ʻO Jackal kahi inoa laulima e hui pū i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau ʻano lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana canine (Canidae) a noho i ʻApelika a me ʻAsia, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hikina hoʻi o ʻEulopa.
Wehewehe Jackal
ʻO nā mammal prededatory mai ka ʻohana canine (canine) a me ka genus wolf (Latin Canis) i haʻi ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻOiai kēia, ke kū nei i nā holoholona o kahi wedge-shaped a ʻaʻole poʻo nui me ka muzzle ʻoi aku ka maʻamau i nā ʻano āpau.... ʻO ka lōʻihi awelika o ka iwi poʻo, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 17-19 knm. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻīlio, nui a ikaika hoʻi, lahilahi, akā hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻia no ka predation. Mālamalama nā iris o nā maka a ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. Kū aʻe nā pepeiao, hoʻonoho ākea, ʻūlū iki.
Helehelena
He awelika ka nui o nā ʻīlio hae no nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana canine (canine), a me ko lākou kino, like ka mammal me kahi ʻīlio ulu liʻiliʻi:
- Lio ʻīlio hae - like me nā ʻīlio ʻeleʻele i kākoʻo ʻia i ka helehelena, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui ʻoi aku ka pōkole a me ka ākea o ka waha. Holo nā kaula māmā ma nā ʻaoʻao, ka mea i hāʻawi maoli i ka inoa i ka holoholona. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino hinahina hina, a ʻeleʻele i ka waihoʻoluʻu me ka wēlau keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā niho o ka laha ka mea mana loa a hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia o nā ʻīlio jackal a pau. I ka ʻāpana anal a ma ka waha, aia nā ʻala ʻala kūikawā;
- ʻĪlio ʻīlio ʻeleʻele - ʻokoʻa i ke kala ʻulaʻula-hina me nā lauoho ʻeleʻele ma ke kua, kahi ʻano o ka "ʻeke noho ʻeleʻele", e hoʻonui ana i ka huelo. ʻO kēia saddlecloth kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka laha. Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā mākua he 75-81 cm, me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 30 knm a me ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā mea mae o 50 cm.ʻO ke kaulike awelika hiki i 12-13 kg;
- ʻĪlio hae - he holoholona liʻiliʻi, ʻano like me ka ʻīlio hae i hōʻemi ʻia. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino me ka ʻole o kahi huelo ma kahi o 75-80 cm, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi mākua ma nā poʻohiwi, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ka hapalua mika. ʻO ka nui o ke kaona o ka ʻīlio liona ʻokoʻa pinepine ʻia ma waena o 8-10 kg. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu laulā o ka hulu ke hina, me ke alo o kahi ʻulaʻula, melemele a i ʻole nā aka. Ma kahi o ke kua a ma nā ʻaoʻao, huli ke kala laulā i mau leo ʻeleʻele, a ma kahi o ka ʻōpū a me ka puʻu, lanakila ke kala melemele māmā;
- ʻĪlio ʻAikupika - he holoholona helehelena lōʻihi a wāwae lōʻihi, me ka helehelena i ʻoi aku a i ʻole ʻano maʻamau no ka ʻohana. ʻO kaʻula o ka hulu ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, me kahi kukui a keʻokeʻo maoli paha, ka umauma keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻaoʻao i loko o nā lālā. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kekahi mau kānaka e ke kū ʻana o nā kiko kukui ma nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino. ʻO kaʻaoʻao luna o ka huelo a me ka hope o nā pepeiao ʻeleʻele. ʻO ke kaulike kaulike o ke kāne makua he 15-16 kg, a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahine i ka 12-13 kg. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka holoholona i nā poʻohiwi ma waena o 60 cm.
Hoihoi ia! ʻOkoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka ʻīlio liona i ka hiʻona o ka wahi o ka noho, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hulu o ke kau wela a ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, a he ʻulaʻula hou aʻe kona.
Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻo Jackal i nā manawa ʻelua i kēlā me kēia makahiki: i ka puna a me ke kauwela, a hoʻololi ke kapa o nā kānaka olakino i loko o ʻelua mau pule paha.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka ʻīlio hae, ʻo ia kona nohona pō, a hāʻawi ʻia kahi wahi ʻimi holoholona nui i kēlā me kēia pālua holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ke ʻano o kēia mau holoholona i kēia manawa, ma muli o kā lākou hūnā a me ka hilinaʻi ʻole o nā kānaka.
Pili nā ʻīlio hae i ka mahele o nā holoholona kau ʻole e neʻe i nā kau kau. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā ʻelele o ka laha ke hele aku i kahi mamao loa mai kā lākou mau wahi noho mau i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai maʻalahi, a ʻike pinepine ʻia hoʻi ma nā wahi me ka nui o ka lilo ʻana o nā holoholona a i ʻole nā ungulate hihiu nui e ʻae iā lākou e hānai i ke kino.
ʻO nā ʻīlio hae ʻAitiopa he poʻe wānana i ke ao. ʻO ka poʻe Oromo, ka mea e noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAitiopa, ua kapa ʻia kēlā ʻano holoholona maalea he "ʻīlio lio", ma muli o ka maʻa o ka mammal predatory a me kona hiki ke hele pū me nā bipi hāpai a me nā holoholona i mea e ʻahaʻaina ai i nā wahi i hoʻolei ʻia ma hope pono o ka hānau ʻana Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, he teritore kēia monokame.
Hoihoi ia! Hilinaʻi nui nā ʻīlio ʻeleʻele i kākoʻo mau ʻia, maʻalahi lākou e launa pū me nā kānaka a maʻa koke i nā kānaka, no laila i kekahi manawa lilo lākou i mau holoholona ʻano maʻalahi.
ʻO nā holoholona ʻōpio, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, noho lākou ma ko lākou wahi i hānau ai, kahi i hui ʻia ai nā kānaka 2-8 i nā ʻohana hipa. Haʻalele nā wahine i ka palena o ko lākou hānau hānau ʻana, a hele pū ʻia me ka helu kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne ma kekahi mau wahi.
Ehia mau ʻīlio hae e noho nei
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe o nā ʻīlio hae keleawe, ʻaʻole ʻemi ma mua o ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki, a ʻo kahi ʻīlio ʻīlio maʻamau i kahi nohona kūlohelohe e noho paha ma kahi o ʻumikūmāhā mau makahiki. Noho kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻīlio hae i loko o ʻumi a ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO ke kino o ke kanaka makua e noʻonoʻo pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka dimorphism moekolohe i nā ʻīlio hae. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻīlio ʻīlio kāne i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahine makua o kēia ʻano.
Lāhui Jackal
ʻOiai ke ʻano kūwaho kūwaho i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe pili o nā ʻīlio hae i nā ʻano laha i kekahi me kekahi.
- ʻO ka ʻīlio hae (Canis adustus), i hōʻike ʻia e nā subspecies C.a. bweha, C.a. kikowaena, C.a. kaffensis lāua ʻo C.a. lateralis;
- Jackal-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), pani ʻia e nā subspecies C.m. mesomelas lāua ʻo C.m. schmidti;
- ʻO ka ʻīlio Asiatic a i ʻole maʻamau (Canis aureus), i hōʻike ʻia e nā subspecies C.a. ʻo maeoticus lāua ʻo C.a. aureus;
- ʻO ka ʻīlio ʻAikupika (Canis simensis) - no kēia manawa ka ʻano laha loa i ka ʻohana Canis.
