Starling

Starling - kahi manu o ke kaʻina o nā passerines, kahi ʻohana o nā starling mai ka genus o nā starling. ʻO ka inoa binomial Latin - Sturnus vulgaris - hāʻawi ʻia e Karl Lineney.

Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe

Kiʻi: Starling

ʻO ka ʻohana o nā starling, Sturnidae, kahi hui nui me nā ʻano laha like ʻole i hoʻonohonoho ʻia. Noho ka hapa nui o lākou ma Eurasia a me ʻApelika. Manaʻo ʻia ua kū mai kēia mau manu a pāhola i ka honua holoʻokoʻa mai ka moku ʻApelika. ʻO ka mea pili kokoke i ka laha maʻamau ka starling inoa ʻole. Ua ola kēia ʻano i ka Ice Age ma ka ʻāina Iberian. No nā Middle Pleistocene nā koena kahiko i ʻike ʻia o ka starling.

He ʻumikūmālua mau ʻāpana o ka starling. Kūlike kekahi i kekahi me ka nui ʻole o ka nui a i ʻole ka ʻokoʻa kala, ka ʻāina. Manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau mea kōkua i ka hoʻololi mai kekahi ai kekahi.

Mea hoihoi: I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, lele nā ​​starling i ka wikiwiki o ma kahi o 70-75 km i kēlā me kēia hola a uhi i nā mamao a hiki i 1-1.5 tausani km.

Hīmeni kēia mau manu walaʻau a kani i nā leo like ʻole i loko o ka makahiki. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ko lākou manaʻo, koe wale no nā mele, ʻo kēia ka ʻuā o ka hoʻoweliweli, nā hoʻouka ʻana, nā kāhea no ka hoʻopili ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻākoakoa nui ʻana, nā walaʻau weliweli. Ke walaʻau mau nei nā Starling ke hānai a hakakā paha lākou, noho wale lākou a kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi. He paʻakikī kā lākou hubbub mau. I nā kūlanakauhale, hoʻāʻo lākou e lawe i nā wahi mehameha ma nā balconies, ma lalo o nā puka aniani, i nā attics, e hana ana i kekahi mau pilikia no ka poʻe. I ka wā o kahi lele i kahi ʻohana nui, hoʻopuka aku ko lākou mau ʻeheu i kahi kani kani e hiki ke lohe ʻia mai kahi mau heʻumi mau mika ka mamao.

Mea hoihoi: Hele a holo paha ka starling ma ka honua, a ʻaʻole neʻe i ka lele ʻana.

ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kiʻi: Manu lele

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale maʻalahi ʻia nā Starling mai nā passerine waena-nui e like me blackbirds a i nā funnels. He huelo pōkole ko lākou, nuku ʻoi, poepoe, silhouette paʻa, nā wāwae ikaika ʻulaʻula. I ka lele ʻana, ʻoi nā ʻēheu. ʻO ke ʻano o ka plumage e like me ka ʻeleʻele mai kahi mamao aku, akā i ka nānā pono ʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kahe o ka viola, polū, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, poni me ka lehu mauna mauna. Hoʻonui ka nui o nā hulu keʻokeʻo i ka hoʻoilo.

Video: Starling

Ma ka ʻāʻī o nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka louler a me ka fluffy o ka plumage, i nā wahine nā hulu me nā wēlau ʻoi loa e pili pono. Hinahina-ʻulaʻula nā pākuʻi, ikaika, ikaika nā manamana wāwae, lōʻihi me nā māiʻu ʻoi loa. ʻOi ka nuku, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, i ke kauwela huli melemele i nā wahine, i nā kāne melemele hapa ia me kahi kumu bluish. ʻO nā ʻeheu o nā manu he lōʻihi waena me ka hopena a poepoe. ʻO ka iris o nā maka i nā kāne ʻeleʻele mau, a i nā wahine he hina.

Mea hoihoi: I ka wā hoʻoilo, pau nā wēlau o ka hulu, a ʻo nā blotches keʻokeʻo e liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka pouli o nā manu.

