ʻO Marmot - nā mea hānai holoholona kahi holoholona no ke kaʻina o nā rodents mai ka ʻohana squirrel. ʻO nā lunamaka o nā laha e kaupaona i kekahi mau kilogram a noho i kahi ākea. ʻO nā lau nahele lawaiʻa kūwaho, wahī ʻia i ka hulu mehana a hūnā i nā lua mai nā steppes hihi i nā mauna anuanu. Nui nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike o kēia mau holoholona nani, e kūkākūkā ʻia ma hope.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
He hana paʻakikī ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kumu o nā marmots no nā ʻepekema, akā ua hoʻoponopono lākou i kēia mea pohihihi ma ke kālailai ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā holoholona fossil a me nā pono hana o kēia au.
I kēia manawa, aia kekahi o nā ʻano marmots maʻamau:
- ʻO ka hui bobak: hina, Mongolian, e noho nei i ka steppe a me ka steppe ulu lāʻau;
- Lauoho hina;
- ʻEleʻele-ʻeleʻele;
- Pālu-melemele;
- Kipeka;
- Nā lālā Alpine: nā helehelena ākea a me ka nominative;
- Talas (Menzbir's marmot);
- Woodchuck - he 9 mau ʻāpana;
- Olumepika ('Olumepika).
Pili kēia mau laha i ke kaʻina o nā rodents, nona kahi ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua haneli tausani, e uhi ana i ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o ka honua, koe wale no kekahi mau mokupuni a me Antarctica. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Rodents i hoʻomaka ma kahi o 60-70 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi ua hoʻomaka lākou ma mua o ka Cretaceous.
Ma kahi o 40 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hānau ʻia ke kūpuna kahiko o marmots i ka hoʻomaka o ka Oligocene, ma hope o kahi lele evolutionary a me ka puka ʻana o nā ʻohana hou. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Marmots nā ʻohana pili loa o nā squirrels, ʻīlio prairie a me nā lele lele like ʻole. I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano mua o nā niho a me nā lālā, akā ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka pepeiao waena e ʻōlelo i ka mea nui o ka hoʻolohe ʻana, ka mea i ola a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO ka steppe marmot a i ʻole bobak mai ka hui bobak kokoke i ka nui o ka ʻohana squirrel, no ka mea 55-75 kenimika kona lōʻihi, a ʻo ke kaupaona o nā kāne a 10 kg. He poʻo nui kona ma ka ʻāʻī pokole, kahi kino volumous. He ikaika nui nā paws, kahi paʻakikī e ʻike ʻole i nā māiʻuʻu nui. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūikawā he huelo pōkole loa ia a me kahi kala one-melemele, i ulu a lilo i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma ka hope a me ka hiʻu.
ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana aʻe o ka hui "baibach" ʻo ka marmot hina, kahi ʻokoʻa i ka marmot steppe, he kino haʻahaʻa kona a me kahi huelo pokole, ʻoiai paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia. Akā hiki nō, no ka mea, palupalu ka lauoho a lōʻihi ka lauoho, a pouli ke poʻo.
ʻO ke kolu o nā lālā o ka hui ka marmot Mongolian a Siberian paha. ʻOkoʻa ia mai kona mau hoahānau ma kahi kino o ka lōʻihi o ke kino, ʻo ia ka nui o 56 a me ka hapalua kenimika. ʻEleʻele ka pale o hope me nā ʻōleʻele ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele. ʻEleʻele a ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpū, e like me ka hope.
ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana hope loa o ka hui bobak ka marmot nahele-steppe. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ke koʻokoʻo nui he kanaono kenimika i ka lōʻihi a me ka huelo o 12-13 cm. Melemele ke kua, i kekahi manawa me nā admixtures ʻeleʻele. Nui nā huluhulu kokoke i nā maka a me nā papalina, ka mea e pale ai i nā maka mai ka lepo a me nā mea liʻiliʻi e lawe ʻia e ka makani.
