Hoʻomaka hou kekahi o nā manu hoʻomanaʻo ʻole e noho ana i nā pāka, nā māla a me nā wahi kūlohelohe o Rūsia. No kahi huelo mālamalama kupaianaha, i ʻike maka ʻia mai kahi mamao aku, ua loaʻa i ka manu ka inoa - redstart. ʻIke ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu kala i nā kāne, ʻoiai ʻo nā wahine a me nā manu ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kala pastel. Eia nō naʻe, kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona - kahi huelo huluhulu ʻulaʻula nani, aia i nā manu āpau.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Redstart
ʻO ka wehewehe kūlana mua o ka redstart i hana ʻia e ka mea kūlohelohe Kuekene K. Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1758 ma ka puke Systema Naturae ma lalo o ka inoa binomial ʻo Motacilla phoenicurus. ʻO ka inoa genus ʻo Phoenicurus i kapa ʻia e ka naturalist Pelekane ʻo Tomos Forster i 1817. ʻO ka genus a me ka inoa o ka phoenicurus species mai loko mai o nā huaʻōlelo Helene kahiko phoinix "ʻulaʻula" a me -ouros - "tailed".
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻO Redstarts he ʻelele maʻamau o ka ʻohana Muscicapidae, kahi i hōʻike pono ʻia e ka ettyology o ka inoa ʻepekema, i hānau ʻia ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo Lākina ʻelua "musca" = lele a "capere" = e hopu.
ʻO ka pili pili genetika o ka redstart maʻamau ka redstart keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka laʻana ʻana o ka genus ke hāʻawi nei i kahi kānalua e pili ana i kēia. ʻO kona mau kūpuna paha nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula e hoʻolaha ākea ma ʻEulopa. Manaʻo ʻia ua neʻe aku lākou mai ka pūʻulu ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma kahi o 3 miliona mau makahiki i hala i ka hopena o ka Pliocene.
Video: Hoʻomaka hou
Genetically, maʻamau a ʻeleʻele hoʻi nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a hiki ke hana i nā hybrids e ʻike ʻia he olakino a momona. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau hui ʻelua o nā manu e nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa a me nā koi kaiaola, no laila he kakaʻikahi loa nā hybrids i ke ʻano. Ua lilo ka redstart i manu o ka makahiki ma Rusia ma 2015.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu hoʻomaka hou
ʻAno like ka ʻulaʻula i ka helehelena a me ka lawena i ka ʻulaʻula. Loaʻa iā ia ka lōʻihi o ke kino 13-14.5 cm, akā he kino lahilahi a ʻoi iki ke kaumaha o 11-23 g. Ma waena o nā manu ʻEulopa maʻamau, ʻo ka redstart ʻeleʻele (P. ochrurus) kahi huelo o ke kala like.
Ke hoʻohālikelike nei ke kāne i ke kala. I ke kauwela, he poʻo poʻo hina-hina kona a ma luna, koe wale no ka ʻōpala a me ka huelo, e like me nā ʻaoʻao, underwings a me nā armpits, he ʻalani-chestnut ke kala. Keʻokeʻo ka lae, ʻeleʻele ka maka ma nā ʻaoʻao a ʻeleʻele ka ʻāʻī. ʻO nā ʻeheu a me nā hulu huelo waena he ʻeleʻele, ʻo ke koena o ka hulu huelo he ʻalani ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka hue ʻalani ma nā ʻaoʻao e mae a aneane keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻōpū. ʻEleʻele ka nuku a me nā wāwae. I ke kauwela, hūnā ʻia nā hulu haikea ma nā kihi o ke kino, e hāʻawi ana i ke kala i kahi ʻano pohihihi.
ʻO nā wahine ʻike ʻole ʻia nā kala. ʻO kaʻili o luna he brownish. ʻO ka beige ma lalo o ke kino he beige māmā me ka umauma ʻalani lush, i kekahi manawa ikaika, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale loa ai mai ka hina a i ka ʻāhinahina hina a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao lalo, kahi e hoʻohālikelike ai me ka maopopo o ka ʻalani. ʻAno ʻeleʻele nā ʻeheu, e like me ke kāne, ka beige ma lalo me ka ʻalani. Nele ʻo ia i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka shale i ke kala, a keʻokeʻo kona ʻāʻī. Me nā makahiki, hiki i nā wahine ke hoʻokokoke i ke kala o nā kāne a lilo i mea ʻokoʻa loa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻulaʻula?