Nā palena ʻo Starling:

• i ka lōʻihi - 20 - 23 cm;
• ʻēheu - 30 - 43 cm;
• ke kaupaona - 60 - 100 g;
• ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - 6.5 cm;
• ka lōʻihi nuku - 2 - 3 cm;
• ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae - 2.5 - 3 cm;
• ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu - 11-14 cm.

Lele aku nā manu i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, i ka hopena o ke kauwela, ma hope o ka wā hānau, aia i kēia manawa e ʻike hou ʻia nā hulu keʻokeʻo. I ka wā lele, lele koke nā manu i ko lākou mau ʻeheu a lele i kahi manawa pōkole me ka nalo ʻole o ke kiʻekiʻe. Mai kahi a lākou e hemo aku ai me ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa, i ka wā o ka lele e hana lākou i kahi huina nui a laina paha.

Ma hea e noho ai ka mea lele?

Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka starling

Loaʻa kēia mau manu ma ʻEulopa ma ka hema o 40 ° N. sh., ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ma Suria, ʻIrana, ʻIraka, Nepal, ʻInia, komohana komohana ʻo Kina. Hele kekahi mai nā wahi me nā aniau ʻoi loa, kahi ʻaʻole wale ka hau i ka ʻāina, akā ʻo nā pilikia ʻai hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo. I ka hāʻule, i ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā pūʻulu malihini mai ka ʻākau a me ka hikina o ʻEulopa, neʻe nā kamaʻāina kūloko mai waena a me komohana o ʻEulopa i nā wahi hema he nui.

Ua koho kēia mau manu i nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale, kahi e noho ai lākou i nā hale hana, ma nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO nā mea āpau e hiki ke hoʻolako iā lākou me kahi hale a me kahi home: nā ʻoihana mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai, nā māla, nā ulu lāʻau, nā māla, nā ululāʻau me ka ʻole o ka ulu, nā kāʻei ulu lāʻau, nā ʻāina wao ʻole, nā kapakai pōhaku, hiki i kēia mau wahi āpau ke lilo i puʻuhonua no nā manu. Hōʻalo lākou i nā ululāʻau nui, ʻoiai lākou e maʻalahi i nā ʻano lauwili like ʻole mai nā wahi pohopoho a i nā kula mauna mauna.

Mai ke kūkulu ʻākau, hoʻomaka ka ʻāina o ka mahele ʻana mai Iceland a me ka Kola Peninsula, i ka hema, hele nā ​​palena i nā panalāʻau o Sepania, Palani, ʻItalia, Greece ʻĀkau. Ma o Turkey, ʻo nā palena hema o ka laulā e hoʻonui i ka ʻākau o ʻIraka a me ʻIrana, ma o Afghanistan, Pakistan, a me ka ʻākau o India. ʻO ka laina hikina o ka noho e hōʻea i Baikal, a hopu ke komohana i ka Azores.

Ua hoʻolauna ʻia kēia ʻano i ka panalāʻau o ʻAmelika Hema, ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻApelika, Australia, a me New Zealand. Ma laila, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, hoʻonui nui ʻia ia a noho i kēia manawa i nā panalāʻau nui.

Mea hoihoi: I nā makahiki 90 o ke kenekulia XIX, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kope he 100 ma Central Park ma Nu Ioka. No hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, ua noho nā mamo o nā manu e ola nei hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua mau manu, mai nā wahi hema o Kanada a i nā ʻĀkau o Mexico a me Florida.

I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka manu ʻōniu. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.

He aha ka ʻai a ka starling?

Kiʻi: Starling ma Lūkia

ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi o nā manu makua he ʻokoʻa, omnivorous lākou, akā ʻo nā kolo ka ʻāpana nui o ia. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine kēia mau mea ʻino o nā mea kanu mahiʻai.

ʻO ka papaʻai nā:

• lōlō hihi;
• pulelehua;
• punawelewele;
• lele;
• ʻūhini;
• mayfly;
• ʻūpā ahi;
• nalo meli;
• naonao;
• Zhukov.

