ʻO Bustard - kahi manu nui a manuahi hoʻi o nā papu ākea ʻole a me nā steppes kūlohelohe, e noho ana i nā wahi mahiʻai o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hele wāwae ʻo ia me ka hanohano, akā hiki iā ia ke holo ma mua o ka lele ʻana inā hoʻohaunaele ʻia ʻo ia. ʻO ka lele o ka bustard ke kaumaha a me ke ʻano o ke kēkā. He mea maʻalahi ka bustard, keu hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Bustard
ʻO ka bustard kahi lālā o ka ʻohana bustard a ʻo ia wale nō ka lālā o ka genus Otis. ʻO ia kekahi o nā manu lele nui loa i loaʻa ma ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā kāne makua nunui, ikaika a kilohi hoʻi ke nānā aku me ka ʻāʻī huhū a me ka umauma kaumaha me kahi huelo i hoʻohuli ʻia.
ʻO ka plumage hānau o nā kāne e komo pū me kahi whisker keʻokeʻo 20 cm lōʻihi, a lilo i ko lākou kua a me ka huelo i nā kala. Ma ka umauma a me ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāʻī, hoʻomōhala lākou i kahi hulu o nā hulu, i ʻulaʻula a mālamalama a ākea hoʻi me ka makahiki. Hele wāwae kēia mau manu a lele me nā kaha ʻēheu ikaika a maʻamau.
Video: Bustard
Aia he 11 genera a me 25 mau ʻano i ka ʻohana bustard. ʻO ka bustle bustard kekahi o nā ʻano 4 i loko o ka genus Ardeotis, kahi i loaʻa i ka Arabian bustard, A. arabs, ka Indian bustard nui A. nigriceps, a me ka Australian bustard A. australis. I ka papa Gruiformes, nui nā ʻohana o ka bustard, e komo pū ana me nā mea kani kīʻaha a me nā manu ʻio.
Aia ma kahi o 23 mau ʻano bustard e pili ana me ʻApelika, ka hema o ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, Australia a me nā ʻāpana o New Guinea. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae o ka bustard, i hoʻololi ʻia no ka holo ʻana. ʻEkolu wale nō manamana wāwae o lākou a nele i ka manamanalima hope. Kūleʻa ke kino, mālama ʻia i kahi kūlana kaulike, a kū pololei ka ʻāʻī, i mua o nā wāwae, e like me nā manu ʻē aʻe holo lōʻihi.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka bustard
ʻO ka bustard kaulana loa ka bustard nui (Otis tarda), ka manu ʻāina ʻEulopa nui loa, he kāne ke kaumaha a 14 kg a me 120 cm ka lōʻihi a me kahi eheu o 240 cm. Loaʻa ia i nā mahinaʻai a me nā steppes hāmama mai ka waena a me ka hema o ʻEulopa a i Central Asia a me Manchuria.
ʻAno like nā papahele i ke kala, hina hina ma luna, me nā ʻeleʻele a me nā kaha ʻalani, keʻokeʻo ma lalo. Ua mānoanoa ke kāne a he keʻokeʻo, he hulu hulu ma ke kumu o ka nuku. ʻO ka manu akahele, ka ʻāwī nui, paʻakikī e hoʻokokoke: holo wikiwiki ia i ka wā o ka weliweli. Ma ka ʻāina, hōʻike ʻo ia i kahi hele nani. Hoʻomoe ʻia ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau hua, me nā kiko ʻoliva ʻeleʻele, i loko o nā lua pāpaʻu i pale ʻia e nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hōʻike ka bustard i kahi lele lohi akā ikaika a lōʻihi hoʻi. I ka pūnāwai, ʻano maʻamau nā hana moena na lākou: pili ke poʻo o ke kāne i hope, kokoke i ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka huelo i hāpai ʻia, a pehu ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī.
ʻO ka bustard (Otis tetrax) mai ka Western Europe a me Morocco i Afghanistan. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Bustards ma ʻApelika Hema e like me ka pau, ʻo ka mea nui ka nui o ka nui o ka ʻāpala (Ardeotis kori). Loaʻa ka Arabian bustard (A. arabs) ma Morocco a me ka ʻĀkau tropical sub-Saharan ʻApelika, a me kekahi ʻano o nā ʻano e pili ana i kekahi moʻo hanauna ʻē aʻe. I Australia, kapa ʻia ka bustard Choriotis australis ʻo turkey.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka bustard. E nānā ma hea kahi e loaʻa ai kēia manu ʻano ʻē.
Ma hea e noho ai ka pāhaka?
