhuahua nui loa o ka nui o nā sardine ulu lohi i alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā iʻa waena, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe i kū ʻole i ka moekolohe, ka mea i hōʻemi i ka nui o nā iʻa a me ka nui o nā iʻa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe ʻo Iwashi
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o Iwashi
ʻO ka neʻe nui ʻana o Iwashi i kahi iʻa iʻa a me nā māmala. A ke hoʻāʻo nei e pakele mai nā mea hōkai nui, piʻi i luna ka sardine Hihi Hikina, a lilo i holoholona maʻalahi no nā manu. Hoʻopuni ʻo Seagulls ma luna o ka wai no kahi manawa lōʻihi, ka nānā ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka iʻa. E luʻu hapa ana i loko o ka wai, e loaʻa maʻalahi i nā manu i ka iʻa pōʻino.
ʻO ka punahele punahele a Iwashi no:
- kohola;
- nā ʻāpāpā;
- manō;
- tuna;
- cod;
- nā ʻululā a me nā manu kahakai ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka sardine Far East kahi hale waihona waiwai o nā mea pono a me nā mea no nā kānaka, me ka uku haʻahaʻa, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea pono a ʻono loa hoʻi. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli nui, e like me nā iʻa he nui, ke hoʻomau nei i ka lawaiʻa.
ʻO Iwashi ka iʻa kālepa nui no nā makahiki he nui. Mai ka makahiki 1920, ua kālele nā lawaiʻa kai āpau i ka sardine. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hei me nā ʻupena, kahi i kōkua ai i ka emi wikiwiki ʻana o kēia ʻano.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma muli o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ua hōʻoia ka ʻepekema hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano iʻa no nā kumu olakino, i ka pale a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi puʻuwai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻIʻa Iwashi
ʻO kekahi o nā inoa kapakapa o ka Sardine Hikina Hema ʻo "ka iʻa hewa", ʻoiai hiki i ka sardine ke nalowale mai nā wahi lawaiʻa maʻamau no nā makahiki he nui me ke kumu ʻole. Akā ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa o ka hopu Iwashi no nā makahiki he nui i koe kiʻekiʻe loa, ua emi koke ka heluna kanaka sardine. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻepekema Kepanī, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā wā o ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā iʻa o ka Hikina Hikina, a ua kū ʻia ma 1680-1740, 1820-1855 a me 1915-1950, kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻoholo he ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu ma kahi o 30-40 mau makahiki, a laila hoʻomaka ka wā ke emi ʻana o ka ʻāina.
Aia nā loli Cyclic o nā lehulehu i nā kumu he nui.
- ke kūlana kai-moana i kēia wahi, ka hoʻoilo nui a me ka lawa ʻole o ka meaʻai;
- ʻenemi kūlohelohe e like me nā predators, parasites a me nā pathogens. Me ka māhuahua o ka heluna o nā sardine, ua hoʻonui pū ʻia ka lehulehu o kona mau ʻenemi;
- ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ka hei nui o nā ʻenehana, ka ʻaihue ʻana.
Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻepekema he mea nui ka mālama ʻana i ka helu o nā mākua Iwashi kanaka i ka poʻe ʻōpio. Me ka emi nui o ka iʻa makua, hoʻonui pū ka ulu ʻōpio. ʻOiai ke koi nui a nā mea kūʻai aku no Iwashi, i ka hopena o nā 80, ma muli o ka emi nui o kāna helu, ua pāpā ʻia ka lawaiʻa lehulehu ʻana. Ma hope o 30 mau makahiki, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka ulu nui ʻana o ka iʻa mai ka 2008 a ua hala ka pae o ke kaumaha. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaka hou ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma ka Moana Pākīpika a me ke kai o Iapana i ka piha.
ʻO nā mea hoihoi: Ma ke komohana o Sakhalin, i nā ʻae pāpaʻu, nui nā hihia kaawale o ka make ʻana o nā shoals holoʻokoʻa o Iwashi, i hānai ʻia i ka wai papau, a ma muli o ke anuanu o ka wai, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i ka hema no ka hana hou.
ʻO Iwashiʻoiai kona liʻiliʻi, he hana kūikawā ia no nā poʻe noho kai a me nā kānaka ʻelua. Ma muli o ka lawena maikaʻi ʻole a me ka lawaiʻa nui, ua kokoke kēia iʻa e make, eia nō naʻe, ua hala ka pae o ke kūlana kaumaha o ka lehulehu a loaʻa kahi hanana ulu maikaʻi.
Ka lā o ka paʻi ʻana: 27.01.2020
Lā hou: 07.10.2019 ma 21:04
