ʻO ka wai hou kekahi o nā waiwai nui ma ka honua, ʻo ia ka hōʻoia o ke ola. Inā pau nā lako wai, e pau nā ola āpau ma ka Honua. He aha ia e pili ana i kēia kumuwaiwai honua, no ke aha he mea kū hoʻokahi, e hoʻāʻo mākou e pane i kēia ʻatikala.
Haku mele
Nui nā wahi mālama wai ma ka honua, ʻelua hapakolu o ka ʻili o ka honua i uhi ʻia e ke kai a me nā moana, akā ʻo 3% wale nō o ia wai e hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he hou a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 1% o nā mālama hou i loaʻa i nā kānaka i kēia manawa. Hiki ke kāhea ʻia ka wai hou inā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka paʻakai ma mua o 0.1%.
Hoʻohālike ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mālama wai hou ma ka ʻili o ka honua. ʻO kahi ʻāina e like me Eurasia, kahi e noho ai ka hapa nui o ka poʻe - 70% o ka huina, ʻoi aku ma mua o 40% o ia mau mālama. ʻO ka nui loa o ka wai hou e hoʻopili ʻia i nā kahawai a me nā loko.
ʻAʻole like ka hui ʻana o ka wai hou a pili i ke kaiapuni, nā waihona o nā fossil, nā lepo, nā paʻakai a me nā minelala, a me nā hana a ke kanaka. Loaʻa nā wai ʻokoʻa i nā kinoea like ʻole: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, a me ka meaola, nā meaola, nā ʻāpana o nā microorganism. He kuleana nui nā cations: hydrogen carbonate HCO3-, chloride Cl- a me sulfate SO42- a me nā anion: calcium Ca2 +, magnesium Mg2 +, sodium Na + a me potassium K +.
Hoʻohui wai hou
Hoakaka
Ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka wai hou, lawe ʻia nā ʻano aʻe:
- mālamalama;
- ʻoʻoleʻa;
- organoleptic;
- pH kaʻakika.
Pili ka acidity o ka wai i ka ʻike o nā ion hydrogen i loko. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka paʻakikī e ka paʻa ʻana o nā magona a me nā iona calcium a hiki ke: laulaha, hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻopau ʻole ʻia, carbonate a i ʻole non-carbonate.
ʻO Organoleptic ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai, kona kūpikipiki, ke kala a me ka pilau. Pili ka pilau i ka ʻike o nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole: chlorine, ʻaila, lepo, ʻike ʻia ia ma ka pālima ʻelima.
- 0 - ka nele loa o ka ʻaʻala;
- 1 - aneane ʻaʻohe ʻala e ʻike ʻia;
- 2 - ʻike wale ʻia ka pilau me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana kūikawā;
- 3 - ʻike iki ʻia ka ʻala;
- 4 - ʻike ʻia nā pilau;
- 5 - ʻike nui ʻia ka pilau e hana i ka wai i hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻO ke ʻono o ka wai hou he paʻakai, momona, ʻawaʻawa a ʻawaʻawa hoʻi, ʻaʻole paha e ʻike ʻia nā mea hope loa, nāwaliwali, māmā, ikaika a ikaika loa. Hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo Turbidity e ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kahi maʻamau, ma ka pālākiō he ʻumikūmāhā.
Hoʻokaʻina
Māhele ʻia ka wai hou i ʻelua mau ʻano: maʻamau a me ka mineral. ʻOkoʻa ka wai mineral mai ka wai inu maʻamau i ka ʻike o kekahi mau minelala a me kā lākou nui, a hana ʻia:
- lāʻau lapaʻau;
- keʻena ʻaina lapaʻau;
- lumi 'aina;
Hoʻohui ʻia, aia kekahi wai hou i hana ʻia e nā ʻano hana, hoʻopili ʻia:
- hoʻopau ʻole ʻia;
- liko;
- distill;
- kālā;
- shungite;
- "Alive" a me "make".
Hoʻopiha nui ʻia kēlā ʻano wai me nā micro a me nā pono macro pono, hoʻopau ʻino ʻia nā meaola ola i loko o lākou a i ʻole nā mea e pono ai.
Manaʻo ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kekahi o nā mea pono loa: loaʻa ia e ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau ma nā piko o nā kuahiwi, a i ʻole ka hau i loaʻa i nā wahi maʻemaʻe o ke kaola. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i nā kahe hau a i ʻole nā hau hau mai nā alanui no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ʻoiai e loaʻa i loko o kēlā wai ka carcinogen weliweli loa - benzaprene, no ka papa mua o ka weliweli i nā kānaka.