Hoihoi ia! Mahalo i nā noiʻi genetical molekino i hala iho nei, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hōʻoia i ka iho ʻana o nā ʻīlio ʻīlio Aigupita a pau mai ka ʻīlio hae maʻamau.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hiki i nā ʻīlio ʻōniʻoniʻo keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele hoʻi, kokoke loa kekahi i kekahi, ua hiki ke kaʻawale mai nā ʻīlio hihiu a me nā ʻīlio hihiu Eurasia a me ʻApelika ma kahi o ʻeono a ʻehiku miliona paha makahiki i hala.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hoʻolahalaha nā ʻīlio hae ma nā wahi a puni ʻo ʻApelika Hema a me Central, kahi e makemake ai nā lunamaka o nā laha e noho i nā wahi ulu lāʻau a me nā sabana kokoke i kahi e noho ai nā kānaka. I loko o ia mau wahi, pili pinepine ka ʻīlio lipe i kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻamau ma mua o kāna mau huakaʻi. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻīlio ʻīlio ʻeleʻele i kākoʻo ʻia ma ʻApelika Hema, a ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ma ke kapakai hikina o ka ʻāina nui, mai ke Cape of Good Hope a hiki i Namibia.
Noho nā ʻīlio hae maʻamau i nā panalāʻau he nui. Ma loko o ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa, makemake ka holoholona e like me nā wahi i ulu nui ʻia me nā laʻalāʻau, nā moena ʻohe kokoke i nā kino wai, haʻalele ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopulapula me ka nui o nā auwai a me nā kope ʻohe. I nā kuahiwi, kū aʻe nā lunamaka o nā laha i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2,500 m, a ma nā kapuaʻi wāwae ʻaʻole i ʻike pinepine ʻia ka holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ke kino o ke kino i ka wahi noho no ka ʻīlio hihiu ma mua o kahi mea koi.
Hoihoi ia! Hiki i nā Jackal ke hoʻomanawanui maʻalahi i nā aupuni haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a emi iho i ka 35 ° C, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i kahi uhi hau hohonu loa, no laila, i nā hoʻoilo hau, neʻe wale ka mea ʻino ma nā ala i hehi ʻia e ka poʻe a holoholona nui paha.
Ua wāwahi ʻia ka laulā a me ka nohona o ka ʻīlio ʻAkupita i ʻehiku mau lāhui like ʻole, aia he ʻelima o lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka loli ʻo ʻAitiopa, a ʻo nā mea nui ʻelua ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, me ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o ʻAitiopa. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he loea ʻo Ecia mau ʻīlio hae. Noho wale kēlā mau holoholona i nā wahi treeless i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ʻekolu tausani mau mika a ʻoi iki ke kiʻekiʻe, e noho ana i nā wahi o nā kula alpine.
ʻAiʻai Jackal
Hōʻike ʻia ka papaʻai maʻamau o ka ʻīlio nalu i nā hua a me nā mea ʻūmū liʻiliʻi, me nā ʻiole, a me kekahi mau mea kolo. ʻO ka pāʻani nui loa a hiki i ka ʻīlio hae ke hopu i ka hare. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka ʻīlio hae keʻokeʻo ka loaʻa ʻole o ka nui o ke kino i ka papaʻai - makemake ka holoholona i nā kolo a me nā mea ola.
ʻO ka ʻīlio hae he holoholona kokoke ia i ka makemake e hānai nui i ka wā pō.... He mea nui ʻo Carrion i ka papaʻai o kēia holoholona. Makemake nui nā mākua e hopu i nā manu liʻiliʻi a me nā holoholona, hānai i nā moʻo, nā moʻo a me nā rana, nā nūnū, ʻai i nā mea kolo he nui, e like me nā ʻūhū a me nā ʻūlū like ʻole. Nānā nā ʻīlio hae i nā iʻa make ma kahi o nā kino wai, a i ka hoʻoilo ʻoi loa lākou e ʻimi ai i ka moa. ʻAi ʻia ʻo Carrion e nā ʻīlio hae a me nā ʻāpala.