Kiʻi: Manu Bustard
ʻO nā Bustards kahi hopena i ka waena a me ka hema o ʻEulopa, kahi ʻo lākou ka manu nui loa, a ma waena o Asia. I ʻEulopa, noho ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu no ka hoʻoilo, ʻoiai ʻo nā manu ʻAsia e huakaʻi hele aku i ka hema i ka hoʻoilo. Noho kēia ʻano i ka hānai, steppe a me nā ʻāina mahiʻai ākea. Makemake lākou i nā wahi hānau me ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ke alo kanaka.
ʻEhā mau lālā o ka ʻohana bustard i loaʻa ma India:
- ʻO Ardeotis Indian bustard nigriceps mai nā pāpū a me nā wao akua haʻahaʻa;
- bustQ MacQueen Chlamydotis macqueeni, kahi hoʻoilo neʻe i nā wahi wao nahele o Rajasthan a me Gujarat;
- ʻO Lesp Florican Sypheotides indica, i loaʻa ma nā kula mauʻu pōkole ma ke komohana a me waena o India;
- ʻO Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis mai nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, nāhū o ka Terai a me ke awāwa ʻo Brahmaputra.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpuni ʻōiwi āpau me he mea lā e weliweli ana, akā ke hoʻokokoke nei ke ʻāpana ʻĀkia. ʻOiai ʻo ia ka nui o nā kaha o kēia wā me nā palena o kona mōʻaukala, ua nui ka hāʻule o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. Ua nalowale ka bustard ma kahi o 90% o kāna pae mua a, ʻo ka mea kupanaha, ua nalowale mai nā wahi mālama ʻelua i hana kikoʻī ʻia e pale i ka laha.
I nā wahi kapu ʻē aʻe, ke emi wikiwiki nei ka laha. I ka wā ma mua, ʻo ka ʻino ʻana a me ka luku ʻana o ka nohona, kahi i alakaʻi ʻia ai i kahi ʻano ʻino, akā i kēia manawa ka mālama ʻana i kahi nohona maikaʻi ʻole, ʻo ka pale sentimental o kekahi mau holoholona pilikia nā pilikia o nā bustard.
He aha ka mea a ka bustard e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: ʻO Bustard i ka lele
ʻO ka bustard kahi omnivorous, e hānai ana i nā mea kanu e like me nā mauʻu, nā legume, nā keʻa, nā hua, nā pua a me nā hua waina. ʻAi ʻia nō hoʻi ia i nā koʻokoʻo, nā moa o nā laha ʻē aʻe, nā ʻūnū, nā peʻe, nā ʻelala nui a me nā larvae. ʻAi ʻia nā moʻo a me nā amphibians e nā bustard, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kau.
Pēlā, alualu lākou no:
- nā arthropods like ʻole;
- ilo:
- mammal liʻiliʻi;
- amphibians liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā kolo e like me nā ʻūhini, nā ʻalekeke a me nā nalo e hana i ka hapa nui o kā lākou papaʻai i ka wā o ke kauwela ke wā ʻo nā piko ua o India a me nā wā hānau manu nā mea nui. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā ʻanoʻano (me ka palaoa a me ka peanuts) nā hapa nui loa o ka papaʻai i nā manawa anuanu, maloʻo loa o ka makahiki.
Ua ʻimi a ʻai nui ʻia nā bustards o Australia, a me nā loli noho i hoʻolauna ʻia e nā māmela hoʻolauna e like me nā lāpaki, nā bipi a me nā hipa, paʻa lākou i ka ʻāina hinterland. Ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻane make ma New South Wales. He poʻe nomadic lākou, i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai hiki iā lākou ke keʻakeʻa ʻia (hōʻiliʻili koke), a laila hoʻopuehu hou. I kekahi mau wahi, e like me Queensland, aia kekahi neʻe maʻamau o nā bustard.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: bustard wahine
ʻO kēia mau manu he diurnal a ma waena o nā vertebrates kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui loa ma waena o nā kāne. No kēia kumu, noho nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā hui ʻokoʻa no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nō ka wā hānau. Hoʻopili kēia ʻokoʻa i ka nui i nā koi a ka meaʻai e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ka hoʻopuehu ʻana a me ka neʻe ʻana i ka lawena.
Hānai wahine me nā hoahānau. ʻOi aku lākou philopatric a puka i waho o nā kāne a noho mau i ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe no ke ola. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻokumu nā kāne i nā hierarchies hui e ka hana ʻana i nā hakakā kolohe, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, pā i ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī o nā kāne ʻē aʻe, i kekahi manawa e hōʻeha nui ʻia, ka hana maʻamau a nā bustards. ʻO kekahi heluna kanaka o ka bustard neʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hana nā ʻōhua nui i nā neʻe kūloko ma loko o kahi radius o 50 a 100 km. ʻIke ʻia nā manu kāne hoʻokahi wale nō i ka wā hānau, akā hana i nā pūʻā liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻoilo.
