Reindeer he mau hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiona i waena o kona ʻano. ʻO kēia ka "muli" o nā ʻano reindeer a paʻakikī loa, ʻoiai lākou e ola ai i nā ʻano paʻakikī. Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano hihiu, hiki iā ʻoe ke hui pū me nā poʻe kahu hānai. He aha nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā māmela, ma hea lākou e noho ai, pehea lākou e ola ai?
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Reindeer
ʻOkoʻa ʻo Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) mai kā lākou mau hoa, ʻoiai i ka helehelena. ʻO ka mea mua e ʻumeʻume i ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano kūikawā o ka pepeiaohao, nā kāne a me nā wahine ʻelua. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka reindeer no ʻAmelike ʻĀkau ia, akā i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike o ko lākou noho mua ʻana ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa.
ʻO ka Reindeer mai ka ʻohana dia no ka papa o nā māmela a me ke kauoha o artiodactyls. Aia ka hapa nui o nā kānaka i ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau. ʻOkoʻa ke kino o ka holoholona mai 70 a 200 kg me nā ana mai 165 a 210 cm. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne o nā ʻano ma mua o nā wahine. Noho ka poʻe noho home ma ka awelika a 15 mau makahiki, i ka nahelehele, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi no ke ola, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia kiʻi.
ʻO kahi kokoke o kahi holoholona i kahi kanaka e waiho i kahi paʻi ʻaʻole ma ka phenotype wale nō, akā, ma nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o ka dia. ʻO kekahi o nā laʻana kūpanaha ʻo ia ke hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka makaʻu, i ke ʻano, hoʻopuehu nā holoholona, a me nā mea i loko o ka ʻohana, ʻokoʻa, auwana i loko o kahi ʻohana.
ʻO ke kino o ka reindeer kahi ʻano e kahi lokomaikaʻi kūikawā. Kuhi ʻia ka nānā kūikawā i ka liʻiliʻi o ke poʻo a me ke kūlana hoʻohaʻahaʻa iki ʻia o ka waha, kahi e kū ai nā maka nani. Loaʻa i nā pepeiaohao kahi piko lokomaikaʻi ʻokoʻa. ʻAe maikaʻi nā holoholona i nā mahana haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka lauoho lauoho paʻa, ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka makani anuanu e hala.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: ʻ relio holoholona
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Reindeer e kahi kino elongated o ka nui waena. Lōʻihi ka ʻāʻī a i ka nānā aku me he mea lā ʻoi aku ka nui a mānoanoa ma muli o ka uhi ʻana o ka lauoho mānoanoa, ke kiʻekiʻe o ia mea i 6 cm. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka muʻu o ka holoholona i lalo, kahi e nānā ai i ka silhouette e lohi iki e pili ana i nā ʻano dia, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka neʻe.
Hoʻolālā ke poʻo o ka dia, akā o nā kaulike pololei, e hoʻopili ana i ka ihu, a uhi ʻia hoʻi me ka lau ākea o ka lauoho a ʻano nui. Poepoe a liʻiliʻi nā pepeiao, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 18 cm ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā maka he ʻano ʻalemona. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo i 21 cm. He mea nui ia ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka māmā o nā poʻe kahu hānai ma mua o kā lākou mau holoholona hihiu.
ʻOkoʻa kēia ʻano i kēlā, a me nā kāne, he pepeiaohao ko nā wahine. Nui lākou i ka nui, loaʻa i kahi pio kakaka. Hiki i ko lākou pae i 120 knm i nā kāne. Maʻalahi mau nā pepeiaohao, keʻokeʻo i ke kala, a ʻike ʻia nā brown brown. ʻO ka reindeer, ʻaʻole like me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā antlers, akā ʻo ko lākou kaupaona kiʻekiʻe he 12 kg.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kūloko e kaena aku nei i nā pepeiaohao o ka nui o nā mea mahalo. ʻAʻole i hana hou ʻia ke kinona o nā antlers, ʻaʻohe ʻelua dia me nā antlers like, ʻokoʻa lākou i ka helu o nā appendages, kūlou, mānoanoa a me ka nui, ʻaʻohe hoʻokahi dia e loaʻa i ka symmetry maikaʻi ma nā mea ʻelua. ʻOi aku nā pepeiaohao māmā o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.
Mai Nowemapa a Kekemapa, hoʻolei nā dia makua i kā lākou mau aniani, ʻoiai i nā ʻōpio hana kēia hana mai ʻApelila a Mei. Ua hoʻokahe nā wahine i ko lākou mau pepeiaohao mai Mei a Iune, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hānau ʻana, hoʻomaka nā mea hou e ulu wikiwiki me ka wikiwiki, ʻoiai i nā kāne ma hope o ʻekolu a ʻehā mau mahina paha.