Hele maʻamau ʻo Jackal i ka hopu holoholona wale a i ʻole i nā pālua. I kēia hihia, kipaku kekahi holoholona i ka mea pio, a make ka lua iā ia. Mahalo i ka lele kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka māmela ke hopu i nā manu i hala i ka lewa. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻeha nā pheasants a me nā warblers i nā hōʻeha a nā ʻīlio hae. ʻAi ikaika nā mākua i kahi nui o nā hua a me nā hua, a noho kokoke i kahi e noho ai ke kanaka, loaʻa ka manawa i ka holoholona e hānai i nā ʻōpala i nā puʻu ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala me nā ʻōpala o ka hale.
Hoihoi ia! Nui ka walaʻau a me ka leo o nā ʻīlio hae, a ma mua o ka hele ʻana e alualu, hoʻopuka kēlā holoholona i kahi ʻano uē nui, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka uē kiʻekiʻe a ʻuē hoʻi, i hāpai koke ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe āpau e kokoke ana.
Ma kahi o 95% o ka nui o ka papaʻai o ka ʻīlio ʻAkupia e pani ʻia ai e nā rodents. ʻImi ʻiʻo nā Predators o kēia ʻano i nā lele makapō makapō ʻApelika a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana Bathyergidae, nui ka nui. ʻAʻole i emi iki nāʻiole a me nā ʻano ʻiole like ʻole ka waiwai pio o ka ʻīlio ʻAikupita. I kekahi manawa hopu ka hānai mammal i nā hares a me nā keiki. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea pio ma nā wahi ākea, a ʻo nā hihia o ka mea ʻimi holoholona i nā holoholona he mea nui loa kēia manawa.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Pili pono ka wā hānau o nā ʻīlio lehi i kā ka palapala honua o ka hāʻawi ʻana, a ʻo ka wā hānau he 57-70 mau lā ka awelika, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana he ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mau ʻīlio i ke kau ua. Hana nā ʻīlio hae i kā lākou lua i nā puʻu termite a hoʻohana paha i nā lua aardvark kahiko no kēia kumu. I kekahi manawa ʻeli ka ʻīlio wahine i kāna iho.
I nā lā mua ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki, nā ke kāne ponoʻī e hoʻolako i ka wahine hānai me ka meaʻai. ʻO ka manawa o ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua pule, a ma hope e hele pū ka wahine i ka hopu holoholona me ke kāne a hānai pū lāua i kā lāua mau keiki ulu. ʻO nā ʻīlio lōkahi nā holoholona monogamous e noho pālua ana.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pālua o nā ʻīlio hae ma kahi hoʻokahi a no ke ola a pau, a hana nui nā kāne i nā hana o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka lua a hāpai i kā lākou pua. Hana ʻia ka wela o ka wahine mai ke anahulu i hala o Ianuali a Pepeluali a Malaki paha. I ka wā o ka rut, uē nui nā ʻīlio hae a me ka hysterically. He 60-63 mau lā ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana, a hānau ʻia nā ʻīlio i ka hopena o Malaki a i ʻole ma mua o ke kauwela. ʻO nā ʻīlio wahine i loko o kahi lua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi wahi hiki ʻole ke hele ʻia.
Hānai ʻia nā ʻōpō me ka waiū a hiki i ka ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau makahiki o kona mau makahiki, akā ma kahi o ʻekolu mau pule o ka makahiki, hoʻomaka ka wahine e hānai i kāna keiki, regurgitating i nā meaʻai i ale ʻia. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, kūʻokoʻa nā ʻōpio, no laila hele lākou i ka hopu holoholona a i ʻole i nā hui liʻiliʻi... Ua oʻo kolohe nā wahine i ka makahiki, a ʻo nā kāne i loko o ʻelua mau makahiki.
Hoihoi ia! Ua hiki i ka ʻīlio haipule ke oʻo i ka makahiki ʻeono a ʻewalu paha mahina, akā haʻalele nā ʻōpio i ka ʻohana i hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō.