Kiʻi: Hoʻomaka hou ma Lūkia
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kēia ʻano palaearctic komohana a waena hoʻi aia ia ma ka awelika hapa o Eurasia, e pili ana i nā zona, ke Kaiwaenahonua a me nā ʻāpana steppe. Ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o ka wahi pūnana e kaupalena ʻia e nā kuahiwi. I ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka Iberian Peninsula, ʻaʻole i loaʻa pinepine ka redstart, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ke komohana o ia. Aia kekahi mau hihia o ka pūnana manu ʻana o kēia mau manu ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
Ma nā mokupuni ʻo Pelekane, kū kēia i ka hikina hikina o ʻIlani a i ʻole ma ka mokupuni ʻo Sekotia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina, piʻi ka pae i Siberia a i Lake Baikal. Hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi mau lehulehu liʻiliʻi a hikina hoʻi o ia. I ke kūkulu ʻākau, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka pae ma Scandinavia a i ka latitu akau 71 °, e komo pū me ka Kola Peninsula, a laila ma ka hikina a Yenisei i Lūkia. i ʻItalia, aia ka ʻano ma Sardinia a me Corsica. I ka Penehana Balkan, ua hoʻopuehu liʻiliʻi ʻia nā wahi noho a hiki i ka ʻākau o Helene.
ʻImi hoihoi: Noho ʻo Redstart i ka pūnana ma ka hema a me ka ʻākau o ke Kai ʻEleʻele a ma ke komohana hema o Caucasus a ma kahi o 50 ° N. ma o Kazakhstan a i nā mauna Saur a hele i ka hikina a hiki i ka Mongolian Altai. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka Crimea a me ka hikina o Turkey i ka Caucasus a me ka ʻōnaehana mauna Kopetdag a me ka ʻākau hikina o ʻIran i nā Pamirs, ma ka hema a i nā kuahiwi Zagros. Hāpai nā heluna kanaka liʻiliʻi ma Suria.
Makemake nā ʻulaʻula maʻamau i nā ululāʻau makua hāmama me nā lāʻau birch a me nā lāʻau ʻoka, kahi e hāʻawi ai i kahi ʻike maikaʻi o kahi wahi me nā laʻalāʻau a me nā ulu ulu, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi o nā kumulāʻau e lawa ai nā lua kūpono no ka pūnana. Makemake lākou e pūnana ma ka lihi o ka ululāʻau.
Ma ʻEulopa, pili pū kēia i nā pāka a me nā māla kahiko i nā wahi kaona. Hoʻopili lākou i nā kaumaha maoli o nā kumulāʻau, no laila he mea maikaʻi nā lāʻau make a i ʻole nā lālā make i make no kēia ʻano. Hoʻohana pinepine lākou i nā ulu lāʻau coniferous ākea, keu hoʻi ma ka ʻākau o kā lākou wahi hānau.
He aha ka mea a ka ʻulaʻula e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Redstart wahine
ʻImi ka ʻulaʻula i ka meaʻai ma ka honua, i ka papa haʻahaʻa o nā kumulāʻau a me nā mauʻu. Inā lawa nā mea kolo e kolo ana i ka papa luna o kahi nahele a lāʻau paha, e ʻai pū nō ka manu iā lākou. ʻO ka papaʻai o ka redstart he invertebrates liʻiliʻi, akā ʻo nā meaʻai mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hua, he mea nui pū kekahi. ʻOkoʻa ka laulā o ka pio, ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau ʻohana o nā kolo, nā ʻano arachnids like ʻole a me nā mea noho lepo ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka papaʻai o ka redstart me:
- punawelewele;
- lele;
- Zhukov;
- popoki:
- ʻenuhe;
- larva;
- butterflies;
- centipedes;
- ilo:
- nā moʻo lāʻau;
- snails (hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua i ka papaʻai).
Hānai ʻia nā hua a me nā hua ʻē aʻe i nā moa, a ma hope hoʻi o ka wā hānau - e nā holoholona makua. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kolo pale e like me ka pi a me nā nalo i ka meaʻai. Aia ka nui o ka loot ma waena o ʻelua a me ʻewalu millimeter. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka waiwai pio nui ma mua o ka hānai ʻana. Ke kali nui nei ka Redstart no kāna mea pio, e peʻe ana i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe e like me nā pōhaku, nā kia a me nā kaupaku, nā ulu lāʻau a i ʻole nā kumulāʻau.
