ʻO Garden bunting kahi mele mele liʻiliʻi mai ke kaʻina o passerines, ʻokoʻa i ka sparrow maʻamau i nā kala ʻōlinolino. Akā ʻoiai ka nui o kā lākou nui a me nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau, like nā buntings me nā manu liʻiliʻi, ʻōnaehana kēia mau manu kokoke i kahi kauoha ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā finches
Ka wehewehe o ka māla bunting
ʻO kēia manu, no ka papa o nā passerines, pālahalaha ma Eurasia... He ʻano like ia me ka oatmeal maʻamau, akā he ʻuʻuku kona ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ma ʻEulopa, ʻike ʻia ia e ka inoa Orthalan, i hele mai kona inoa Lākina - Emberiza hortulana.
Helehelena
Liʻiliʻi nā ana o ka māla bunting: ʻo kona lōʻihi ma kahi o 16 cm, a ʻo ke kaumaha mai 20 a 25 g. ʻOiai ke ʻano like me kahi manu liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke huikau i kēia mau manu ʻelua: ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o ke kala o ka māla, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi ke ʻano o ke kino, akā ʻokoʻa. ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona kino, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona mau wāwae a me ka huelo, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kona nuku.
I kēia laha, loli ke ʻano o ke kala i ka moekolohe a me nā makahiki o ka manu. I ka hapanui o nā puʻu kīhāpai, pena ʻia ke poʻo i ka malu hina hina, a laila e kahe ana i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka plumage ma ka ʻāʻī, a laila i kahi kala ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma ke kua o ka manu, a hoʻololi ʻia e kahi kala ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele me kahi aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka hope o lalo a me ka huelo luna. ʻO ka plumage ma nā ʻeheu ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele, me nā wahi keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ke kani māmā e pili ana i nā maka, a ʻo ka auwae, ka puʻu a me ka goiter hiki ke lilo i nā aka a pau mai ka momona melemele momona a keʻokeʻo melemele, a lilo ia i ʻoliva hina i ka umauma oatmeal. ʻO ka ʻōpū a me ka undertail ʻeleʻele brownish me kahi melemele melemele ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻUlaʻula ʻula ka nuku a me nā wāwae o kēia mau manu, a ʻulaʻula nā maka.
Hoihoi ia! I ka hoʻoilo, ʻokoʻa ka plumage o nā pūpū o nā māla mai ke kauwela: ua hele a hina kona kala, a ʻike ʻia kahi ākea ākea ākea ma nā kihi o ka hulu.
I nā manu ʻōpio, ʻemi ke waihoʻoluʻu; a eia kekahi, ua hoʻohālikelike nā keiki moa i nā ʻāpana longitudinal ʻeleʻele a puni ke kino a ma ke poʻo. He ʻeleʻele ko lākou nuku a me ko lākou mau wāwae, ʻaʻole ʻulaʻula, e like me nā ʻohana makua.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO ka Garden bunting kekahi o nā manu e lele i ka hoʻoilo i nā latitude mahana i ka hāʻule. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā lā ke hoʻomaka lākou e neʻe, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, hāʻule i ka waena o ke kauwela. I ka pūnāwai, haʻalele nā manu i ko lākou wahi hoʻoilo ma ʻApelika a me ʻAkia Hema a hoʻi i ko lākou mau wahi ponoʻī e hāʻawi i ke ola i kahi hanauna hou o nā māla huʻu.
Hoihoi ia! ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā kebing e neʻe i ka hema i nā hipa nui, akā hoʻi mai ka ʻauana, ma ke ʻano he rula, i nā hui liʻiliʻi.
Kūleʻa kēia mau manu, a i ke kauwela hana nui lākou i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, ke emi iki ka wela a ʻaʻohe manawa e hoʻomaka ai. E like me nā passerine āpau, makemake nā puʻu māla e ʻauʻau i nā puddles, nā kahawai pāpaʻu a me nā kahawai pāpaʻu kahakai, a ma hope o ka ʻauʻau ʻana e noho lākou i kahakai a hoʻomaka e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ko lākou mau hua. Hoʻomanaʻo iki ka leo o kēia mau manu i kahi chirp passerine, akā loaʻa pū nā trills, kahi i kapa ʻia e nā ornithologists "bunting". Ma ke ʻano he mele, hīmeni nā puʻu māla, e noho ana ma nā lālā luna o nā kumu lāʻau a i ʻole nā kumulāʻau, mai kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke nānā i ke kūlana a kahi e ʻike maopopo ʻia ai lākou.
