Ma waena o nā koʻokoʻo āpau e noho ana ma kā mākou honua, ʻo ka mea nui loa i ka Old World beaver muliwai... Noho mau ia i nā kahawai a me nā loko ʻelua. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā wehewehe hoihoi a me nā loiloi e pili ana i kēia holoholona, ʻoiai ke kahaha nei i ke kanaka me kāna hana nui. Hoʻohālikelike ia i ke kauoha, ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā moʻolelo kaʻao, a hana ma laila ma ke ʻano he koa maikaʻi. Akā he aha ka beaver muliwai, ma hea kona wahi e noho ai a he aha nā ʻanoʻano ma laila?
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: muliwai
Minamina, ʻike ka hapanui o ka poʻe e pili ana i kēia holoholona ma ka lohe wale. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kānaka āpau ke haʻi pololei i kona inoa. ʻO kahi laʻana, huikau ka huaʻōlelo "beaver" me "beaver". I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka huaʻōlelo ʻelua i ka inoa o ka hulu o kēia holoholona. ʻOiai i ka ʻōlelo i haʻi ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea mālama i kēia mau lula.
Video: ʻO Wai Beaver
ʻIke ʻia ka ʻohana beaver ma nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa. ʻIke ʻia e pili ana i 22 genera, a no ka manawa mua ʻikea kēia ʻano holoholona ma ʻAsia. Nui loa kekahi ʻano. I ko mākou manawa, ua ola nā mōʻalihaku, nā mea ʻepekema i hoʻi mai i ka Eocene.
ʻO ka beaver kaulana loa, ua nalowale ka laha i kahi wā ma mua, he pilikua i hoʻi mai i Pleistocene. ʻIke ka ʻepekema e pili ana i kāna mau ʻano ʻelua - ka Siberian Trogontherium cuvieri, a me ka North American Castoroides ohioensis.
Inā hoʻokō pololei ʻia nā helu, a laila e like me nā iwi poʻo iwi poʻo i piʻi ai ka holoholona i 2.75 m, a ʻo ka nui o kāna nui he 350 - 360 kg. ʻO ia, ua like ka nui me ka bear bear. ʻO ka lāhui beaver e noho ana ma ʻEulopa a me ʻĀkia, kokoke i nā wahi āpau o ka nāhele ulu lāʻau. Akā i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, hoʻopau ʻia kēia holoholona ma ka hapanui o ka honua ma muli o kona hulu waiwai.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Beaver holoholona holoholona
I kēia lā, hiki ke ʻike ʻia he 2 mau mea ola beaver e ola nei i ke kūlohelohe. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka beaver maʻamau, i hiki ke loaʻa ma Eurasia, a me nā ʻano Kanada e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hema. Ma nā ʻano o ko lākou helehelena, ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa i loaʻa ma waena o lākou. A like like lākou i nā ʻano maʻamau, like ko lākou nui.
Akā, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā noiʻi hou, ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou i ka pae genetical. He 48 mau chromosome ko ka Bea Beaulopa, ʻoiai he 40 wale nō ka nui o ka ʻaoʻao mai ka ʻāina ʻAmelika.
Aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka beaver, e pili ana i kona ʻano, ke ʻano o ke kino.
- inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka lōʻihi o ka huelo, hiki i ka holoholona ke ulu a 1 mika i ka lōʻihi;
- hiki i ka lōʻihi o ka huelo mai 0.4 a 0.5 m;
- inā he beaver ʻōpio ia, 30-32 kg ka nui o kona kaumaha;
- hiki i kahi kāne kāne ke loaʻa ke kaupaona a 45 kg;
- ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kēia koʻokoʻo ma ka awelika 15-17 mau makahiki;
- ʻaʻole kū ka holoholona i ka ulu ʻana a hiki i ka make ʻana. Inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i ke kāne i ka wahine, a laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahine.
ʻEleʻele ke kala o ka hulu beaver i ka hapanui o nā hihia. Akā pili ia i kona mau makahiki, no laila hiki i ka hulu ke ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele paha. Makemake kēia mau holoholona e mālama iā ia, e kāhiko mau. E hana i kēia, hoʻohana lākou i ko lākou mau wāwae hope, ka mea nāna i kui maii. I ka wā o ke kāhili ʻana, uhi koke ʻia ka hulu me kahi huna momona kūikawā. Mahalo i kēia, ʻaʻole pulu ka "ʻahu huluhulu" o ka beaver ma hope o ka noho lōʻihi ʻana i ka wai.