ʻO ka male ʻana i nā ʻelele o ka lāliʻi līlio ʻAkupia e kū nei i kahi ʻano kau, i ʻAukake-Kepakemapa, a hānau ʻia nā keiki i loko o ʻelua mau mahina. I kahi litter, ma ke ʻano he rula, aia he 2-6 mau ʻīlio pēpē e hānai ʻia e nā lālā āpau o ka ʻeke.
I loko o ka ʻūlū, hānau wale nā pāpālua alpha, i hōʻike ʻia e ke alakaʻi me kāna wahine wahine makua. Hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpio me nā lālā o ka ʻūlū mai ka makahiki ʻeono wale nō, a lilo nā holoholona i makua piha i ka makahiki ʻelua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻāpana liona, he nui kona mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe. No kahi holoholona hihiu liʻiliʻi a palupalu hoʻi, ʻaneʻane hiki i nā predators o ka medium a me ka nui nui ke hoʻoweliweli. ʻO kahi laʻana, kahi hālāwai me nā ʻīlio hae, kahi e kuʻe ai ko lākou wahi noho me kahi noho o nā ʻīlio hae, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke kaʻa no ka hope. Ma nā wahi kokoke i nā ʻīlio, e nahu ʻia nā ʻīlio ʻāpā e nā ʻīlio pā hale maʻamau.
Hāʻawi ka ʻimi no kēia māmala i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka heluna jackal back-black. ʻO ka hulu o kēia ʻano palupalu a mānoanoa, no laila, ma ʻApelika Hema, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻili (psovina) o nā ʻīlio ʻeleʻele i hana ʻia e hana i nā kapa huluhulu (kaross i kapa ʻia). ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka iwi, i loaʻa i kekahi manawa ma ka iwi poʻo o nā ʻīlio hihiu maʻamau a hāpai i nā lauoho loloa, i manaʻo ʻia ma ka hapa nui o India ʻo ia ka talisman ʻoi loa, i kapa ʻia ʻo "jackal sung".
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO nā heluna ʻehiku o ka ʻīlio ʻAkupia, hoʻokahi wale nō, e noho ana ma nā mauna ʻo Bale, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau kānaka, a ʻo ka nui o kēia ʻano i kahi o ʻeono haneli mau holoholona makua. ʻO nā mea mana nui e hoʻoweliweli nei i ka noho ʻana o kahi ʻano loli loa o ka pae. ʻAʻohe mea nui iki i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka heluna o nā ʻīlio ʻAitiopa, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻane make, a ʻo nā ʻano maʻi nō hoʻi a pau i lilo i nā ʻīlio maʻi nā maʻi.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻololi ʻia ka predator e noho wale i nā kula alpine me kahi anuanu maikaʻi, a ke emi nei ka wahi o ia mau panalāʻau i lalo o ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻomehana honua.
Mai kēlā manawa i kēia manawa, ʻimi ʻia nā ʻīlio liona ʻAitiopa e nā lāhui o nā lāhui, ʻoiai nā waiwai hoʻōla kupaianaha i hāʻawi ʻia i ke akepaʻa o kēia mammal predatory. Ke helu ʻia nei ka ʻīlio liona ʻAitiopa ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka Red Book ma ke ʻano he lāhui ʻaneʻane pau. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hāʻawi kūleʻa ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae e ka hana neʻekau kiʻekiʻe o ka holoholona, a me kona hiki ke hoʻohana ʻeleu i nā ʻano anthropogenic ʻāina.
Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi manawa i hala aku nei, kākaʻikahi loa kekahi mau lālā o nā ʻīlio liona.... ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Serbia a me Albania, a mai ka 1962 a ma ka ʻāina ʻo Bulgaria, pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻīlio hae. I kēia lā, ua hoʻokau kūpono ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ia ʻano mammal i ke kūlana "Ma waho o ka weliweli", ʻo ia ka mea ma muli o ka maʻalahi a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka holoholona i nā ʻano nohona like ʻole.