ʻAʻole i kapa ʻia ka marmot lauoho hina no ka mea o ka nalo ʻana o ke kala o ke kapa a kokoke i ka ʻelemakule, akā no ke kala hina o ka ʻaoʻao i luna. Lōʻihi loa, no ka mea hiki i 80 cm me ka huelo nui o 18-24 cm. Ke loli mau nei ke kaupaona: mai 4 a 10 kg, ma muli o ka hibernation lōʻihi. ʻAno like nā wahine a me nā kāne i ka helehelena, akā ʻokoʻa i ka nui.
Heʻuʻuku ka wahie mai ʻAmelika Hema, no ka mea, mai 40 a 60 paha kenetimika kona lōʻihi, a he 3-5 kg ke kaupaona. ʻO nā kāne, a ma waena o nā marmots lauoho hina, ʻano like me nā wahine, akā ʻoi aku ka nui i ka nui. Kūlike nā paws me nā marmots steppe: pōkole, ikaika, maikaʻi i ka ʻeli ʻana. Palupalu ka huelo a pālahalaha 11-15 knm. Kūpikipiki ka hulu, me kahi undercoat hoʻomehana me kahi kalaʻula.
Ma hea e noho ai nā marmots?
ʻO ka steppe marmot, aka bobak, i kahi wā i hala loa e noho ana i ka steppe, a i kekahi manawa i ka steppe ulu lāʻau, mai Hungary a i ka Irtysh, ʻoiai ke kāʻalo nei i ka Crimea a me Ciscaucasia. Akā ma muli o ka palau ʻana o nā ʻāina puʻupaʻa, ua emi loa ka nohona. Ua ola nā lehulehu nui ma nā moku ʻo Lugansk, Kharkov, Zaporozhye a me Sumy ma Ukraine, ma ka moku waena ʻo Volga, nā Ural, ma ka ipu Don a me kekahi mau wahi ma Kazakhstan.
ʻO ka marmot hina, ʻokoʻa i kona ʻohana pili, koho ʻoi i nā wahi pōhaku hou, kokoke i nā kula a me nā awāwa. Ma hope mai, noho ʻo ia ma Kyrgyzstan, Kina, Rusia, Mongolia a me Kazakhstan. Noho ka marmot Mongolian i kona inoa a uhi ʻaneʻane i ka mokuna holoʻokoʻa o Mongolia. Eia kekahi, hoʻonui ka ʻāpana o ka noho ʻana i Kina ʻĀkau Hikina. Hōʻike kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi i kona kū ʻana ma ka ʻĀkau Komohana o ka ʻĀina o ka Lā piʻi ʻana. Ma nā panalāʻau o Rūsia, loaʻa ia ma Tuva, Sayan a me Transbaikalia.
Noho ka marmot hoary ma ka ʻāina kokoke o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻo Kanada ka nui a me ka ʻĀkau ʻAkau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Makemake ʻo ia i nā kuahiwi, akā ma ka ʻĀkau o Alaska e iho kokoke i ke kai. Noho i nā kula alpine, ʻaʻohe uhi ʻia i ka nahele, akā me nā puka pōhaku.
Ua noho iki ʻo Woodchuck i ke komohana, akā makemake ʻo ia i nā pāpū a me nā lihi ulu lāʻau. ʻO ka marmot maʻamau ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: ʻo ka ʻĀkau, hikina a me ke kikowaena mokuʻāina e hana ma lalo o kā lākou mana. Pēlā nō, ua piʻi kekahi mau ʻelele o ka laha i ka waena o Alaska a i ka Hema o Hudson Bay. Ua hoʻonohonoho kekahi mau holoholona i ka Labrador Peninsula.
Noho nā marmots ululāʻau ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke koena. Ua ola lākou ma ka moku ʻo Altai, Novosibirsk a me Kemerovo. Makemake lākou e ʻeli i nā lua a lākou e noho ai, kokoke i nā pali kūpikipiki, nā kahawai, a i kekahi manawa nā kahawai nui. ʻIke ʻia e nā wahi i kanu ʻia me nā birch a me nā aspens, a me nā ʻano mauʻu like ʻole.