Pilikia i ka wai maʻaleka
Manaʻo ʻia ka wai maoli he waiwai kūlohelohe ʻole. Aia kekahi manaʻo ma muli o ke kaʻapuni o ka wai i ke kūlohelohe, hoʻihoʻi mau ʻia kāna mau mālama, akā ma muli o ka hoʻololi o ke aniau, nā hana a ke kanaka, ka noho nui ʻana o ka Honua, i kēia mau lā ka pilikia o ka nele o ka wai hou e lilo i maʻalahi. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i kēia mau lā ke ʻike ʻē nei ka hapaono o ka honua i ka nele o ka wai inu, 63 miliona mau mika cubic hou e hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka honua, a i kēlā me kēia makahiki e ulu wale ana kēia lakio.
Wanana ka poʻe loea inā ʻaʻole ʻike ke kanaka i kahi ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai wai maoli i ka wā e hiki mai ana, i ka wā e hiki mai ana a hiki i ka pilikia o ka wai wai ma nā wahi o ka honua, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka palaka ʻole o ka nohona kaiāulu, ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai i nā ʻāina kahi e lawa ʻole ai nā kumuwaiwai, nā kaua a me nā cataclysms honua. ...
Ke hoʻāʻo nei ke kanaka e hana i ka pilikia o ka wai nele. ʻO nā kiʻina hana nui o ia hakakā ʻana ʻo ia ka hoʻolilo, hoʻohana waiwai, hana ʻia ʻana o nā waihona wai i hana ʻia, desalination o ka wai kai, condensation o ka wai wai.
Nā kumuwaiwai o ka wai hou
ʻO nā wai hou ma ka honua:
- lalo honua;
- luna wale nō;
- sedimentary.
No ka papa, nā kahawai, nā loko, nā aniani, nā kahawai, i nā sedimentary - nā hau, ka huahekili a me nā ua. Aia nā waihona nui loa o ka wai hou i nā glacier - 85-90% o nā mālama honua.
Nā wai hou o Rūsia
Aia ʻo Russia ma kahi kūlana hanohano ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā waihona wai hou, ʻo Brazil wale nō ke alakaʻi i kēia ʻano. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Lake Baikal ka waihona wai kūlohelohe nui loa, ma Rūsia a ma ka honua hoʻi; loaʻa kahi ʻelima o nā waihona wai wai o ka honua - 23,000 km3. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma Lake Ladoga - 910 km3 o ka wai inu, ma Onega - 292 km3, ma Lake Khanka - 18.3 km3. Aia kekahi mau waihona kūikawā: Rybinskoe, Samara, Volgogradskoe, Tsimlyanskoe, Sayano-Shushunskoe, Krasnoyarsk a me Bratskoe. Eia hou, aia kahi lako nui o ia wai i nā glaciers a me nā kahawai.
Baikal
ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā mālama o ka wai inu ma Rūsia he nui, kaʻana like ʻole ʻia i loko o ka ʻāina, no laila nui nā ʻāina i ʻike i ka hemahema nui o ia. A hiki i kēia manawa, pono e hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻāpana he nui o ka Russian Federation e nā lako pono.
Ka hoʻohaumia wai
Ma waho aʻe o ka hemahema o ka wai hou, ke kumuhana o kāna haumia a, a ʻo ka hopena, mau ke kumuhana. ʻO nā kumu o ka hoʻohaumia hiki ke lilo i kūlohelohe a me nā mea hana.
ʻO nā hopena kūlohelohe e pili ana i nā pōpilikia kūlohelohe: nā ōlaʻi, nā wai hālana, nā ʻele, nā avalanc, etc. Pili pono nā hopena hana i nā hana a ke kanaka:
- ua ka waikawa i hana ʻia e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā mea hōʻino i ka lewa e nā hale hana, nā hale hana a me nā kaʻa kaʻa;
- ʻōpala paʻa a me ka wai mai ka ʻoihana a me nā kūlanakauhale;
- nā pōʻino i hana ʻia e ke kanaka a me nā ulia pōpilikia ʻoihana;
- ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka wela o ka wai a me nā mea kanu mana nukelea.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā wai i hoʻohaumia ʻia ke kumu o ka luku ʻia o nā ʻano holoholona a me nā iʻa he nui, akā he kumu nō hoʻi ia i nā maʻi make i nā kānaka: typhoid, cholera, cancer, endocrine disorders, congenital anomalies a me nā mea hou aku. I mea e hoʻoweliweli ʻole ai i kou kino, e nānā mau ʻoe i ka maikaʻi o ka wai i hoʻopau ʻia, inā pono, e hoʻohana i nā kānana kūikawā, ka wai ʻōmole hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