ʻO ka mamao i ka mea pio he ʻelua a ʻekolu mau mika paha, akā ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ka ʻumi mika. Ma ke ʻano he koho ʻokoʻa i ka hopu holoholona, huli nō hoʻi ka redstart i ka meaʻai ma ka honua ma nā ʻano like ʻole. No kēia, ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia kāna paws no ka jogging a like me nā manamana lōʻihi o loko a me waho. ʻO ka hapanui o ka manawa, neʻe ʻo ia i ke kūnou ʻana. No laila, hōʻike ka redstart i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻalahi i ke koho ʻana a me ka hopu ʻana i ka mea pio.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Kāne Redstart
Noho mau ka ʻulaʻula ma nā lālā lalo o nā kumu lāʻau a i ʻole nā kumu lāʻau liʻiliʻi a hana i nā neʻe haʻalulu kupaianaha me kāna huelo. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai, hele iki ka manu i ka honua a hopu paha i nā kolo i ka wā o ka lele pōkole i ka lewa. ʻO Winters ma waena o ʻApelika a me ʻAlapia, ma ka hema o ka wao akua ʻo Sahara, akā ma ka ʻākau o ka equator a mai ka hikina o Senegal a Yemen. Hele nā manu i nā wahi kokoke i ke aniau savannah. ʻIke ʻia nā mea noho malihini i ka Sahara a i ʻole ʻEulopa Komohana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻO ka subspecies hema hema ma ka hema o ka wahi hānau, ma ka hema o ka Arabian Peninsula, ʻAitiopa a me Sudan hikina o ka Nile. Hele mua ka redstart i ka hoʻoilo. Hana ʻia ka neʻe ʻana mai ka waena o Iulai a hoʻopau ma kahi o ka hopena o Kepakemapa. ʻO ka manawa haʻalele nui i ka hapa lua o ʻAukake. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manu lohi a hiki i ʻOkakopa, kākaʻikahi loa i Nowemapa.
I nā wahi hānau, hōʻea nā manu mua i ka hopena o Malaki, me ka manawa hōʻea nui mai ka waena o ʻApelila a hiki i ka mua o Mei. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana i ka redstart kaukaʻi i ka meaʻai i loaʻa. I ke anuanu, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hānai he hua. Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana, hīmeni nā kāne kokoke i ka lā holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole pau kā kā lākou mele mele. I Iulai, ʻaʻole lohe hou ʻia nā ʻulaʻula.
Kū ʻia ʻo Molting i Iulai - ʻAukake. ʻAʻole nā manu ʻakaʻaka nui ʻo Redstarts, ma waho o ka wā hānau, kokoke mau lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Wale i nā wahi o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka mea pio, e laʻa, ma ke kapa o nā kahawai, nui ʻole ka nui o nā manu, akā aia nō kahi mamao nui ma waena o lākou e waiho nei.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Redstart
ʻO nā pūnana Redstart i nā ana a i ʻole kekahi mau awaawa i nā kumulāʻau, i nā pūnana lāʻau. ʻAʻole e pouli loa ka loko, pono e hoʻomālamalama ʻia me kahi kukui nāwaliwali, e like me ka puka ākea a i ʻole ka wehe lua. ʻO ka manawa pinepine kope kēia ʻano i nā ana puha, e like me nā ʻāpana pōhaku, nā pou pā hakahaka. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā pūnana i nā hale kūkulu kanaka. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pūnana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o hoʻokahi a ʻelima mau mika. Inā kau ʻia ka masonry ma ka honua, a laila pono ia i kahi wahi pale.
ʻO nā hānau Redstart he monogamous. Ua hōʻea iki nā kāne ma mua i ka wahi hānau a hele e ʻimi i nā wahi hūnā kūpono e hana i kahi pūnana. ʻO ka hoʻoholo hope loa e ka wahine. Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana e ka wahine wale nō, a he 1.5 a 8 mau lā ka lōʻihi. Hoʻoholo pinepine ʻia ka nui e ka nui o ka lua o ka pūnana.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka mauʻu, mauʻu, limu, lau a i ʻole nā nila kui e hoʻomoe ai i ka pūnaewele pūnana. ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā mea coarser e like me ka bark, nā lālā liʻiliʻi, nā lichens a i ʻole ka willow pussy e loaʻa pinepine. ʻO ka laulā o ka hale mai 60 a 65 mm, ʻo ka hohonu mai 25 a 48 mm. Hana ʻia ka ʻaoʻao i loko o nā mea like me ke kumu, akā ʻoi aku ka lahilahi a pili pono. Uhi ʻia me ka hulu, ka limu, ka hulu holoholona, a like paha.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Inā nalowale kahi brood, malia paha he lohi kahi o ka brood. ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua o ka lay ma ka hopena o ʻApelila / kakahiaka Mei; ʻo ka hope hope i ka hapa mua o Iulai.