He aha nā mea a ka marmots e ʻai ai?
ʻO Baibaks, e like me nā marmots āpau, hānai i nā mea kanu. Ma waena o lākou, makemake lākou i ka oats, i loaʻa i ka steppe, a ʻaʻole mai nā māla a ke kanaka, i hana ʻole ai i nā mea ʻino iā lākou. ʻAʻohe pā iki nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. I kekahi manawa ʻahaʻaina lākou ma ka clover a i ʻole bindweed. Aia ia i ke kau. I ka puna, ke loaʻa ka ʻai, ʻai lākou i nā aʻa a me nā ʻāpuʻu. I ka pio ʻana, ʻai lākou i ka ʻiʻo, a ʻo nā hoahānau paha.
ʻO nā grey marmots kekahi mau mea ʻai, akā i ka lawe pio ʻaʻole lākou i ʻai i ka ʻiʻo o nā holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi nā lunamaka o nā ʻano like. Mai nā meaʻai mea kanu, ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā ʻōpio. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā i nā lau, a ʻo nā lāʻau hoʻi. Makemake kekahi ʻano aloha i nā pua e hiki ke lawe ʻia i ka wahine ʻē, e like me nā kānaka, akā he meaʻai.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka papaʻai o nā woodchucks, no ka mea piʻi lākou i nā kumulāʻau a ʻau i nā kahawai no ka meaʻai. ʻO ke kumu, ʻai lākou i ka lau plantain a me ka lau dandelion. I kekahi manawa e alualu lākou i ke kī, nā nalo a me nā ʻūhini. I ka pūnāwai, ke loaʻa ka meaʻai liʻiliʻi, piʻi lākou ma luna o nā kumulāʻau, nā peach, nā mulberry a ʻai i nā ʻōpio a me ka ʻili. I nā māla mea kanu, hiki ke hopu i nā pī a i nā pi. Loaʻa ka wai mai nā mea kanu a i ʻole ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hau o ke kakahiaka. ʻAʻole lākou i waihona i kekahi mea no ka hoʻoilo.
I nā ʻano he nui, like ka ʻai o ka marmots, ʻokoʻa kekahi meaʻai i kū i kekahi mau ʻāina. Hiki i kekahi ke hoʻouka i nā māla mea kanu a nā kānaka, a ʻai kekahi i ka ʻiʻo mai nā congeners pio. Akā hui pū ʻia lākou e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kumu o ka papaʻai nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi, kā lākou lau, aʻa, pua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO Baibaks, ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai i kahi hibernation, momona a hoʻomaka e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou mau lua. Hoʻomaka koke ka hana ma ka puka ʻana o ka lā a hoʻopau wale i ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. He pilikanaka loa nā holoholona: kau lākou i nā kiaʻi i ka wā e hānai ai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Inā loaʻa ka pilikia, haʻi lākou i ka poʻe ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli e hiki mai ana, a peʻe ka poʻe āpau. ʻO nā mea ola maluhia ʻole e hakakā.
ʻO nā marmots grizzly kekahi mau mea diurnal e hānai, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, i nā mea kanu. Nui a nui kā lākou kolone a ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 mau kānaka. No laila, noho kēia pūʻali holoʻokoʻa i ka 13-14 hectares o ka ʻāina a he alakaʻi ko lākou: he kāne kāne makua, 2-3 mau wahine a me kahi nui o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a i ʻelua mau makahiki. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā lua ma mua o nā bobaks a i loko o hoʻokahi puka 1-2 mau mika ka hohonu. Akā ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou helu i hoʻokahi haneli.
Akahele loa ʻo Woodchucks a kākaʻikahi ka neʻe ʻana mai kā lākou lua. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā pale o ke kauwela ma nā wahi mālamalama maikaʻi. Hūnā nā lua hoʻoilo i nā ulu lāʻau ma nā puʻu. ʻAʻole like me nā marmots lauoho hina, kūkulu nā mea nahele i kahi hanana paʻakikī o nā lua, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau lua a me 300 kg o ka lepo i hoʻolei ʻia. Alakaʻi i kahi noho, antisocial lifestyle.