ʻO ka hulu o ka beaver muliwai he ʻelua haku mele: kahi lauoho kiaʻi paʻakikī, a me ka palupalu a ma ka manawa like ka paʻa o ka fluffy undercoat. He pale maikaʻi loa kēia o ka holoholona mai hypothermia.
Akā he pale hou kā ka beaver mai ke anuanu - kahi mānoanoa o ka momona subcutaneous. Nui ke poʻo o ka holoholona, inā hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kino. He haiki ka waha, a liʻiliʻi nā maka me nā pepeiao. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia holoholona he ʻelua incisors protruding nui. A kupaianaha kona mau niho, ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokalakiko ʻana iā ʻoe iho, a ulu lākou i kona ola a pau. ʻO kona mau wāwae he ʻelima mau manamana wāwae, me nā membrane, mahalo i mea maʻalahi iā ia ke neʻe i ka wai. A ʻaʻole nui wale nā māiʻuʻu, akā poepoe hoʻi. Hoʻonui nui ʻia nā wāwae hope ma mua o nā mua.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona lua o ka beaver kona huelo, e like me ka hoe o ka moku. Pālahalaha loa ʻo ia, a, eia hoʻi, ʻaʻole uhi ʻia me ka huluhulu, akā me nā unahi horny paʻa. ʻO ka horny like "keel" holo i ka waena o ka huelo holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i ka huelo a 13 cm ākea ākea a i ka wai e hoʻohana ʻia no ka maneuverability wikiwiki a me ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
Ma hea e noho ai ka beaver?
Kiʻi: beaver muliwai maʻamau
Manaʻo ʻia nā Beavers i nā rodents semi-aquatic, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻAau wale lākou, ʻoiai hiki lākou ke luʻu.
Ma nā ʻāina o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, hiki ke loaʻa kēia holoholona i nā wahi like ʻole:
- i nā ʻāina Skandinavia, ʻoiai he nui nā loko a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau;
- ma Palani, a ʻo ka maʻa mau ka palena haʻahaʻa o ka Rhone wale nō;
- ma ka panalāʻau o Kelemania, ke kamaʻilio nui nei mākou e pili ana i ke kahawai ʻo Elbe;
- i Polani, ʻo ka maʻa mau ka ipu Vistula.
Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāina o ka USSR kahiko, a laila loaʻa nā beaver ma ʻUkuria, Belarus a me Lūkia. ʻO ka maʻa mau kēia ʻo ka ʻāpana ululāʻau ʻo ʻEulopa o kēia mau mokuʻāina.
ʻOiai ke pale ʻia nei kēia holoholona i kēia lā, hiki ke loaʻa ʻaneʻane ma nā wahi o Rūsia. Loaʻa ia ma Kina a me Mongolia. Maʻalahi loa ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi noho o kēia koʻokoʻo. Ua lawa ia e ʻike ai inā aia kekahi mau lāʻau i hāʻule kokoke i nā waihona wai, a e maopopo koke nā mea āpau. Akā, ʻo ka ʻokiʻoki wale nō e pono ke uhi ʻia. Kūkulu nā Beavers i kahi ʻano wai o nā lāʻau a me nā lālā i hāʻule. He hōʻike kēia e pili ana nā rodents i aneʻi.
Akā e hālāwai me kahi hale o ka beaver kahi kūleʻa nui. Hūnā lākou iā ia i hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia mai waho. Kūkulu lākou ia i nā wahi paʻakikī hiki ke loaʻa, a noho ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa ma laila. Koho ʻia nā muliwai no ko lākou wahi e noho ai, akā me kahi au lohi. Kūpono nā kahawai a me nā loko no lākou.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻalo nō lākou i nā waihona wai nui loa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou ma kahi o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi muliwai, a laila pono e kahe ma waena o ka nahele. A i ʻole ma ka liʻiliʻi e nui nā lāʻau like ʻole ma kahakai. Inā i ka hoʻoilo e hau ai ka waihona i lalo, ʻaʻole loa ʻoe e ʻike i kahi beaver ma laila.
