ʻO Shrews (Soricidae) he mau ʻelele o ka papa Māmala, ke kauoha ʻo Insectivorous a me ka ʻohana Shrews. Lawe mai kēlā holoholona i nā pono nui i ka poʻe, hoʻopau i nā pepelu lepo he nui, a me ko lākou pae larval. Luku ʻia nā pest o ka ulu lāʻau a me ka mahiʻai e nā shrew i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ma nā wahi i hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia no nā manu a me nā holoholona insectivorous ʻē aʻe.
Hōʻike o ka shrew
ʻO nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i ka helehelena e like loa me nāʻiole maʻamau, akā he muʻu lākou, elongated ma ke ʻano o kahi ʻano proboscis.... Hoʻokomo pū nā Shrews i nā ʻelele liʻiliʻi loa o ka papa mammalian, i hōʻike ʻia e ka pygmy shrew (Suncus etruscus) a me ka shrew liʻiliʻi (Sorex minutissimus), nona ka lōʻihi o ke kino i ʻoi aku i ka 30-50 mm, me ke kaupaona o ke kino i hoʻonui ʻia ma ka pae o 3.0-3.3 gr
Helehelena
ʻO ke poʻo o ka shrew ka nui i ka nui, me ke kū ʻana o kahi ʻāpana alo elongated a me kahi ihu elongated i loko o kahi proboscis ʻike maʻalahi. Liʻiliʻi nā maka o ka holoholona. Pōkole nā lālā o ka māmaki insectivorous, ʻelima mau manamana. Mānoanoa ka hulu a pōkole hoʻi, velvety loa. Hiki ke pōkole a lōʻihi paha ka lōʻihi o ka huelo, ʻoi aku i ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
Hoihoi ia! Aia nā shrews wahine i 6-10 mau nipples, a aia nā hōʻike o ke kāne i loko o ke kino, ʻoiai ke kino nui o kahi holoholona makua he nui loa, e pili ana i 70% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
He haiki a lōʻihi ka iwi poʻo, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia i ka ihu. Hoʻonui ʻia ka māhele cerebral, kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa i waena o nā mea mammal. ʻO ka nui o ka lolo ka hapaʻumi o ke kaumaha o ke kino, kahi i ʻoi aku i ka nui o ka ʻikepili no nā kānaka a me nā dolphins. ʻO nā kikoo zygomatic o shrews e haʻalele loa, a ʻo ka nui o nā niho he 26-32 ʻāpana.
Hoʻonui nui ʻia nā incisors mua, keu hoʻi nā mea haʻahaʻa. Hiki ke hoʻololi i nā niho waiū me nā niho mau i ke kahua o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic, no laila, hānau ʻia nā pēpē pēpē me nā niho piha. Hoʻopuni ʻia ka puka aniani a me nā ʻohana e ka ʻili pelu. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino a me ke aʻa o ka huelo, aia nā glands kūikawā, kahi e hūnā ai i kahi mea ʻala ʻoluʻolu.
Hoʻomaha ka puʻuwai o kahi shrew i ka wikiwiki o 680-700 wikiwiki, a ke makaʻu ʻoe, hoʻonui ka puʻuwai i 1100-1200 mau pa. Makaʻu loa nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka papa Mamamū, ke kauoha Insectivorous a me ka ʻohana Shrews. ʻO kekahi haʻalulu ikaika kūpono, me ke kani o ka hekili a i ʻole nā hekili, hiki iā ia ke pepehi i kahi insectivore.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laha makemake i nā wahi pulu, a hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau lālā o kēia ʻohana e alakaʻi i kahi nohona semi-aquatic. Mālama ʻo Shrews i kēlā me kēia, hiki iā lākou ke ʻeli i nā lua ma o lākou iho a i ʻole noho i nā hale o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e komo ana, me nā mole a me nā ʻiole e like me ka ʻiole. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā shrews ke hoʻopaʻa i nā lua o loko o nā ʻōpala a i ʻole nā lāʻau i hina, ma lalo o ka lāʻau make, a i loko o nā kūkulu kanaka. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pūnana me nā lau maloʻo a me ka mauʻu. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia holoholona kona wahi ʻimi holoholona, a ʻo ka nui o ia e piʻi pinepine i ʻumi mau mika kūlike.