ʻO ke ala o ke ola e pili nui ana i ka ʻāina a ka marmots e noho ai ma mua o ka meaʻai a lākou e ʻai ai. Noho kaʻawale kekahi me nā wahine mai kēlā me kēia, a hele hewa kekahi i nā pūʻali koa holoʻokoʻa o 35 mau kānaka. ʻEʻeli kekahi i nā lua hohonu, ʻoiai hoʻolālā kekahi i nā intricacies, e nānā ana i nā puka pilikia a me nā lumi hoʻomaha.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
I ka hoʻomaka o ka puna, hoʻomaka ke kau moʻo no bobaks. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina. Hānau ʻia he 3-6 cubs. Liʻiliʻi loa a palekana ʻole nā keiki hānau hou, no laila mālama nui nā mākua iā lākou me ka pīhoihoi nui i nā pae mua o ke ola. Kipaku aku nā wahine i nā kāne i nā lua ʻē aʻe no ka manawa o ka hānai ʻana. I ka hopena o ka puna, hoʻomaka nā hū liʻiliʻi e ʻai i ka mauʻu.
Hānau nā wahine o nā marmots poʻo hina i 4 a 5 mau cubs ma hope iki o bobaks - hāʻule kēia hanana i ka hopena o ka puna a i ʻole ke kauwela kau. Hoʻomau ka hāpai ʻana ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina. ʻO nā keiki o ka marmots lauoho hina ma mua a i ka pule ʻekolu ua hele lākou i waho, me ka huluhulu a hoʻomaka lākou e ukuhi iā lākou iho mai ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū.
Inā ʻae nā wahine o nā marmots lauoho hina i nā kāne e kōkua iā lākou i ka wā hāpai, a hoʻokele nā wahine o nā bobaks i nā kāne i nā lua ʻē aʻe, a laila huhū nui nā lāʻau hāpai a ʻo nā ʻelele hoʻi o kā lākou hipa e pakele. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka haʻalele koke ʻana o nā kāne ma hope o ka hapai ʻana, a i ʻole, ua alualu ʻia lākou.
ʻOi aku ka kūpaʻa o nā marmots steppe i kekahi i kekahi a hele i ka hibernation, e waiho ana i ko lākou mau hoanoho i loko o kā lākou mau lua. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopilikia i nā mea komohewa i ke ʻano o nā ʻino a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Hānau nā wahine o kēia mau holoholona hoaaloha i nā 4-5 cubs, a i kekahi manawa ʻo 9 hoʻi!
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o marmots
ʻAʻole pilikia ʻo Marmots iā lākou iho i kekahi, i nā hihia laha ʻole a pōmaikaʻi ʻole paha nā kolo a me nā nīnūnē. No laila, alualu ʻia lākou e nā mea ʻaihue āpau i hiki ke hālāwai me lākou. Hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ke kūlana unenviable o marmots e ka mea i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻano kino: ka wikiwiki, ka ikaika, ka maneuverability, nā mea ʻona, a pēlā aku. Akā pinepine pinepine lākou e hoʻopakele ʻia e ka ʻike pūʻulu a me ka mālama ʻana kekahi i kekahi.
Hiki i nā Baibaks ke make i ka waha o kahi ʻīlio hae a i ʻalopeke, i hiki ke piʻi i loko o kahi lua. Ma ka ʻili, i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, a i ʻole ke hoʻomehana ʻana i ka lā, hiki i nā manu lele ke lele aku: he ʻaeto, he ʻio, he lupe. Eia nō hoʻi, lilo nā marmeto steppe i pio no nā corsacs, nā mea ʻino a me nā ferrets, i miliona mau makahiki i hala iho mai i kūpuna like ai me nā marmots. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Woodchucks i kahi ākea o nā mea ʻino weliweli.
Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi i nā mea ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia.
- cougars;
- lynx;
- martens;
- na Bea;
- manu;
- nahesa nui.
Hiki i nā mea ʻino liʻiliʻi ke hoʻouka i nā keiki i nā lua. ʻOiai ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi mahiʻai, hoʻoweliweli iki lākou, no ka mea luku a kipaku paha ka poʻe i ko lākou ʻenemi. Akā a laila hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻīlio hele hewa i ka mahele o nā hoʻoweliweli. No laila, ʻaʻole huali nā manaʻolana no nā marmots. Ma waho o nā hana wāwahi kanaka, he nui nā holoholona e ʻimi holoholona ʻino ʻole. Ma muli o kēia, nui nā ʻano, e like me nā marmots o ka nahele, i lalo o ka hāʻule ikaika, a he hana a ke kanaka e pale ai i kēia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO Marmots kahi ʻano laha i pālahalaha ma ka hapanui o ka honua. Noho lākou i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a hoʻomohala i nā mākau like ʻole o ka kamaʻilio kaiaulu, hānai keiki, loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai a, ʻo ka mea nui loa, ka pale ʻana mai nā mea kūloko kūloko e makemake nui e hoʻouna iā lākou i ka honua aʻe Hoʻopili kēia mau mea āpau i ka ʻāina o ka noho ʻana o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui a me kā lākou helu.
ʻAʻole kūpona nā Baibaks, ʻoiai ua hōʻole nui ko lākou helu i nā 40-50 o ke kenekulia i hala. Mahalo i nā hana hui pū ʻia, hiki nō ke hoʻopau i ka nalo ʻana o kēia mau holoholona. ʻOiai ma kekahi mau ʻāina aia lākou ma ka palena o ka make. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hōʻailona o ka moku ʻo Luhansk i loko o ka Red Book o ka Kharkiv ma Ukraine a me ka moku ʻo Ulyanovsk ma Lūkia i ka makahiki 2013.
He kakaikahi pū kekahi nā marmots Mongolian a helu ʻia i ka puke ʻula o Rusia. Ua koho ʻia aia ma kahi o 10 miliona o lākou i koe, kahi helu liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ka hana pale a me ka hoʻihoʻi e pili ana i nā laha paʻakikī e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mau halihali lākou i ka maʻi ahulau.
ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ʻĀkau: ʻo nā marmots hina a hina hina wale nō e hoʻonui i ko lākou heluna kanaka i ka manawa. Loaʻa kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua aʻo lākou e hoʻomaʻa i ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā marmots ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka palau ʻana i ka lepo, ka mea i hōʻemi ʻia i nā bobaks, hoʻonui wale i nā mālama hānai. Eia kekahi, i ka manawa wī, ʻai lākou i nā mea kanu i ulu i nā māla, nā māla mea kanu a me nā māla.
Pono e pale pono ʻia kekahi mau marmots i ʻole e haʻalele iā lākou, ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia kekahi, a e ola lākou ma o lākou iho, ua aʻo kekahi e hoʻomaʻa i ka ʻeha kanaka, a ʻo kekahi poʻe e pōmaikaʻi ai. No laila, ʻo kēlā ʻano ʻokoʻa ikaika o nā laha e pili i nā ʻano mua a me ka hiki ke kūkulu hou i nā kūlana hou.
ʻO Marmots he mau mea ʻai mea ʻai ʻole e hānai i nā lau, nā aʻa a me nā pua o nā mea kanu, ʻoiai e ʻai ana kekahi i ka ʻiʻo i loko o ke pio. Noho kekahi o lākou i nā pūʻā nui, ʻoiai makemake kekahi i ka noho kaʻawale. Noho lākou ma ka hapanui o ko ka Honua mau ʻāina ma nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. I ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻano like lākou, akā i ka ʻike kikoʻī, ʻokoʻa loa lākou.
Lā paʻi: 25.01.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 9:25