ʻAʻole ka lōʻihi o ka lauoho hoʻoilo e hoʻoilo i ke anuanu a ʻae i ka reindeer e hoʻomanawanui i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka lauoho o ke kino, ʻoiai ʻo ka mānoanoa, piha i ka ea, palupalu. Ma nā wāwae, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka lōʻihi pōkole. Ma muli o ka lauoho lauoho lōʻihi e hoʻolālā ana i nā ʻoka, hoʻonui ʻia ka wahi kākoʻo o ka holoholona, a eia hoʻi, hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui kēia i ka paheʻe.
I ke kauwela, hoʻololi ʻia ka lauoho i kahi mea palupalu a pōkole hoʻi. Hoʻopiha iki ka lauoho i ka ea a ʻaʻole ʻano nui ka mane. ʻO ke kala o ke kauwela he monophonic brown ia, me nā aka o ka ashy, hina a kope paha. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa kūikawā i ke kala ma waena o ka wahine a me ke kāne. Hoʻololi ʻia ka lauoho i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, i. hana ʻia ka molting.
Lōʻihi loa kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻomaka ia i ʻApelila a pau i ka mua o ʻAukake. Hoʻolei mua ʻia ka lauoho o ka undercoat kahiko, a laila ka awn. ʻO ka mea mua, molts ke poʻo, hele mālie ka molt i ke kua a hoʻopau i ka ʻōpū.
Ma hea e noho ai ʻo reindeer?
Kiʻi: Reindeer i ka tundra
Ua koho ʻo Reindeer i nā wahi nui. I kēia lā e noho nei lākou ma Nolewai, ma ka panalāʻau o ke Kola Peninsula, ma ka taiga mai Karelia a hiki i ke kapakai ʻo Okhotsk. Ma kahi o 700 tausani mau kānaka e noho nei i ka nāhelehele ma ka ʻāina tundra.
Aia ka manaʻo nui o nā dia ma ka Penetile Taimyr - ma kahi o 450 tausani mau kānaka. Hoʻomaka ka dia e holoholo ma aneʻi i ka hopena o ke kauwela, ʻauʻau lākou i ka ululāʻau, a i ka hoʻomaka o ke kauwela hoʻi hou lākou i ka tundra. Aia kekahi mau reno ma Transbaikalia a me Altai.
ʻO ke kumu, makemake nā reindeer i ke aniau o nā wahi aʻe:
- Siberia;
- ʻAmelike ʻĀkau;
- ʻEulopa ʻĀkau.
I ke kauwela, noho lākou i nā panalāʻau o ke kapakai ʻo Arctic. Ma ʻaneʻi lākou e pakele ai i ka wela a me nā midge hoʻonāukiuki, kahi e hana nui ai i ke kauwela. Me ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka hoʻoilo a me ke anuanu, neʻe ka dia i nā ululāʻau. Makemake lākou i nā wahi kahi nui ʻole o ka hau a me nā hau kiʻekiʻe e pale ai i ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai.
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana kūpono, hele pinepine nā holoholona i kahi mamao loa ma mua o 500 km, he mea pono e lanakila i nā ʻano ālai āpau. Ke emi hope ke anuanu, ma kahi o Mei, neʻe hou ʻo reindeer i ka tundra. E hoʻi, hoʻohana lākou i ke ala like i hele mai ai lākou.
ʻO ka pinepine, noho ka dia i kahi pūʻā, eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau kānaka mehameha e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ke loli mau nei ka helu o nā kānaka i ka ʻohana. ʻO ka hānai pinepine ʻia i hoʻokahi kāne alakaʻi a wahine wahine me nā ʻāne. ʻO ke kāne ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i kāna kau bipi a me kāna ʻāina.
He aha ka mea a ka reindeer e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Reindeer i ka tundra i ka hoʻoilo
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai na lākou, pono e hoʻoikaika nui ka dia. Hāʻawi ʻia i ko lākou wahi noho, pono lākou e nānā no ka meaʻai ma lalo o ka hau no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻeli ke dia i nā ʻāpana mānoanoa o ka hau a hiki i 150 knm, akā naʻe, i ke ʻano tundra, ʻaʻole hiki i nā holoholona ke ʻeli mau i 30cm inā uhi ʻia ka hau i ka hau. ʻO ka hapanui o ka hau e ʻeli ʻia e nā kāne, a vazhenki, ʻo ia hoʻi hānai wahine mai nā lua.