Hoihoi ia! Ua haʻalele ʻo Shrews me ka ʻai ʻole a make koke. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i nā mea liʻiliʻi ke make ma kahi o 7-9 mau hola, ʻoiai ka mea liʻiliʻi e hiki ke make ma kahi o ʻelima mau hola.
ʻAʻole hele kekahi ʻano shrews i loko o ka hibernation, akā i ke ʻano o ka nele o ka meaʻai, hiki ke kū ka numbness wā pōkole i hui pū ʻia me ka emi ʻana o ka mahana o ke kino. ʻO nā shrews huelo pōkole e noho ana ma Kanada a me USA a me ka shrew maʻamau, e noho nei ma nā kapakai o nā waihona kūlohelohe ma Rūsia, he mau lunamakaʻāinana no nā mea hānai ʻona ʻona loa. Hoʻopili ka lāʻau make i nā kānaka, no laila pehu nui ka wahi nahu.
Ehia mau shrew e ola nei
Pōkole loa ke ola o nā shrews... ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola maʻamau o ua mau ʻelele nei o ka ʻoka Insectivorous a me ka ʻohana Shrew hoʻokahi wale nō a me ka hapa makahiki. Noho nā wahine i hoʻokahi mahina ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā kāne.
Dimorphism moekolohe
I kēia manawa, ua aʻo iki ʻia nā shrew, ʻo ia ka mea nui ma muli o ko lākou nohona pō a me ko lākou hele pinepine ʻana ma lalo o ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻohe mau hōʻailona o ka dimorphism moekolohe i ka helehelena i nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kauoha Insectivorous a me ka ʻohana Shrews.
Lāʻano Shrew
I kēia lā, ma kahi o ʻekolu haneli mau ʻano shrews i ʻike ʻia, akā ʻo shrew a me kāna mau subspecies, shrew a me nā ʻano, a me nā ʻelepani a me nā shrew wai ka mea maʻamau. ʻO ka shrew ʻāpana ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o nā māmela, a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona kino ma mua o 30-50 mm. ʻAi ʻia ka holoholona i kona inoa i ka enamel ʻeleʻele, aia ia ma nā wēlau o nā niho a pale iā lākou mai ka wili mua ʻana. ʻO kaʻaʻahu o ka shrew he tae kala kona.
ʻO ka dwarf keʻokeʻo-niho niho keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo kahi mea koʻikoʻi nui o nā insectivores a ʻike ʻia e ke kala keʻokeʻo o ka enamel niho. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kino i 70 mm. ʻAno laha ʻole kēlā ʻano holoholona a ʻano e ke kapa hina. ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o nā shrew he shrew nunui, e hōʻea ana i kahi kino o 15 cm me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 10 cm. ʻOkoʻa ke kala o ka pale o ka shrew mai ka hina hina a ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele.
ʻO nā shrews a i ʻole nā shrews he mau meaola nui i makemake e noho ma nā kahakai o nā kino wai maoli maoli. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano o kēia mau holoholona wai i ke kū ʻana o nā huluhulu paʻakikī i kā lākou mau wāwae, no ka mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ka neʻe ʻana i ka wai. Hoʻohui, loaʻa i ka mammal kahi kapa pale wai. Ma waho, ua like ka holoholona me ka ʻiole wai hina hina maʻamau me ka malu o ka ʻōpū.
ʻEleu nō nā ʻelole iole i ke ao a i ka pō.... ʻO ka hulu o ia mau shrews he silky a palupalu loa ia, a ʻokoʻa ke kala o ka pale mai ka melemele-ʻeleʻele a me ka hina i ka ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 60-110 mm, me ke kaumaha a hiki i 21-23 g. ʻO nā shrews huelo pōkole ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka hui o nā nui a me nā venomous shrews me kahi huelo pōkole, nā wāwae mānoanoa a me ke kala huluhulu ʻeleʻele.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā shrew keʻokeʻo niho, a ʻo ko lākou kino lōʻihi 45-100 mm, me ke kaupaona ma ke kikowaena 3-12 g. ʻO ka huina lōʻihi o ka huelo e loli iki. He huluhulu hina a silky hina ko ka holoholona ma luna o ke kino a me ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa māmā.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical o ka Ugandan Armored keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e ʻae i kēlā holoholona e kū maʻalahi i nā kaumaha nui i ke kino, ʻoi aku i ka nui o kāna lehulehu ma hoʻokahi tausani manawa.