ʻAi nā manu i nā pepeke makua ʻelua a me kā lākou larvae. Hiki iā lākou ke huki mai i nā ilo, wireworms, a me nā pupae o nā mea kolo mai ka honua. ʻAi lākou i nā kī, nā slug, nā moʻo liʻiliʻi, amphibians. Hiki iā lākou ke luku i nā pūnana o nā manu ʻē aʻe i ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua manu. ʻAi nā starling i nā huaʻai, nā hua, nā palaoa, nā mea kanu nā mea kanu, nā ʻōpala o nā meaʻai. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻānai kēia mau manu i ka meaʻai me kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka sukrosa, ʻai lākou me ka hauʻoli i nā hua waina, nā cherry, nā palaki a hiki ke hoʻopau loa i nā mea kanu, lele i nā lāʻau i nā hipa holoʻokoʻa.

Loaʻa kēia mau manu i kā lākou arsenal i kekahi mau ʻano o ka hopu ʻana i nā nūhou. ʻO kekahi o lākou ke lele pū lākou āpau, e hopu ana i nā midges i ka ea. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana nā manu i ke ʻano o ka neʻe mau ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kānaka mai ka "huelo" o ka ʻohana, e kū i kahi kūlana i mua. ʻO ka nui o ka huhui, ʻo ka pili loa o nā manu kekahi i kekahi. Mai kahi mamao aku, hana ʻia ka manaʻo o ke ao ʻeleʻele e neʻe ana a poepoe hoʻi. ʻO kekahi ala e ʻai ai i nā mea kolo mai ka lepo. Hoʻopili wale ka manu i ka papa o ka lepo, me he mea lā e hoʻāʻo ana, a hiki i ka wā e hina ai i kahi mea kolo.

Hiki i nā Starling ke hoʻonui i nā lua, e hoʻonui ana i nā ala i hana ʻia e nā mea ʻino, a pēlā e huki ai i nā ilo a me nā ʻūlū. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau manu, ke ʻike aku i kahi mea kolo e kolo ana, hiki iā ia ke lunge e hopu iā ia. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻoki i nā kolo ʻaʻole wale mai ka mauʻu a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, akā mālama pū kekahi e hoʻonohonoho i kahi "lumi ʻaina" na lākou iho ma ke kua o nā bipi hānai, e ʻai ana i nā parasite holoholona.

Mea hoihoi: E like me ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā starling i nā ʻāpana o nā ʻelala i ka lepo, hoʻohana lākou i ko lākou nuku ʻoi e wāwahi i nā ʻeke me nā ʻōpala, a laila hoʻonui i ka lua, e wehe ana i ka nuku, a laila nā ʻōpala meaʻai iʻa mai nā ʻeke.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona

Kiʻi: Starling i kūlohelohe

Noho nā starling i nā puʻupuʻu nui, hiki i ko lākou helu ke ʻokoʻa i nā helu i nā manawa like ʻole o ka makahiki. I kekahi manawa, he poʻe hipa nui loa kēia, i ka wā o ka lele e nānā lākou e like me kahi ākea ākea, i ka neʻe ʻana, aelike paha a hoʻonui paha. Hana ʻia kēia me ke komo ʻole o kahi alakaʻi maopopo; hiki i kēlā me kēia lālā o ka ʻūlū ke hoʻololi i ke ala hele o ka neʻe ʻana, ka hoʻohuli ʻana i kona mau hoalauna. Hāʻawi ka ʻohana hipa i ka palekana mai nā manu manu e like me nā sparrowhawks a i ʻole nā ​​falegr peregrine.

I kekahi mau kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau, ʻo nā ʻano nui o nā manu e hana i nā pūʻulu nui a hiki i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua miliona mau kānaka, kahi pōʻino maoli ia, ʻoiai e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i nā wai mai nā hipa a hiki i 30 cm. He ʻawaʻawa kēia kūpaʻa a kumu i ka make o nā mea kanu a me nā kumulāʻau. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻohana hipa nunui i Malaki ma ka mokupuni ʻo Jutland a ma nā kahakai kahakai o ka hema o Denmark. I ka wā o ka lele, nānā lākou e like me ka nalo ʻana o nā nalo meli, kāhea ka poʻe kamaʻāina kūloko i ia mau pūʻulu he lā ʻeleʻele.

