He ʻāina ʻĀkia ʻo India e noho ana ma ka hapa nui o ka mokupuni ʻo India, a me kekahi mau mokupuni i ke Kai ʻInikia. Hāʻawi nui ʻia kēia wahi nani me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, e like me ka lepo momona, nā ululāʻau, nā minelala a me ka wai. Hoʻolahalike kaulike ʻia kēia mau kumuwaiwai ma kahi ākea. E noʻonoʻo mākou iā lākou i nā kikoʻī ma lalo.
Kumuwaiwai ʻāina
Kaena ʻo India i ka nui o ka ʻāina momona. I loko o ka lepo alluvial o ka papu ākea nui o ke awāwa ʻo Satle Ganges a me ke awāwa ʻo Brahmaputra, laiki, kulina, kō, jute, pulupulu, rapeseed, mustard, ʻanoʻano sesame, flax, a pēlā aku.
Ua ulu ka pulupulu a me ke kō i ka lepo ʻeleʻele o Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarati.
Nā Minelala
Nui ka waiwai o India i nā minelala e like me:
- hao;
- lānahu;
- aila;
- manganese;
- bauxite;
- chromites;
- keleawe;
- tungsten;
- gypsum;
- pōhaku ʻalā;
- mika, etc.
Ua hoʻomaka ka mining ʻana o nā lānahu ma ʻĀnia ma 1774 ma hope o ka East India Company ma ke kahawai ʻo Raniganja ma ke kapa komohana o ka muliwai ʻo Damadar ma ka mokuʻāina Inia o West Bengal. Ua hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻoulu lanahu ʻĀnia i ka wā i hoʻolauna ʻia ai nā locomotives mahu ma 1853. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana i hoʻokahi miliona mau tona. Ua hōʻea ka hana i 30 miliona mau tona i 1946. Ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka National Coal Development Corporation, a lilo nā mines i mau kuleana nona nā alahao. Pau ʻo India i ka lanahu no ka ʻoihana ikehu.
I ka lā o ʻApelila 2014, aia ma kahi o 5.62 biliona mau waihona ʻaila i hōʻoia ʻia, no laila hoʻokumu ʻo ia ʻo ia ka lua o ka nui ma Asia-Pākīpika ma hope o Kina. Aia ka hapa nui o nā waihona aila o India ma ke kahakai komohana (ma Mumbai Hai) a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau hikina o ka ʻāina, ʻoiai aia nā waihona nui i loaʻa i ke kahawai ʻo Bengal Gulf a me ka mokuʻāina ʻo Rajasthan. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka aila a me nā pae hana ʻaʻole e naueue e waiho ana iā India e hilinaʻi nui ana i nā lawe mai e hoʻokō i kāna mau pono.
ʻO India he 1437 biliona m3 o nā mālama kinoea kūlohelohe i ʻike ʻia a like me ʻApelila 2010, e like me nā kiʻi aupuni. ʻO ka nui o ke kinoea kūlohelohe i hana ʻia ma India e hele mai ana mai nā wahi kai komohana, ma kahi o ka huina ʻo Mumbai. Nā māla o nā ʻāina ʻē i:
- ʻAsama;
- Tripura;
- Andhra Pradesh;
- Telangane;
- ʻO Gujarat.
ʻO kekahi mau hui e like me ka Geological Survey of India, ka Indian Bureau of Mines, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana nei i ka ʻimi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mineral ma India.
Kumuwaiwai nahele
Ma muli o ka ʻano o ka topografia a me ke aniau, waiwai ʻo India i nā flora a me nā holoholona. Aia kekahi mau papa ʻāina a me nā haneli haneli holoholona.
Kapa ʻia nā ulu lāʻau "gula ʻōmaʻomaʻo". ʻO kēia nā kumuwaiwai hou. Mālama lākou i ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni: lawe lākou i CO2, nā mea ʻawahia o ka noho kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻoihana, hoʻoponopono lākou i ke aniau, no ka mea ke hana nei lākou e like me ka "spons" maoli
Hāʻawi ka ʻoihana hana lāʻau i mea kōkua nui i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina. Minamina, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka hana ʻana i ka helu o nā wahi o ka nahele, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nei iā lākou i kahi kaʻina kūpikipiki. Ma kēia mea, ua hoʻoholo ke aupuni o India i kekahi mau kānāwai e pale aku ai i nā ululāʻau.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Institute Research Institute ma Dehradun e hoʻopaʻa i ke kahua o ka ulu ulu lāʻau. Ua hoʻomohala a hoʻokō lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana ulu lāʻau, e pili pū ana me:
- ʻoki ʻoki lāʻau;
- ke kanu nei i na kumulaau hou;
- pale pale.
Kumuwaiwai wai
E pili ana i ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai wai, ʻo India kekahi o nā ʻāina waiwai he ʻumi, ʻoiai ʻo 4% o nā waihona wai wai o ka honua e kau ʻia ma kāna ʻāina. ʻOiai kēia, e like me ka hōʻike a ka Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on Climate Change, ua koho ʻia ʻo India ma kahi wahi e makaʻu i ka hoʻopau wai o nā kumu wai. I kēia lā, ʻo 1122 m3 ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai hou, akā e like me nā kūlana o ka honua ʻo 1700 m3 kēia helu. Wanana nā loiloi i ka wā e hiki mai ana, i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana, e ʻike paha ʻo India i ka hapa nui o ka wai hou.
ʻO nā kaohi Topographic, nā mahele hāʻawi, nā kaohi ʻenehana a me ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻole e pale iā India mai ka hoʻohana kūpono ʻana i kāna kumuwaiwai.