He aha ka mea a ka beaver e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: puke ʻulaʻula mea pia
Akā ʻaʻole lawa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai no nā beaver e noho ai ma aneʻi. No ko lākou ola piha, pono ʻoe i ka nui o ka meaʻai. ʻO kēia mau holoholona he mea ʻai, ʻaʻole ʻai iki lākou i ka ʻiʻo. ʻO kā lākou meaʻai nui ka ʻili a me nā ʻōpiopio o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā lāʻau. Ma waena o nā kumulāʻau nui, nā lāʻau punahele a ka beaver ʻo birch, aspen, willow, a me poplar kekahi. A inā ulu ka linden, hemolele kona ʻili no ka meaʻai.
No nā mea kanu lau nahele, ʻaʻohe kumu e helu iā lākou āpau. ʻO nā Reed, sedges, ʻupena kahi ʻāpana o kā lākou papaʻai o kēlā me kēia lā. Wahi a ka nānā ʻana o nā beaver i noho i ke kūʻokoʻa, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana a hiki i ka 300 ʻano o nā mea kanu like ʻole no ka meaʻai. A ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā mea kanu wai a hoʻomaʻemaʻe wale wale nō.
Akā ma aneʻi e pono ai ka wehewehe ʻana he mea nui: ʻo nā beaver e koho wale i nā ʻano lāʻau palupalu e like me ka meaʻai. ʻOiai hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻoka kua hina a me nā alders, a mai ke ʻokiʻoki ʻike koke ʻia kēia nā hana a nā beaver, akā hoʻohana wale lākou i kēia mau kumulāʻau ʻaʻole no ka meaʻai, akā no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi noho a i kahi wai wai. Ma ke ala, ke kūkulu nei lākou i mea e paʻa mau ai ko lākou hale i ka wai. I kēia ala, hoʻāʻo lākou e hōʻalo i nā hanana i hoʻi hope ka wai a pae ka hale i ka ʻāina.
Inā koho ka beaver i kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau, a laila ʻaʻole ia e loli hou i kāna papaʻai. Makemake pū ʻo ia i nā acorn, mahalo i kona mau niho maʻalahi ʻo ia e launa me lākou. I ke kauwela, hānai lākou i nā mea kanu like ʻole, a i ka hāʻule hoʻomaka lākou e ʻohi i nā meaʻai no ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻāʻo lākou e kau i nā lālā i ka wai i kahi ala i hiki ai iā lākou ke komo iā lākou. Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia i ka wā e paʻa ai ka waihona i ka hoʻoilo. Pono kahi ʻohana i kahi nui o ia mau meaʻai, pono e hoʻopiha ʻia i ka wai. A ʻoiai aia ka papa o ka hau ma luna, e loaʻa nō i ka meaʻai mai ka noho ʻana ma lalo o ka wai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: beaver muliwai ʻEulopa
Hiki i kahi beaver ke ʻauʻau i ka wai no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ma ka ʻāina, lohi loa ʻo ia, neʻe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Akā i loko o ka wai ʻike ʻo ia i ke kūʻokoʻa piha. Ke luʻu ʻana, hiki ke noho ma lalo o ka wai a 15 mau minuke. Ke luʻu ʻana, pani koke ʻia nā auricle a me nā ala ihu me kahi septum kūikawā. A uhi ʻia nā maka i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Mahalo i kēia, ʻike maikaʻi ka beaver ma lalo o ka wai. Hiki i kahi mamao loa ke ʻauʻau ma lalo o ka wai - a i 1 km.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka beaver e kona ʻano maluhia; hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e holo i ka wā e kū mai kahi pilikia. Akā inā ʻaʻohe wahi e holo ai, hiki iā ia ke komo i kahi kaua ikaika, a laila ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka ʻenemi.
Ke ʻike ka holoholona, lohe (ʻoiai he pepeiao liʻiliʻi kona, akā he lohe maikaʻi kāna) a ʻike paha i ka weliweli, e hoʻāʻo koke ia e luʻu ma lalo o ka wai. I ka manawa like, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e paʻi ikaika me kāna huelo ākea. ʻAʻole kēia ma ke clumsiness, akā ma ke kumu, e aʻoaʻo e pili ana i ka pilikia o kā lākou ʻohana. A ma hope wale nō o kahi manawa, ke pono ka ea, ʻike ʻia kona poʻo ma luna o ka wai. He mea nui ia e ʻike: ʻo Beaver wale nō ka holoholona i waena o nā koʻokoʻo āpau i hiki ke neʻe i nā mea ʻelua ma nā ʻehā a ma nā wāwae hope. I loko o ia mau mea hiki iā ia ke hāpai i nā pōhaku no ke kūkulu ʻana i kona home.