ʻOkoʻa ka shrew pale kaua Ugandan mai nā māmela ʻē aʻe i kahi hanana iwi kūikawā. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano he monotypic no ka manawa lōʻihi, akā ma 2013 ua wehewehe ʻia ka shrew Thor, nona nā hiʻohiʻona like. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ke kanaka makua he 12-15 cm, me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 7-10 cm a me ke kaumaha o ke kino ma waena o 110 g. ʻO ke huluhulu huluhulu a mānoanoa kahi ʻano hina hina.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua aneane puni nā Shrews, koe wale nō nā wahi polar, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand a me ʻAmelika Hema ma ka hema o ʻEkuador, Venezuela a me Colombia. Noho ka mammal insectivorous i nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole, e laʻa me ka papu a me ka mauna tundra, nā ululāʻau tropical a me nā wahi wao akua. I nā kuahiwi, hiki i nā holoholona ke piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3500-4000 mau mika ma luna o ka pae kai.
Noho ka piebald i kahi ʻāpana Caspian o ko mākou ʻāina, ma Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan a me Turkmenistan. ʻO ka laulā o ka Congolese shrew mai ka Central African Republic a me Cameroon a i ka hikina o Uganda a me ka Democratic Republic o Kongo. ʻO ko lākou wahi noho nā ululāʻau tropical i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 200-2350 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai. Hiki ke loaʻa ka shrew pale kaua Ugandan i ke kahawai, nā ulu lāʻau hohonu o ka ʻākau o Kongo, ma Rwanda a me Uganda.
Hoʻonui ka ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lāʻau shrew mai Nigeria a Tanzania a me Uganda. ʻO ka nohona o kēlā mau māmela e hōʻike ʻia ana e ka nahele. Noho ka nui o nā lunamakaʻāinana i ka lei aliʻi, akā hiki i kekahi ke noho i ka honua. ʻO ka laulā o nā murine shrews he ululāʻau a me nā ululāʻau, a loaʻa nā shrews i nā wahi ulu lāʻau o ka ciia temperate, ma ka taiga o ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAsia. ʻO Kutors, a i ʻole nā kino wai mai ka genus o nā mammals semi-aquatic, noho ma nā kapakai o nā wai wai nui nui ʻole.
Ma ka panalāʻau o kahi pūnaewele, e noho ana i mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku i kahi ʻelua mau mākua makua o kēlā ʻano mammal. ʻAʻole makemake nā Shrews e neʻe i ko lākou makemake kūʻokoʻa, no laila, i ko lākou ola, hoʻāʻo kēlā mau holoholona e pili paʻa i hoʻokahi ʻāina. ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona e nā kānaka. Ma hope wale nō o ka mākaʻikaʻi loa ʻana o ka ʻāina a laila neʻe ka shrew i kahi pūnaewele kokoke, kahi e manaʻo ai e ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻino hou ma ka ʻāina kahiko.
Kaʻai a Shrew
ʻO nā Shrews nā holoholona omnivorous hiki ke ʻai i nā mea kolo nui, ko lākou pae larval, a me nā ʻenuhe honua. Hoʻopuka pinepine ka holoholona mammal i nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi, i hōʻike ʻia e nā rana, nā moʻo, nā keiki o nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopili pū ka papaʻai i nā ʻano iʻa liʻiliʻi, amphibians a me nā kolo.
ʻImi ʻia ka meaʻai me kahi ʻano ʻoi loa o ka honi a me ke ʻano o ka paʻi. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, aia kekahi ʻano laha o ka shrews. I kēlā mau ʻelele o ke kauoha Insectivores a me ka ʻohana Shrews, ʻike ʻia ka metabolism e kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o ka ikaika. Hōʻike ʻia nā meaʻai punahele a nā shrew:
- bea;
- nā nalo lau;
- Nā nalo meli;
- slug;
- nā moʻo lāʻau;
- ʻenuhe;
- punawelewele;
- ʻenuhe honua;
- larvae o nā mea ʻino nāpua.