ʻIke ʻia kēlā ʻano phenomena ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā manu mai Scandinavia e neʻe i nā wahi kauwela i ka waena o ʻApelila. ʻO nā hipa like, akā i ka nui o 5-50 tausani mau kānaka, hana ʻia i ka hoʻoilo ma Great Britain i ka hopena o ka lā. Hiki i ka starling ke hana i nā leo a me nā mele like ʻole, he mea hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa kēia manu. Hoʻolei hou nā starling i ke kani ma hope o ka hoʻolohe ʻana. ʻO ka manu ka manu, ʻo ka laulā kāna repertoire. ʻOi aku ka mākaukau o nā kāne i ke mele ʻana a hana pinepine ʻia.

Mea hoihoi: Koho nā starling wahine i mau hoa me ka laulā o nā mele, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea ʻike hou aʻe.

Aia nā Vocalization i ʻehā mau melodia e hoʻololi i kekahi i kekahi me ka hoʻomaha ʻole. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohālike i ke mele ʻana o nā manu ʻē aʻe, ke kani o nā kaʻa, nā kikeke metala, nā kaniʻuhū. Hoʻomaʻa hou ʻia kēlā me kēia kaʻina mele i nā manawa he nui, a laila kani nā set hou. Aia nā kaomi pinepine ma waena o lākou. Kekahi manu i kahi repertoire o ʻekolu mau kakini mele a he ʻumikūmālima mau kaomi ʻokoʻa. ʻIke ʻia ka leo nui i ka leo i ka wā o ka moena, ke hoʻāʻo ka kāne e ʻumeʻume i kāna hoa me kāna mele, a me ka hoʻoweliweli aku i nā mea noi ʻē aʻe mai kāna panalāʻau, ʻoiai ke lohe ʻia kā lākou mele a me ka ʻuwā i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki.

ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou

Kiʻi: Pihi ʻōlapa

He wahi kūpono ko nā starling no kahi pūnana, kahi puha, nānā nā kāne a hoʻomaka e wāwahi i nā wahi maloʻo a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu ma laila. Mālama pinepine lākou i nā mea kanu ʻaʻala, e ʻumeʻume paha i nā wahine a i ʻole e kipaku aku i nā mea kolo parasite. Hana lākou i nā hakahaka, e hoʻāhu ana i nā mea kūkulu hale i ka manawa e hele mai ai kahi hoa. I loko o kēia manawa, hīmeni nā kāne i nā mele, e hulu ʻana i ka hulu i ka ʻāʻī, e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻowalewale i ka wahine. Ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka pālua, hoʻomau lāua i ke kūkulu pū ʻana i ka pūnana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūnana i loko o nā lua o nā kumulāʻau, nā hale manu manu ʻino, nā puha puha, nā hale niches, nā ʻāpana pōhaku. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pūnana mai ka mauʻu maloʻo, nā lālā. Hoʻopili ʻia ka loko me ka hulu, hulu hipa, lalo. ʻElima mau lā paha ke kūkulu ʻana.

He monogamous kēia mau manu; ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻohana polygamous. Ma muli o ka makemake o nā starling e noho i nā kolone nui, hiki i nā pūnana ke kokoke kekahi i kekahi. I loko o nā ʻohana polygamous, male kāne me nā hoa ʻelua, ʻoiai ka hua mua e hoʻouluulu i nā hua. ʻOi ka haʻahaʻa o ka reproductiveness i ka lua o ka pūnana ma mua o ka mua. ʻO ka wā hānau ma ka puna a me ke kauwela. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i kahi lā no kekahi mau lā. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine kēia mau hua manu ʻelima. ʻO ko lākou nui he 2.6 - 3.4 cm ka lōʻihi, 2 - 2.2 cm ka laulā. Ua hatch nā hua no ʻelua pule, hana nā mākua ʻelua i kēia, akā aia mau ka wahine ma ka pūnana i ka pō. ʻIke ʻia nā chicks me ka hulu ʻole a me ka makapō, ma hope o hoʻokahi pule ua iho lākou i lalo, a i ka lā ʻeiwa ʻike lākou. No ka pule mua, hemo mau nā mākua i nā kulu mai ka pūnana mai i pili ka wai i ke ʻano o nā moa i loaʻa ʻole ka thermoregulation maikaʻi.