He holoholona maʻemaʻe loa ka beaver. ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻike i kekahi ʻōpala i loko o kona hale. Kūkulu ʻo ia i kona wahi e noho ai i ke ala ʻoi loa i ka hau hau loa. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo pono i kahi o kēia mau koʻokoʻo e hibernate mahalo ai i ka mahu e piʻi aʻe ma waena o nā lua o ke kaupaku o kēia hale. Ma ke ala, hoʻāʻo lākou e insulate maikaʻi. E hana i kēia, lawe mai lākou i ka pālolo me kā lākou mau wāwae mua, a uhi i nā lālā ma luna. Haʻalele lākou i ko lākou home ma hope o ke ahiahi, a hana a kakahiaka. ʻOi loa ko lākou mau niho i hiki i ka beaver ke ʻūlū ma waena o ke kumu o ka aspen, ke anawaena he 15 cm, i ka hapalua hola wale nō.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: muliwai
I ke ao, aia ka beaver i kona home. Pono e hūnā ʻia ka puka ma laila ma lalo o ka wai. He ola hoihoi loa no ka ʻohana o kēia mau holoholona.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona he nui ma aneʻi:
- hiki i ka beaver ke noho ma kāna iho, a i ʻole ma ke ʻohana holoʻokoʻa;
- inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi ʻohana, a laila noho aliʻi ke aupuni makua ma aneʻi;
- ke pili ke kāne a ka wahine, noho pū lāua a hiki i ka hopena.
- inā i make mua kekahi o kēia mau mea, ʻaʻole hoʻomaka ka lua i kahi ʻohana hou;
- pili kēia mau koʻokoʻo ma lalo o ka wai wale nō, a hiki kēia i Ianuali a i Pepeluali paha.
Wahi a ka helu hope e hana maʻa mau ka moena ma lalo o ka hau. Ma hope o 3.5 mau mahina, ʻike ʻia nā cubs, a aia kekahi mai 2 a 6 mau ʻāpana. I hoʻokahi ʻohana, ola nā ʻohana keiki i ʻelua mau makahiki, a laila haʻalele wale. I ke kauwela a pau ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hānai lākou i ka waiū o ko lākou makuahine. A laila hiki mai ka hoʻoilo, a ke hoʻonui nei lākou i ke kaumaha, e hānai ana i ka ʻili a me nā lālā o nā mea kanu i ʻohiʻohi ʻia e ko lākou mau mākua.
Inā liʻiliʻi ka waihona wai, noho hoʻokahi wale nō ʻohana ma laila. A inā ua nui aʻe a ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kahi muliwai, hiki iā ʻoe ke hui mua me kekahi mau ʻohana ma aneʻi. Akā ma waena o ko lākou mau hale, kahi mamao o 300 m ka liʻiliʻi e pono e nānā. A i kekahi manawa, inā ʻaʻole lawa ka meaʻai, a laila hiki i 3 km. Hoao nā Beavers e haʻalele ma mua o 200 m mai ke kahakai.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā beaver
Kiʻi: beaver muliwai maʻamau
Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana o nā beaver me kekahi. I kēia ala, hoʻouna lākou i ka ʻike, a ʻo ka mea mua ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka makaʻu.
Hana ʻia ke kamaʻilio penei:
- koho ʻia kekahi kumu;
- kuʻi kahi huelo i ka wai;
- Hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻōho, he mea hou aʻe e like me ke ʻaʻa.
Ke kū mai kahi mea ʻino a kanaka paha, hoʻohana ka beaver ma kahi o ka wai i ka koho ʻelua ma mua. ʻO ka weliweli i nā beaver ʻaʻole wale kekahi o nā predators, akā ʻo nā mea hoʻokūkū a me nā maʻi pū kekahi. ʻO ka pinepine, maʻi lākou i ka ʻai ʻana i nā pūpū. Hana pinepine kēia i ka wā e hānai ai ka rodent i nā mea kanu wai. ʻO nā kahawai wai hoʻoilo a me nā kahawai wai ka pilikia nui. A laila a make i ka 50% o nā holoholona.