ʻAʻole like me nā manu liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia nā pūpū nā manu impudent, akā i ka manawa like ʻaʻole makaʻu lākou i ka poʻe: hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomau me ka mālie e hele i kā lākou ʻoihana i mua o ke kanaka. A, ʻoiai, he mea waiwai ka makaʻu i ka poʻe no ka oatmeal māla, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe o lākou e noho nei ma Palani: kōkua kēia i ka hapa nui o lākou e hōʻalo i ka hopena o ka hopu ʻia ʻana, a ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa, hoʻopau ʻia i loko o kahi hīnaʻi i kahi kihi ola, a ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa, ʻoiai lilo i ipu nani i loko o kahi hale ʻaina pipiʻi.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, he aʻa kupaianaha kēia mau manu, ʻo ia ke kumu e mālama nui ai nā mea aloha holoholona i ka home.... E ʻae ʻae nā pūpū māla e noho ana i loko o kahi pā a hale manu paha i kā lākou mau mea nona e lawe iā lākou i ko lākou mau lima, a inā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia mau manu mai ka pā, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻāʻo e lele, akā, ʻo ka pinepine, ma hope o ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau pōʻai liʻiliʻi a puni ka lumi, hoʻi lākou i ka hale. ...
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o ka māla?
ʻAʻole ʻo Oatmeal kekahi o nā manu ola lōʻihi: ʻoiai ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi maikaʻi loa, ola ia, ma ka awelika, 3-4 mau makahiki. ʻO ka maximum lifeespan o ka māla bunting ma kona wahi maoli he 5.8 mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā kāne a me nā wahine o nā pūpū o nā māla, a like ko lākou ʻano o ke kino, koe wale no ka ʻoi aku ka nani o ka wahine. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe i kēia mau manu ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ke kala plumage: i nā kāne ʻoi aku ka mālamalama a me ka hoʻohālikelike ma mua o nā wahine. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ke poʻo o ke kāne a hina hina, ke kua a me ka huelo he brown-brown, me ka ʻāʻī, goiter, ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū i ka melemele, pinepine me ka ʻalani alani, nā aka.
Ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka wahine e nā leo ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻoliva, a keʻokeʻo kona umauma a me kona ʻōpū me ka pua ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe o ka hulu o ka wahine e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻōniʻoniʻo o ke kāne. Akā he kiko ʻokoʻa ko ka wahine ma ka umauma, ka mea ʻike ʻole ʻia i ke kāne.
Mea nui! ʻO nā kāne o ka māla bunting ke kala i nā aka o kahi ʻano brownish ākea, ʻoiai maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana o nā wahine e kā lākou leo anuanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻoliva i ke kala o kā lākou plumage.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hoʻolahalaha nui ka māla ma Europe a me ʻAsia Komohana. ʻAʻole like me nā songbirds he nui e makemake i nā latitude mahana, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma ka Arctic. I ka hema, ʻo ko lākou pae ma ʻEulopa e piʻi i ke Kaiwaenahonua, ʻoiai mai nā mokupuni lākou e noho ai ma Kupero wale nō. Noho nō kēia mau manu ma ʻAsia - mai Suria a me Palesetina a i Mongolia komohana. No ka hoʻoilo, lele nā huakaʻi kīhāpai i ʻAkau Hema a me ʻApelika, kahi e loaʻa ai lākou mai ke awāwa ʻo Persian a i ʻApelika ʻĀkau ponoʻī.
Hoihoi ia! Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻāpana o kā lākou laulā, hiki i nā buntings kīhāpai ke noho i nā wahi like ʻole, a, pinepine, i nā wahi ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
No laila, ma Palani, noho kēia mau manu ma kahi o nā māla waina, akā ʻaʻole ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ai lākou ma laila.... ʻO ke kumu, noho nā buntings i nā wahi ulu lāʻau a me nā wahi ākea. I nā ululāʻau nui, hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou i nā aniani, nā ʻaoʻao o ka ululāʻau a i ʻole nā ʻāpana i ulu ʻia me nā nāhelehele. Noho pinepine lākou i nā māla - moʻomeheu a i ʻole ua haʻalele ʻia, a me nā kapa muliwai. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau manu ma nā mauna haʻahaʻa, ma nā pali, ʻaʻole naʻe lākou e piʻi lōʻihi i uka.
Pāʻai oatmeal māla
ʻAi nui ka oatmeal makua i nā mea kanu mea kanu, akā i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi e like me nā springtails, spider, insects a me nā moʻo lāʻau. I kēia manawa, lilo nā ʻenuhe o nā mea ʻānai like ʻole, e like me ka muʻu nahele, i kā lākou meaʻai punahele. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia mai ka inoa o ka manu, ʻo kāna meaʻai punahele ka hua oat, akā ʻaʻole e hōʻole ka oatmeal māla mai ka hua bale, a me nā ʻanoʻano o nā mea kanu lau nahele: bluegrass, nettle, bird knotweed, clover, dandelion, plantain, forget-me-not, sorrel, fescue, chickweed , ʻōpala.