Manaʻo ʻia he kāne polygamous ke kāne ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana moena i kapa ʻia ʻo "exploded" a i ʻole "hoʻopuehu ʻia." Omnivorous ka manu a hānai i nā kolo, nā iʻa, nā moʻo, nā moʻo a i kekahi manawa i nā moʻo liʻiliʻi. ʻIke ʻia lākou e hānai i ka mauʻu, nā ʻanoʻano, nā hua, a pēlā aku. Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia, lawe nā manu wahine i nā keiki keiki ma lalo o ko lākou mau ʻeheu.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pālua o Bustards
ʻOiai ʻike ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano hānau o nā bustards, nā kikoʻī ʻoi loa o ka pūnana ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana, a me nā hana neʻe e pili ana i ka pūnana ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana, manaʻo ʻia he ʻokoʻa loa i waena o nā heluna a me nā kānaka. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouluulu i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, akā no ka nui o nā lehulehu, ʻo ka wā hānau ʻo Malaki a Kepakemapa, kahi e hoʻopili nui ai i ke kauwela kauwela.
Pēlā nō, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻi i nā pūnana like i kēlā me kēia makahiki a makemake e hana i nā mea hou ma kahi o, hoʻohana lākou i nā pūnana i hana ʻia i nā makahiki i hala e nā ʻeke ʻē aʻe. He maʻalahi nā pūnana a noho pinepine i nā kaumaha i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka lepo ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka ʻāina mahi a me nā kula, a i ʻole ka lepo pōhaku ākea.
ʻAʻole maopopo inā hoʻohana ka laha i kahi papa hana moʻo ʻana, akā nā mea o ka moekolohe ʻelua (kahi e moe ai nā kāne ʻelua me nā hoa he nui) a me polygynous (kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā kāne me nā wahine he nui). ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka pālua. ʻO ka hemahema, kahi e ʻākoakoa ai nā kāne ma nā wahi hōʻike lehulehu e hana a mālama ai i nā wahine, i kekahi o nā hui lehulehu.
Eia nō naʻe, i nā hihia ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā kāne mehameha ke ʻumeʻume i nā wahine i ko lākou mau wahi me nā leo nui i hiki ke lohe ʻia ma kahi mamao o 0.5 km. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ke kāne e kū ma ka honua ākea me ke poʻo a me ka huelo i hāpai ʻia, hulu keʻokeʻo huluhulu a me kahi ʻeke aniani piha i ka lewa (ʻeke ma kona ʻāʻī).
Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, haʻalele nā kāne, a lilo ka wahine i kahu mālama wale no kāna ʻōpio. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā wahine e hoʻomoe i hoʻokahi hua manu, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā paʻa ʻana o nā hua ʻelua. Hoʻokomo ʻo ia i kahi hua manu ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o kona kū ʻana.
Hiki i nā keikikāne ke hānai iā lākou iho ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, a piha lākou ke piha iā 30-35 mau lā. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pēpē mai kā lākou mau makuahine i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau hānau aʻe. Hiki i nā wahine ke hānau hou ma mua o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau makahiki, ʻoiai ke kāne i oʻo i ka moekolohe ma ka ʻelima a ʻeono paha makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona neʻe i waena o nā bustard ma waho o ka wā hānau. Hiki i kekahi o lākou ke hana i nā neʻe kūloko ʻana ma waena o ka ʻāina, ʻoiai kekahi e lele lōʻihi ana ma ʻō aku o ka mokuna.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka bustard
Kiʻi: manuahi Steppe
He hoʻoweliweli nui ʻo Predation i nā hua, nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻāpua makua ʻole. ʻO nā mea ʻaihue nui nā ʻalopeke ʻulaʻula, nā mea ʻelemakule karnivorous ʻē aʻe e like me nā ʻio, nā martens a me nā boars, a me nā ʻalalā a me nā manu o nā holoholona.
He mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe ka poʻe bustard makua, akā hōʻike lākou i ka pīhoihoi nui e pili ana i kekahi mau manu manu lele e like me nā ʻaeto a me nā ʻelepele (Neophron percnopterus). ʻO nā holoholona wale nō i nānā iā lākou he mau ʻīlio hulu hina (Canis lupus). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke alualu ʻia nā pīpī e nā pōpoki, nā ʻīlio hae a me nā ʻīlio hihiu. ʻAihue ʻia nā hua manu mai nā pūnana mai e nā ʻalopeke, nā mongoose, nā moʻo, a me nā ʻekue a me nā manu ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i nā hua manu mai nā bipi hānai, ʻoiai lākou e hehi pinepine iā lākou.