Ma waena o nā mea hoʻokūkū, pono ia e hoʻokalakala ʻaʻole wale ka hare, akā ʻo ka dia ʻulaʻula a me ka elk. ʻAi kēia mau holoholona i ka ʻili lāʻau a me nā wana mea kanu ʻōpio. ʻOi loa kēia o kēlā mau lāʻau i hina i ka beaver. Akā ma waho o nā mea hoʻokūkū, he ʻenemi kūlohelohe kekahi. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā ʻīlio hae, ʻalopeke, a me ka bea ʻeleʻele. A inā e noho ana kahi Wolverine a me ka lynx i ka nahele, a laila hoʻouka lākou i ka beaver. Lawe pū nā ʻīlio hele hewa i nā pilikia he nui. Akā hiki ke ʻai ʻia nā ʻōpio e ka pike a me ka pueo aeto. Akā ʻo ka ʻenemi maʻamau ke kanaka e ʻimi holoholona nei i kēia koʻokoʻo no ka pono o kona ʻili no hoʻokahi kenekulia. Akā i kēia mau lā, ua hōʻike mai ka haumia wai i nā pilikia he nui nona, a ʻo ke kanaka pū kekahi ka hewa no kēia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: West Siberian beaver
Hiki i nā Beavers ke hōʻeha i nā kānaka. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā dam e kūkulu nei lākou i ke kai eʻe o ka wai mahiʻai. A aia kekahi mau hihia i ka wā ʻaʻole nā alanui wale nō, akā ua hū ʻia hoʻi nā ala kaʻaahi. I kēia hihia, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e luku i nā hale i kūkulu ʻia e nā beaver. Akā nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hana iki ia, no ka mea, ua ʻike koke ʻia nā wai wai.
Ua loaʻa ka ʻimi holoholona no nā beaver (a aia mau nō nā mea ʻai holoholona) no nā kumu aʻe:
- kiʻekiʻe loa nā huluhulu;
- ʻai ka ʻiʻo, hiki ke ʻai ʻia;
- ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻo "Beaver jet" no ka hana ʻana i kekahi ʻano ʻala.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo "beaver jet" i ka lāʻau. Ma muli o kēia, he 100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua nalo ka ʻohana beaver mai ka alo o ka honua. Akā nō naʻe, mai poina i ka hopena maikaʻi o kēia mau holoholona i ka kaolaola o ka ʻāina kahi e hōʻike ai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā dam i kūkulu ʻia ma mua o ka hōʻino. Mahalo i kēia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka wai, nalowale kona ʻino.
Kiaʻi kiaʻi
Kiʻi: puke ʻulaʻula mea pia
Ma muli o ka ʻimi i nā beaver, ua emi nui kā lākou helu. Aia kekahi ʻike hilinaʻi ʻia e ka 1918 ʻaʻohe mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 o kēlā me kēia lā o nā koʻokoʻo. Ma kēia manawa ua hoʻohui ʻia lākou i ka "Red Book". Ua hoʻoholo ke aupuni Soviet e hoʻomaka e hoʻopakele iā lākou. I ka makahiki 1920, i kēlā mau wahi kahi e mālama mau ʻia ai nā beaver, ua hoʻomaka nā wahi mālama i kahi i pāpā ʻia ʻole ai e alualu.
Ke hoʻonui ikaika ʻia kēia mau holoholona i nā mālama, hoʻomaka kekahi e lawe i kekahi mau ʻāina o ka ʻāina. Ma nā 1930s, ua hōʻike mua ʻia lākou i nā wahi he 48. Kūpono nā mea āpau i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka heluna beaver.
Me ka hiolo ʻana o ka USSR, ʻaʻole i kū kēia hana, a i kēia lā i Lūkia e noho nei lākou i nā wahi he 63. E pili ana i ka panalāʻau o Ukraine, ʻoiai ma Kievan Rus, ua kau ʻia nā kānāwai e mālama i kēia ʻano holoholona. Mai ka XI, ua mālama ʻia kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā loina kū kānāwai, e hōʻike ana i nā holoholona i pāpā ʻia mai ka ʻimi holoholona. A ʻo nā beaver kekahi i ʻōlelo ʻia i waena o kēia papa inoa.
I kēia lā, ua hoʻomaka ka emi hou ʻana o ka lāhui beaver. A ʻo ke kumu o kēia ʻaʻole wale i ka huli holoholona kū kānāwai ʻole, akā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e kū nei ka nui o ka nāhelehele. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hiki aku nā mea ʻaihue i Polesie a me ka wahi ʻo Chernobyl. Ke hana ʻia nei nā hana a puni ka honua no ka mea hana wai muliwai e kūkulu hou i kāna heluna kanaka a lana ka manaʻo e hua nā hua.
Lā paʻi: 25.02.2019
Lā hou: 15.09.2019 ma 19:56