Hoihoi ia! Makemake ka māla bunting i ka hānai ʻana i nā moa me nā mea ʻai i piha i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. I ka manawa like, i ka mua, hānai nā mākua iā lākou me ka meaʻai semi-digest, a lākou e lawe mai ai i ka goiter, a laila me nā pepeke holoʻokoʻa.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoʻomaka koke ka manawa hānau no kēia mau manu ma hope koke o ko lākou hoʻi ʻana i ko lākou wahi ponoʻī, ʻoiai ua hōʻea nā wahine i kekahi mau lā ma hope o nā kāne, a ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā wahine, hoʻomaka lākou e mele i nā mele, e ʻumeʻume i ka maka o nā manu o ka wahine ʻē aʻe.
I ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā pālua, hoʻomaka nā pūpū e kūkulu i kahi pūnana, eia kekahi, e kūkulu i kona kumu, koho lākou i kahi kaumaha ma kahi kokoke i ka honua, i uhi ʻia me nā kumu maloʻo o nā mea kanu cereal, nā aʻa lahilahi a me nā lau maloʻo paha. Uhi nā manu i loko o ka pūnana me ka lio a i ʻole nā lauoho ʻē aʻe o nā holoholona hoofed, a hiki iā lākou ke kiʻi, i kekahi manawa, akā, hoʻohana nā lūlū māla i nā hulu a i lalo no kēia mau kumu.
Loaʻa i ka pūnana he oval a pōʻai paha ke ʻano a ʻelua mau ʻāpana: waho a me loko... Hiki ke anawaena o ke anawaena a hiki i 12 knm, a me ke anawaena o ka papa o loko - a i 6.5 knm.
Hoihoi ia! Inā ʻoluʻolu a mehana ka wā, ʻelua lā ka manawa kūkulu ʻana o ka pūnana. Hoʻomaka ka wahine e hoʻomoe i nā hua i 1-2 mau lā ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kāna kūkulu ʻana.
Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, aia i kahi paʻa he 4-5 mau hua keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me kahi anuanu bluish anuanu, i kikokiko ʻia me nā kiko ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele nui i ke ʻano o nā hahau a me nā wili. Ma ka pūpū o nā hua manu, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kiko hina-ʻulaʻula i waiho ʻia ma lalo. ʻOiai e noho ana ka wahine ma ka pūnana, e hoʻouluulu ana i nā keiki o ka wā e hiki mai ana, lawe mai ke kāne i kāna meaʻai a i nā ala āpau e pale ai iā ia mai ka makaʻu hiki ʻole.
Hoʻomoe nā Chicks ma kahi o 10-14 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hatching. Uhi ʻia lākou i ka hina hina-ʻeleʻele i lalo a, e like me ka nui o nā songbirds ʻōpio, ʻo ka lua o ko lākou nuku he ʻalani a ʻulaʻula hoʻi mai loko. He momona nā Chicks, akā ulu koke, i mea ma hope o 12 mau lā hiki iā lākou ke haʻalele i ka pūnana iā lākou iho, a ma hope o kekahi mau lā he 3-5 e hoʻomaka lākou e aʻo e lele. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaka nā keiki moa e ʻai i nā ʻanoʻano maka ʻole o nā ʻano cereal a me nā mea kanu lau nahele a kokoke koke lākou e kuapo mai ka meaʻai holoholona i nā mea kanu mea kanu.
I ka hopena o ke kauwela, hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā puʻu ʻōpio, me ko lākou mau mākua, i ka ʻohana hipa a hoʻomākaukau e lele i ke kūkulu hema, a i ka manawa like, molt loa nā manu makua, ke pani hou ʻia ka plumage e kahi mea hou. ʻO ka lua o ka molt o ka makahiki he hapa ia, a, e like me kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi, aia i Ianuali a i Pepeluali paha. Me ia, kū kahi hapa o nā hulu liʻiliʻi. Hiki i nā puʻu māla ke oʻo i ka moekolohe ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki, a i ka makahiki like ua ʻimi mua lākou i kahi hoa a kūkulu i kahi pūnana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka māla bunting i nā pūnana ma ka honua, pinepine ka hua i hoʻomoe ʻia e ka wahine o kēia manu, nā moa liʻiliʻi, a i kekahi manawa nā mākua, i lilo i poʻe pio. ʻO nā manu no ka māla ʻana i ka māla, ʻo nā ʻalā a me nā pueo ka mea weliweli loa: ʻo ka mua e alualu iā lākou i ke ao, a ʻo ka hope - i ka pō. Ma waena o nā mea hānai manu, ʻo nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o kēia mau manu he holoholona holoholona e like me nā ʻalopeke, nā wea a me nā ʻino.