I ka lā, hoʻopau ka holoholona liʻiliʻi i kahi nui o nā meaʻai i ʻoi aku i kāna kaumaha ponoʻī ma hoʻokahi a me ka hapa a ʻelua paha manawa.
Mea nui! Hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻimi ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai lawa, hiki i kahi shrew ke hōʻino i ke aʻa o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu, a make lākou.
ʻO ia ke kumu e hiki ai i nā shrews ke hānai ʻaneʻane mau, ke hoʻomaha ʻana no ka hiamoe wale nō. I ka wā wī o ka hoʻoilo, hiki wawe ka make, no laila, ma ke ʻano he rula, koe wale kekahi mau shrew a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka puna.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻohui ʻo Shrews i hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ʻekolu mau manawa i ka makahiki. ʻO ka manawa hānau ma kahi o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau pule paha. I kēlā me kēia litter, aia mai ka ʻehā a i ka ʻumikumamāhā mau keiki, i hānau makapō a ʻōlohelohe ʻole hoʻi. No nā keiki hānau hou o shrews, ke alo o kahi proboscis i hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka hiʻona i kahi ihu snub kūikawā. I loko o ke kau kau, ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻoluʻolu, lawe pinepine kekahi wahine i ʻehā mau kakini mau keiki. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa i kekahi o lākou ka manawa e hāʻawi i nā keiki iā lākou iho i ka hopena o kēia kauwela.
Hoihoi ia! Pili nā mākua ʻelua i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka pūnana no nā keiki e hiki mai ana, akā ʻaʻohe ʻikepili i kēia manawa inā he wahine polygamous a monogamous paha nā shrews.
Hoʻopiʻi pono ʻia ka loko o ka pūnana me nā mea maloʻo e like me ka mauʻu a me nā lau. I loko o kahi pūnana, hoʻomohala koke nā keiki, no laila i ka makahiki o ʻehā mau pule ua kūʻokoʻa loa lākou. I loko o nā shrews keʻokeʻo niho, neʻe ka wahine me kāna mau keiki i kahi ʻano kaulahao a i kapa ʻia ʻo "caravan", kahi e paʻa paʻa ai nā kānaka āpau i nā huelo o kekahi me nā niho.
ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka papa Mamamala, ke ʻoka Insectivorous a me ka ʻohana Shrews i kahi ʻano kupaianaha loa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Denele hanana". Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule i loko o ia mau māmela insectivorous, ʻike ʻia kahi hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻike ʻia i ka nui o ke kino, me ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o ka cranium. I loko o ka manawa mai ʻApelila a Iune, aia kahi hoʻonui i ka nui o ka cranium, a me ka nui a me ka nui o ka lolo.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā ʻenemi o nā shrews ma ke ʻano he predatory nocturnal a me ke ao, a me nā corvids, a me kekahi mau māmela predatory. Eia nō naʻe, ʻai nā holoholona i nā ʻelele o ke ʻoka Insectivores a me ka ʻohana Shrews me ka makemake nui ʻole, ma muli o ke kū ʻana o kahi pilau a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi i honi ʻia e nā ʻili o ka ʻili o nā holoholona.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- Armadillos (lat.Cingulata)
- ʻO Bandicoots (Latin Bandicota)
- Nā Beavers (lat.Castor)
- Mole (lat.Talpidae)
ʻO ka pinepine, luku ʻia nā shrew e nā poʻe a me nā holoholona lūlū, i hōʻike ʻia e nā pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio. Ke hakakā ikaika nei kekahi kanaka me ia holoholona me ke kōkua o nā pahele a me nā lāʻau ʻino, i wehewehe ʻia e ka makemake e pale i ke aʻa o nā mea kanu hua a me nā hua kanu a me nā māla.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ma muli o ka huki ʻia ʻana o nā ululāʻau, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano o nā genus Forest shrews i kēia lā ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka luku loa. Ma muli o ka luku ʻia o kahi ʻāpana o ka nohona, ua like ka ʻāne like me ka iole o Eisentraut a me ka Rampian murine shrew, e hoʻoweliweli ʻia nei i kēia manawa me ka make, i loko o ka IUCN Red List.