Hoʻopilikia kēia ʻano i ka fragmentation a me ka nalo ʻana o kāna wahi noho. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka privatization ʻāina a me ka haunaele o ke kanaka e manaʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka nui o ka nalo ʻana o ka nohona ma o ka palau ʻana, ka ulu lāʻau ʻana, ka mahi ʻana nui, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻolālā wai, a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā laina uila, nā alanui, nā pā a me nā ʻauwai. ʻO nā mea hoʻomomona kemika a me nā pesticides, mīkini, ahi a me ka predation ka mea hoʻoweliweli nui i nā moa a me nā ʻōpio, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻimi manu ʻana no nā manu makua ke kumu o ka make nui ma kekahi mau ʻāina a lākou e noho ai.
Ma muli o ka lele pinepine ʻana o nā busters a kaupalena ʻia kā lākou maneuverability e ko lākou kaumaha kaumaha a me nā ʻēheu nui, loaʻa nā hoʻokuʻi me nā laina uila kahi e nui ai nā laina uila o luna ma nā kualono, ma nā wahi e pili ana, a i ʻole nā ala lele ma waena o nā pae like ʻole.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka bustard
ʻO ka heluna nui o nā bustards ma kahi o 44,000-57,000 mau kānaka. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia ʻano e like me Vulnerable a ke emi nei kāna mau helu i kēia lā. I ka makahiki 1994, ua helu ʻia nā ʻāpana i mea hoʻoweliweli i ka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Papa inoa ʻulaʻula o nā ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau. Akā i ka 2011, eia naʻe, ua nui loa ka heluna o ka heluna kanaka i hōʻuluʻulu hou ka IUCN i ka laha e like me ka make.
ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka nohona a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ke kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o ka lehulehu. Hoʻolālā nā Ecologists ma kahi o 90% o ka laulā kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia i ka hapa nui o ke komohana komohana a me ke komohana o India, ua nalowale, ʻāpana ʻia e nā hana alanui a me nā hana mining, a hoʻololi ʻia e ka mahi wai a me ka mahiʻai mīkini.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu i hana i ka hua sorghum a me ka millet, kahi e ulu pono ai ka bustard, lilo i māla o ke kō a me ka pulupulu a me nā māla waina. Ua kōkua pū ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana a me ka ʻimi holoholona i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. ʻO kēia mau hana, hui pū ʻia me ka momona momona o nā laha a me ke kaomi o nā mea kūlohelohe, hoʻokomo i ka pahu i kahi kūlana weliweli.
Pale Bustard
Kiʻi: Bustard mai ka Red Book
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā papahana no nā busters nāwaliwali a hoʻoweliweli hoʻi i ʻEulopa a me nā ʻāina o ka Soviet Union mua, a no ka bustard nui ʻApelika i United States of America. Hoʻolālā nā papahana me nā ʻano bustard ʻohana e hoʻopuka i nā manu keu no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā wahi i pale ʻia, a laila e kōkua ana i ka emi ʻana o nā lāhui hihiu, ʻoiai ʻo nā papahana bustar ʻo Hubar ma ka Hikina Waena a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau e manaʻo e hāʻawi i nā manu koena no ka hoʻokuʻu i nā wahi palekana holoholo hoʻomau ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā falcon.
Hoʻolālā nā papahana hoʻohua Captive i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no nā bustard a me nā cinnamon bustards (Eupodotis ruficrista) e mālama i nā heluna kanaka e pili ana i ka genetically a me ka helu kanaka a ʻaʻole hoʻi i kaukaʻi ʻia i nā lawe mau mai ka nāhelehele.
I ka 2012, ua hoʻokumu ke Aupuni o India iā Project Bustard, kahi papahana mālama aupuni e pale aku i ka ʻāpana nui o India, me ka Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), ka florican liʻiliʻi (Sypheotides petunjuk) a me ko lākou mau wahi noho mai ka hāʻule hou ʻana. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka papahana ma hope o Project Tiger, kahi hana nui a ka lehulehu i hana ʻia i ka wā mua o ka 1970s e pale aku i nā tigika o India a me ko lākou wahi noho.
ʻO Bustard ʻO ia kekahi o nā manu lele nui loa e kū nei i kēia lā. Hiki ke loaʻa ma waena o ʻEulopa, neʻe i ka hema a i Sepania, a i ke kūkulu ʻākau, ʻo kahi laʻana, i nā steppes Lūkini. Ua helu ʻia ʻo bustard nui ma ke ʻano he nawaliwali, ke emi nei kona heluna kanaka ma nā ʻāina he nui. He manu ʻāina ia e hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me nā wāwae a me ka piko ʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo o kona poʻo.
Ka lā paʻi: 09/08/2019
Lā hou: 07.09.2019 ma 19:33