Aia nā keiki i loko o ka hale huna no 20 mau lā, i kēia manawa a pau i hānai ʻia e nā mākua ʻelua, ʻoiai ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā ʻōpio i ka hale, hoʻomau ka hānai ʻana a nā mākua iā lākou ma kahi o ʻelua pule. I ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka laulā, ʻikea hoʻokahi brood i kēlā me kēia kau, ma nā wahi o ka hema - ʻelua a ʻekolu paha. I loko o kahi ʻohana, hiki i nā wahine i waiho ʻole ʻia ka pālua ke hoʻomoe i nā hua i nā pūnana o haʻi. Hiki i nā Chicks i nā kolone ke neʻe i nā pūnana kokoke, ke kipaku ʻana i nā pēpē ʻē aʻe mai iā lākou. Ma kahi o iwakālua pākēneka o nā keiki e ola i ka wā makua ke hiki ke hānau. ʻO ke ola o kahi manu i ke kūlohelohe he ʻekolu mau makahiki.

Mea hoihoi: ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi starling ma kahi o 23 mau makahiki.

ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā starling

Kiʻi: Starling Grey

ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o nā starling nā manu lele, ʻoiai kēia mau passerine e hoʻohana i nā hana lele i nā pūʻulu. ʻAʻole kūlike ko lākou ʻano a me ka wikiwiki o ka lele ʻana o ka manu lele.

Akā nō naʻe, pilikia ka hapa nui o nā mea hōkai iā lākou, eia kēia:

• hawk ʻĀkau;
• Eurasian Sparrowhawk;
• peregrine falcon;
• leʻaleʻa;
• kestrel;
• ʻaeto;
• buzzard;
• pueo liʻiliʻi;
• pueo pepeiao loloa;
• pueo tawny;
• pueo pueo.

Ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau, ma kahi o 20 mau ʻano o nā ʻio, ʻalalā, pueo ka weliweli no ka starling maʻamau, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pilikia āpau hiki ke kali ʻia mai ka merlin a me ka peregrine falcon. Hoʻopau kekahi manu i nā hua a i ʻole nā ​​moa o nā starling a lawe aʻe mai ka pūnana. Hiki i nā makuahine mai ka ʻohana marten, nā raccoons, nā squirrels, a me nā pōpoki ke ʻai i nā hua manu a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā moa.

Hāpai nā Parasite i nā pilikia no nā starling. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi e ʻaneʻane nā ʻelele āpau o ka laʻana i hana ʻia e nā ornithologists he mau ukulele, nā kikiki, a me nā kika. 95% i loaʻa i nā maʻi puʻuwai o loko - ilo. Hoʻoweliweli nui nā moa a me nā peʻa manu ākea i nā manu i nā pūnana, akā ʻo nā starling lākou kekahi e ʻāhewa no kēia. Ke hopu nei i nā pūnana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, loaʻa iā lākou me ka piha o nā ʻike, me nā parasites. Ke make ka manu, haʻalele nā ​​parasite omo wai i ka mea nāna e ʻimi i kahi ʻē aʻe.

Lele ka louse a lele ka nahele e ʻume i nā hulu o kā lākou mea hoʻokipa. ʻO ka nematode ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, e neʻe ana i ke kino o ka mea hoʻokipa mai ke trachea a i nā akemāmā, hoʻonāukiuki i ka hanu. ʻO nā Starling kekahi o nā manu i aloha nui ʻia, no ka mea hoʻohana mau lākou i kā lākou mau wahi pūnana kahiko, a i ʻole noho i nā hale ʻē aʻe o ka poʻe ʻē aʻe.

Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano

Kiʻi: Manu lele manu

Noho kēia ʻano passerine ma aneane a pau o ʻEulopa, koe wale nō ka Arctic, a māhele ʻia ma Asia komohana. I kekahi mau wahi, hōʻea wale ʻo ia no ke kau kau, a ʻo kekahi, noho mau ʻo ia me ka ʻole o nā neʻe kau. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā Starling a ua hoʻokau ʻia ma nā wahi āpau o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, aia lākou i kēia manawa ma Chile, Peru, Uruguay a me Brazil, aia ma ʻApelika Hema a loaʻa ma nā mokupuni ʻo Fiji. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia a noho lākou ma nā wahi āpau ma Australia a me New Guinea. Ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ka helu o nā pālua he 28.8 - 52.4 miliona mau pālua, a ua like ia me 57.7 - 105 miliona mau mākua. Manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 55% o ka heluna nui o kēia mau manu e noho nei i ʻEulopa, akā he kuhi paʻakikī kēia e pono ai ka hōʻoia. Wahi a nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe, i nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka makahiki 2000, ua hiki aku ka heluna kanaka o nā starling ma mua o 300 miliona mau kānaka, ʻoiai e noho ana ma kahi o 8.87 miliona km2.

I ka lua o ka hapa o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā starling i Australia e kāohi i nā mea lele o nā mea kolo, a ua manaʻo ʻia he mea nui ko lākou alo no ka pollination o ke olonā. Ua hana ʻia nā ʻano āpau no ka noho ʻana no nā manu, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā wahi hana no ka pūnana, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e nā manu. Ma nā makahiki 20 o ke kenekulia i hala, ua māhuahua maikaʻi lākou a hoʻomaka e noho i nā panalāʻau nui ma New South Wales, Victoria a me Kuiniland. Ua kāpae ʻia ʻo Skvortsov mai ka mahele o nā manu kūpono ma mua loa a hoʻomaka e hakakā i kā lākou hoʻolaha. Ua kāohi nā kūlana ʻāina a me nā kūlana i kēia ʻano mai ka noho ʻana i nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kaohi koʻikoʻi a me ka luku mau ʻana o nā starling ua hoʻemi i ka heluna kanaka ma Australia i nā makahiki he ʻekolu e hiki mai ana e 55 tausani mau kānaka.

Mea hoihoi: Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Starling i ka "papa inoa ʻeleʻele" o 100 mau holoholona, ​​kahi o ka noho hou ʻana o nā ʻāina hou i hopena maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO ka hoʻonui maoli ʻia o nā helu i ke kenekulia i hala a me ka hapalua a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka wahi noho, ka maʻalahi maʻalahi o kēia mau manu i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i ʻae ʻia e ka International Union for the Conservation of Animals i kēia ʻano i ka papa inoa o ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi.ʻO nā hana mahiai koʻikoʻi ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kemika i hoʻemi i ka nui o nā starling ma ka ʻākau o Rūsia, nā ʻāina o ka moku ʻo Baletika, Kuekene a me Pinilana. Ma UK, i loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki i hala o ke kenekulia i hala, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o kēia mau manu e 80%, ʻoiai ke piʻi nei kekahi mau wahi, ʻo kahi laʻana, ma ʻIlani ʻIlani. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻelala i hānai ʻia e nā keiki ʻōpio, a no laila ua hoʻemi ʻia ko lākou ola. Hiki i nā mākua ke hānai i nā meaʻai mea kanu.

Starling - kahi manu kūpono no ka mahiʻai, i komo i ka luku ʻia o nā mea kolo weliweli, hiki ke maʻalahi ke hana, hoʻololi i nā ʻano nohona like ʻole. Me nā hōʻiliʻili nui, ʻaʻole lawa ka lako o nā meaʻai i ke ʻano o nā kolo, ua lilo ka hulu i pest, e luku ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea kanu mahiʻai.

Lā paʻi: 30.07.2019

Lā hou: 07/30/2019 ma 20:03

E nānā i ka wikiō: Creating a tax calculation using the Starling Toolkit (Iulai 2024).