ʻO Clutch he 3-9, maʻa mau he 6 a he 7 mau hua. Kūpuni nā hua, polū ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, aniani iki. Hoʻokū ʻo Incubation i 12 a 14 mau lā a hoʻomaka koke ma hope o ka waiho ʻia ʻana o ka hua hope. Hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi lā no ka hatch ʻana o nā moa. Ma hope o 14 mau lā, hoʻomaka nā manu ʻōpio e lele. Hele wikiwiki nā manu ʻōpio i nā wahi hoʻoilo. Ua oʻo lākou i ka moekolohe ma ka hopena o ka makahiki mua o ke ola.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o redstarts
Kiʻi: Manu hoʻomaka hou
ʻO ka maʻa o ka redstart e peʻe e kōkua iā ia e ola i loko o nā wahi noho. Hōʻike kāna mau hana āpau i ka akahele, ka hūnā a me ka hilinaʻi ʻole, keu hoʻi i ka wā hānau, ke piʻi ka makaʻala a me ka nānā ʻana. Noho mau ka manu i mau hola i kahi huna ma waena o nā lau o kahi ululāʻau liʻiliʻi a i ʻole kokoke i ka pouli, mākaukau e pale iā ia iho ke ʻike ʻo ia i ka pilikia.
Liʻiliʻi loa nā nalowale o nā hua manu a me nā moa, no ka mea pale maikaʻi nā pūnana a paʻakikī hoʻi i nā mea ʻaihue ke komo. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, 90% o nā hua i hatch kūleʻa, a hiki i 95% o nā pua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia lele i waho o ka pūnana ma o lākou iho.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka hatching o nā hua e:
- i nā wahi kaona, ʻoi aku i ka hapakolu o kēia mau hihia i pili i ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka.
- i nā wahi mauna, hoʻonui nui nā wā anuanu i ka make o nā moa.
- Hoʻokumu ʻia nā nalowale hou e ectoparasites a me ka cuckoo, e hoʻomoe mau i nā hua manu i ka pūnana o ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, keu hoʻi ma ka ʻāpana alpine.
ʻO nā mea ʻaihue nui ʻino no nā manu mākua ka sparrowhawk a me ka pueo pākana. ʻAʻole ʻae ka mea hope i ka redstart e hoʻomaha. Hoʻokomo nā pueo i kā lākou mau hua ma luna o ka hale a me nā ʻulaʻula ma lalo o ka hale. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, nā ʻulaʻula, ʻaʻole like me nā manu ʻē aʻe e like me nā manu ʻeleʻele, nā manu liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā finches, ʻaʻole loaʻa iki i ka poʻe kalepa. Ma muli paha o ka maneuverability o nā mea neʻe, nā mea nui i ka redstart ma ke ʻano he hahai holoholona.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻenemi o ka redstart: he pōpoki, he ʻūlū, he murie, weasel, kahi kanaka. E pili ana i ke ʻano o ka nui o nā heluna kanaka, nā ʻikepili nānā a me nā wanana e hōʻike ana ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā manu e hana moekolohe nā makahiki. Aia kekahi 40 pākēneka ma waena o hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau makahiki, aia wale nō ma kahi o 3 pākēneka he ʻelima mau makahiki a ʻoi paha. ʻO ka makahiki ʻoi loa i ʻike ʻia no ka redstart ola manuahi he ʻumi mau makahiki.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Hoʻomaka hou ma Lūkia
Ua iho nui ka helu o nā redstarts mai ka makahiki 1980. Ma waho aʻe o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka nohona ma nā wahi hānau, nā kumu nui o kēia hoʻololi nui ʻana i nā wahi hoʻoilo o nā manu ma ʻApelika, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides + insecticides a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka Sahel.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: koho ʻia nā heluna o ʻEulopa i ʻehā a ʻeiwa miliona pālua hānau. I loko nō o ka emi ʻana o kekahi mau wahi (ʻEnelani, Palani), ua māhuahua ka heluna lehulehu o ka redstart ma ʻEulopa. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano laha e like me ka ʻaneʻane make a ʻaʻohe ʻike e mālama ʻia ai nā ʻano mālama.
E pōmaikaʻi kēia ʻano mai ka mālama ʻana i nā nahele kahiko, deciduous a hoʻohuihui a me nā kumulāʻau nui i nā kaona. Kūloko, i kahi kūpono kūpono, e pōmaikaʻi ka lehulehu mai ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā pūnaewele pūnana. Paipai ʻia e mālama i nā māla kuʻuna me nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a me nā wahi o nā lau nahele. Pono e hoʻoikaika i kēia mau hana ma o nā papahana agri-ecological. Hoʻohui ʻia, pono e ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka mauʻu mauʻu a puni ka wā hānau e mālama i nā wahi hānai kūpono.
Hoʻomaka hou loaʻa kahi laulā nui a, ʻo ka hopena, ʻaʻole i hiki i nā palena palena palena no nā ʻano mea Vulnerable e pili ana i ka nui o ka laulā. Ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o kēia mau manu i ka hopena o ke Kaua Honua II i nā kūlanakauhale i luku ʻia. Ua uku ʻia nā pohō poʻo poʻo kuikawa no nā wā aʻe ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia a me nā wahi noho.
Ka lā paʻi: 22.06.2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 21:09