Mea nui! Kū ka pūpū ma kahi kokoke i nā hale kanaka, no ka laʻana, ma nā wahi kaiāulu a i ʻole kokoke i dachas, lilo pinepine ʻia i pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio kūloko. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā manu kuʻi, nā ʻūlū a me nā jays, kahi e makemake ai e noho kokoke i nā hale o ke kanaka, hiki ke hoʻoweliweli iā lākou i nā ʻāina mahi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I ka honua, hōʻea ka huina helu o nā buntings māla i 22 miliona, a ua manaʻo kekahi mau mea hoʻomeamea i ka helu o kēia mau manu ma kahi o 95 miliona mau kānaka. ʻAʻole hiki ke helu i ka helu pono o ia mau manu liʻiliʻi me kahi ʻano ākea. Eia nō naʻe, hiki nō ke ʻōlelo aʻe ma ke ʻano he ʻano laha, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā pūpū māla, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ko lākou mālama ʻana i ke kūlana o ka honua: Nā kumu o ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi loa.
Mea nui! I loko nō o ka nui o ka māla ʻana i kahi māla a nui a holomua hoʻi, ma kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻEulopa, a ʻo ka mea mua loa, ma Palani, ʻike ʻia kēia mau manu he kākaʻikahi, inā ʻaʻole ʻane hoʻoweliweli.
ʻO kēia ke kumu o kaʻai wale ʻia ʻana o kēia mau manu i kēlā mau ʻāina kahi o ka māla oatmeal, a me ko lākou mau hoahānau kokoke loa, i lilo ai i mea laha ʻole. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole holoholona holoholona, akā ʻo ka poʻe i hoʻoholo e hiki i ka oatmeal ke lilo i ipu nani, no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi ʻenehana kūikawā no ka momona a hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kupapaʻu manu no ka palai ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i hoʻomohala ʻia ma Roma kahiko.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kēlā ipu he kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokū i nā gourmets, no laila ke kumu o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka oatmeal māla ma Palani, e laʻa me ka hapakolu i loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi wale nō. A ke hana nei kēia ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Ortolans", e like me ke kapa ʻia ʻana o kēia mau manu ma ʻEulopa, ua pāpā ʻia ʻia i ka makahiki 1999. ʻAʻole i ʻike maopopo ʻia i ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā kīhāpai i luku ʻia e ka poʻe mākaʻi holoholona, akā manaʻo nā ʻepekema aia ma kahi o 50,000 mau kānaka e make i kēia ala i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
A inā ʻo ka mea wale nō e pili ana i ka lehulehu o kēia mau manu ma Palani, ʻo ia ka hapalua o ka pilikia, akā ʻo ka hiʻu ʻana o ka māla, e pūnana nei i nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻo ka mea nui ma nā mokuʻāina ʻo Baltic a me Finelani, a me ka neʻe ʻana i ka hāʻule ma waena o Palani i ka hema. I ka makahiki 2007, ua hōʻoia nā hui pale holoholona i lawe ʻia e ka European Union i kahi kuhikuhi kūikawā e pili ana i ka pale o ka oatmeal mai kā lākou luku ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe.
Wahi a kēia kuhikuhi, ma nā ʻāina ʻo EU ua pāpā ʻia:
- Pepehi kanaka a hopu paha i ka oatmeal māla no ke kumu o ka momona hou a me ka luku ʻana.
- Hōʻino a hōʻino wale paha i kā lākou pūnana a i ʻole nā hua i ka pūnana.
- E hōʻiliʻili i nā hua o kēia mau manu no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumu.
- Hoʻoluhi hewa i nā pūpū, ʻoiai ke hana lākou i ka hatch egg a i ka hānai ʻana i nā moa, no ka mea hiki i kēia ke haʻalele i ka pūnana e nā mākua.
- Kūʻai mai, kūʻai aku a mālama aku i nā manu ola a make paha, a i ʻole nā holoholona i hoʻopihapiha ʻia a i ʻole nā ʻāpana kino i ʻike maʻalahi ʻia.
Eia hou, pono e hōʻike ka poʻe i kēia mau ʻāina i ka hana hewa i kēia mau kiko a lākou e ʻike ai i nā ʻoihana kūpono. ʻAʻole hiki ke kāhea ʻia ka oatmeal māla, akā nui ka huli ʻana iā ia ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa i ka helu o kēia mau manu. I kekahi mau panalāʻau Palani, ʻo kahi laʻana, ua aneane nalowale ia, a ʻo kekahi ua emi loa kona helu. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma Rūsia, hiki i nā puʻu māla ke ʻike, inā ʻaʻole holoʻokoʻa loa, a laila me ka palekana: ma hope o nā mea āpau, koe wale no nā mea ʻaihue kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i kēia mau manu ma aneʻi.