ʻO nā kumu meaʻai nui no nā dia:
- lichens. He kikoʻī loa ka meaʻai. Ua hoʻonele ʻia ʻo Yagel i ka protein, a ʻo ka pākēneka o nā protein i loaʻa i kēia manawa he paʻakikī i ka dia. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi paʻakai liʻiliʻi, a ʻaʻole kūpono nā paʻakai silikone no nā dia. ʻAʻohe o lākou mau wikamina i loko o lākou. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he meaʻai wikiwiki - ʻaʻole waiwai lākou, akā hāʻawi i kahi ʻano wikiwiki o ka māʻona. No ka hoʻopihapiha i ka lako pono o nā wikamina, pono nā holoholona i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole;
- legume. Makemake ʻo Deer i kēia meaʻai i ke kauwela;
- forbs. Hana ma ke ʻano he hānai momona no nā dia. I ke kauwela, noho nā forbs i 20% o ka papaʻai o nā dia. Ke hala ke kau a mae ka mauʻu, nalowale ka dia i kēia ʻano meaʻai;
- palaʻai. Hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka papaʻai i ke kau kau wela;
- ʻulā. ʻAi ka dia i nā ʻalalā me ka leʻaleʻa, he ʻano mea ʻono kēia na lākou. Mai ʻAukake a hiki i ka hau mua, ʻimi ikaika nā dia i nā ʻalalā a hiki ke hele lōʻihi i ka ʻimi;
- laʻalāʻau. ʻO ka meaʻai nui o nā dia i ke kauwela;
- ʻokoʻa. E kiʻi i nā pono e pono ai, i ka paʻakai, ʻai ka dia i nā hua manu, mai hoʻowahāwahā i ka lepo a iʻa iʻa o ke kai.
E kinai i ko lākou make wai i ka hoʻoilo, ʻai ka dia i ka hau. ʻO nā hau ʻino loa me ka ʻole o ka hau he mea weliweli loa ia no nā holoholona, a laila ʻaʻohe wahi a kēlā me kēia mea e lawe ai i ka wai, a hoʻoheheʻe koke nā mālama momona o ka dia mai ka make wai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Reindeer i ka hoʻoilo
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka reindeer ka noho kahu. Hōʻiliʻili lākou i nā kau o nā helu like ʻole mai nā makahiki he ʻumi a tausani. Kākaʻikahi loa ka Loners, akā ʻo kēia ka mea ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka lula. Minamina, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke ola ʻana o ia ʻano anakuhi i nā kūlana ʻoʻoleʻa.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ola o kahi pipi i ka neʻe a huli ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pūʻulu e pale a pale aku i nā ʻenemi. ʻO ke alakaʻi kāne ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāina a me nā kānaka i loko o ka pā. ʻO ka dia lone i kēlā mau hanana ke emi iki ka manawa o kahi hopena hauʻoli.
ʻO kēia mau holoholona nomadic. ʻAʻole lākou e noho ma kahi hoʻokahi a puni ka makahiki. I ke kauwela, neʻe lākou i nā wahi anuanu, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, kahi e maʻalahi ai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. Ke pau ka hāʻule, neʻe ka reindeer mai tundra i ka hema, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai ma laila, kahi ʻano maikaʻi o ke aniau.
I ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi a me nā meaʻai, ua lanakila nā holoholona i nā ālaina nui a me nā mamao. ʻAʻau lākou ma nā kahawai, piʻi i luna. Me ka hopena o ke anuanu, neʻe hou lākou i ka tundra i ke ala like.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Reindeer ʻāhiu
E hoʻomaka ana i ka waena o ʻOkakopa, hoʻomaka ke kau moʻa no ka dia, a mau ia a hiki i ka hopena o Nowemapa. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kau moʻo e ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka huhū i nā kāne; kū paha nā hakakā ma waena o nā mea hoʻokūkū, kahi e hoʻoholo ai ka mea ikaika loa. ʻO ia ka mea lanakila i loaʻa ka manawa kūpono e hoa me ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi mau wahine i ka wā holoʻokoʻa.
Ma kahi o ʻewalu mau mahina e hanau ai ka wahine wahine i nā keiki, i kēlā me kēia manawa, ʻikea nā keiki bipi hou me ka hoʻomaka o ke kauwela. No hoʻokahi keiki, lawe mai ka wahine i hoʻokahi bipi keiki, he mea maʻamau ʻole ke kū ʻana o nā dia ʻelua.
Ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, nāwaliwali loa ka dia a liʻiliʻi hoʻi, ke kaumaha nei ma mua o 6 kg. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o kekahi mau lā, hoʻomaka nā pepeiaohao liʻiliʻi mua e ʻike. ʻO ka wikiwiki loa, ke loaʻa nei ka ikaika a me ka ulu ʻana o ka pēpē. He manawa liʻiliʻi wale nō kāna e ʻoi ai ka ikaika, no ka mea ma hope o kekahi mau mahina e hoʻomaka ka dia i ke kaʻina o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lanakila ʻana o ka dia liʻiliʻi ma kahi mamao a me nā mea keakea. Mālama nui nā kāne i kēia wā i ka pipi a i nā ala āpau e pale ai i nā mea weliweli.
I ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i ka wahine i ka wā ʻōpio, a hiki i kēlā manawa pili mau ia i kona makuahine. I ka nahele hihiu, ola nā reinala i 25 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka dia
Kiʻi: wahine wahine wahine
ʻO ka makaʻu nui loa i nā dia i ke kūlohelohe e hōʻike ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue. Aia i ka wahi o ka ʻāina a me ka helu o nā ʻāpana dia, ʻokoʻa ka weliweli a me nā pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino a he hopena ʻokoʻa i ka heluna kanaka. ʻO nā kumu nui e hoʻopili i ka pae o ka hōʻino ka nele o nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe, nā mea o ke kaiapuni, ka helu o nā dia a me nā mea ʻino.
ʻO ka makaʻu nui i ka dia ka ʻīlio hae. I ka tundra a me ka ululāʻau-tundra, make nā dia hou aʻe mai ka hoʻouka ʻana a nā ʻīlio hae. I ka taiga, ʻaʻole nā ʻīlio hihiu e hoʻoweliweli ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka predator i kēlā mau ʻāpana. Inā ʻaʻole nui nā ʻīlio hae, a laila ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopōʻino nui i ka ʻāpana dia, akā hana i kahi hana koho - make wale nā mea maʻi a nāwaliwali hoʻi. He mea paʻakikī nā kānaka olakino a ikaika hoʻi i ka ʻīlio hae i ka wā hoʻoilo. Eia nō naʻe, inā nui ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae, a laila ʻeha nā deer i ka make nui, a ʻo nā mea olakino a ikaika hoʻi e make.
ʻO ka bea ʻeleʻele kekahi mea weliweli. ʻOiai ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole ʻimi pinepine ʻo ia i dia, inā loaʻa iā ia ka manawa kūpono e lilo i mea pio, ʻaʻole ia e nalo iā ia. ʻO ka mea lawe maʻalahi no ka bea he dia ma ke kahakai o kahi waihona. ʻImi pinepine ka bea no nā poʻe kahiko. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hoʻouka ka bea i nā dia i loko o ka hale a makemake i nā dia liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻopilikia ka poʻe i ka dia. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka dia dia a i kekahi mau wahi i pale ʻia kēia mau holoholona, ʻaʻole i kāohi ʻia nā mea hoʻomake holoholona e nā pāpā. He mea waiwai ka dia i ka poʻe no kā lākou antlers, ʻili, a me ka ʻiʻo. Ma waho o ka hopu holoholona, ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā ululāʻau a me nā loli i ka nohona kūlohelohe o nā holoholona.
Ma mua, ua noho ʻo reindeer ma loko o ʻEulopa, akā i kēia lā ua ola lākou ma nā wahi kahi maʻalahi ʻole i ke kanaka ke kiʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Reindeer
Hoʻoemi ka nui o nā reindeer i kēlā me kēia makahiki. He aha ka hopena i ka heluna kānaka? ʻO kēia ka make i ke ʻano kūlohelohe ma muli o nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana e kahi mea ʻino a me nā hana a ke kanaka: ka hana hoʻokele waiwai, ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana a me ka ʻaihue ʻana. I kēia lā ua paʻa ke kūlana o nā laha i kahi pae paʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā dia ma mua o 10 miliona mau kānaka. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau ʻāina, pale ʻia kekahi ʻano o ka reindeer e nā waihona a me ka puke ʻula.
I kēlā mau wahi kahi hiki ke pau i ka laha, mālama ʻia nā dia ma nā kūlana maikaʻi o nā mālama. He hopena maikaʻi nā ʻano hanana i ka heluna kanaka. I kēia lā, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ka reindeer e kokoke i ka make, ke emi wikiwiki nei ka heluna kanaka o kēia ʻano.
Aia kahi makaʻu me nā hanana like a me nā hana a ke kanaka, e hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻano i loko o ka Red Book a hoʻihoʻi ʻia. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻole nā lehulehu dia ma Kanada a me Rūsia e 40%. ʻO nā hana a ke kanaka ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka nāhelehele.
Reindeer holoholona kū hoʻokahi. Me ka loli, ua paʻakikī ka paʻakikī o lākou e hoʻololi a ola, akā kūpaʻa lākou a hiki ke lanakila i kēia mau mea kūpale. Eia nō naʻe, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ke kāne ma kāna hana, i ka holoholona laka, i mea e mālama ai i kēia poʻe nomad a kāohi i ka emi ʻana o kā lākou helu, pono e hana i nā ana kūpono.
Lā paʻi: 01/29/2019
Lā hou: 09/16/2019 ma 22:20
