ʻO kekahi o nā moʻo nui weliweli a weliweli hoʻi i ka wahi ma hope o Soviet ka gyurza. ʻAʻole makaʻu ʻo ia i kahi kanaka a ʻaʻole ia e noʻonoʻo he mea pono e hoʻoweliweli iā ia, e hoʻouka ʻana me ka hōʻeha a hoʻokau i ka nahu me nā hopena koʻikoʻi, i kekahi manawa make.
Ka wehewehe o ka gyurza
ʻO Levantine viper ka inoa waena o ka mea kolo... ʻO ia, no loko mai ia o kahi ʻano o nā ʻāpala nunui, kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻohana viper. Ma Turkmenistan ʻike ʻia ia he nahesa lio (at-ilan), ma Uzbekistan - ma ke ʻano he nahesa ʻōmaʻomaʻo (kok-ilan), a ʻo ka inoa "gyurza", kamaʻāina i ka pepeiao Lūkia, hoʻi i ka gurz Persian, ʻo ia hoʻi "mace". Hoʻohana nā Herpetologists i ka huaʻōlelo Latina Macrovipera lebetina.
Helehelena
He nahesa nui ia me ke poʻo ʻano ihe a me ka puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu, ʻaʻole ulu iki aʻe ma mua o 1.75 m. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kāne a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahine: hōʻike ka mea hope i ka awelika o ka lōʻihi ma 1,3 m, ʻo ka mea ma mua he 1.6 m. ʻike ʻia e nā unahi liʻiliʻi supraorbital. Ua pena ʻia ke poʻo o ka gyurza monochrome (me ka ʻole o kahi kumu) a uhi ʻia me nā unahi iwi. Hoʻololi ka waihoʻoluʻu Reptile i ka nohona, ʻae iā ia e hui me ka ʻāina a lilo i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka pio / ʻenemi.
ʻO ke kino ʻeleʻele pōkole ʻia i kala pinepine ʻia i ʻulaʻula a i ʻole hina hina, waiho ʻia me nā kiko ʻeleʻele e holo ana ma ke kua. ʻIke ʻia nā kiko liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka lalo o ke kino a kiko pū me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. Ma ke ʻano laulā, hoʻoholo ʻia ka "suit" o ka gyurza e kona ʻano a kuhikuhi i ka wahi ʻāina. Ma waena o nā lawaiʻa ʻo Levantine, ʻaʻole hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea āpau, aia pū kekahi me nā mea monochromatic, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, pinepine me ka lilina poni.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Ala aʻe nā nahesa i ka puna (Malaki - ʻApelila), ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa wale ka ea i +10 ° C. Kū mua nā kāne, a kolo i waho nā wahine ma hope o hoʻokahi pule. ʻAʻole hele aku ʻo Gyurzas i nā kahua huli holoholona maʻamau i ka manawa koke, e kū ana i ka lā no kekahi manawa ʻaʻole mamao aku mai nā "keʻena" hoʻoilo. I Mei, haʻalele mau nā ʻāpala ʻo Levantine i nā kuahiwi, e iho ana i nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa. Ma aneʻi kolo nā nahesa ma luna o nā kahua huli holoholona pilikino.
ʻIke ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kolo i nā oasis, kokoke i nā kahawai a me nā wai puna - inu nui ʻo gyurza i ka wai a makemake e ʻauʻau, e hopu pū ana i nā gape o nā manu Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wela (a hiki i ka hopena o ʻAukake), hoʻololi nā nahesa i ke ʻano pō a e ʻimi i ka wā ahiahi, a ʻo ke kakahiaka a me ka hapa mua o ka pō. ʻO ka hihiʻo maikaʻi a me kahi ʻano ʻala e kōkua i ke alualu i ka mea pio i ka pouli. Hūnā lākou mai ka wela o ke awakea ma waena o nā pōhaku, i ka mauʻu kiʻekiʻe, i nā kumulāʻau a i nā gorges anuanu. I ka puna a me ke kauwela, hana ʻo gyurza i nā hola o ke ao.
Mea nui! Ma ke anuanu, hoʻi ʻo Levant vipers i ko lākou mau hale hoʻoilo, e hiamoe pākahi ana a i ʻole hui pū ʻia (a i 12 mau kānaka). No ka hoʻoilo e noho lākou i nā lua i haʻalele ʻia, i nā ana a me nā puʻu o nā pōhaku. Hoʻomaka ka hibernation ma kekahi wahi o Nowemapa a pau i Malaki - ʻApelila.
He helehelena hoʻopunipuni ʻo Gyurza (mānoanoa, me he mea lā kua ʻia i ke kino), no ia mea ua manaʻo ʻia ka nahesa he lohi a palupalu hoʻi. Ua hoʻokuʻu kēia manaʻo wahaheʻe i nā amateur ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa, a ʻo nā mea hopu holoholona nahesa ʻaʻole i makaʻu i ka hoʻolei o kahi gyurza.
ʻIke ʻo Herpetologists he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea kolo i ka piʻi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau, lele a neʻe wikiwiki i ka honua, ke kolo koke nei mai kahi weliweli. Keʻike nei i kahi hoʻoweliweli, ʻaʻole pinepine ka gyurza iā ia i mua, akā pinepine pinepine i ka hoʻouka koke ʻana, e hoʻolei ana i ka like i ka lōʻihi o kona kino ponoʻī. ʻAʻole hiki i kēlā me kēia mea hopu ke hoʻopaʻa i kahi gyurza nui ma kona lima, me ka hoʻokuʻu nui ʻole i kona poʻo. I ka hoʻāʻo e pakele, ʻaʻole mālama ka nahesa i kona ā lalo, e nahu ana ma ona lā e hōʻeha i ke kanaka.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola o gyurza
I ka nahele hihiu, noho nā mooniho ʻo Levantine ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki, akā ʻelua mau manawa ke lōʻihi, a hiki i 20 mau makahiki - i nā ʻano hana... Akā ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka gyurza, hoʻokahe ʻo ia i kona ʻili ʻekolu mau manawa i ka makahiki - ma hope a ma mua o ka hibernation, a ma ke kau waena o ke kauwela (he koho kēia molt). Ua hoʻokahe nā mea kolo hou i ko lākou ʻili i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a ʻo nā mea kolo ʻōpio a 8 mau manawa i ka makahiki.
Hoʻopilikia nā mea like ʻole i ka loli o ka manawa o ka molt:
- ka nele i ka meaʻai, ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka pau ʻana o ka nahesa;
- maʻi a me ka ʻeha;
- ka hōʻoluʻolu o waho o ka wā, kahi e kaomi i ka hana o ka gyurza;
- lawa ʻole o ka hou.
ʻO ke kūlana hope loa paha ka mea nui loa no ka molt holomua. No kēia kumu, i ke kauwela / kauwela, hoʻokahe pinepine nā mea kolo i nā hola o ke kakahiaka, a hemo hoʻi i ko lākou ʻili ma hope o ka ua.
Hoihoi ia! Inā ʻaʻohe ua no ka manawa lōʻihi, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka gyurza i ka hau, moe i ka lepo a pulu paha i ka wai, a laila palupalu nā unahi a kaʻawale ka maʻalahi mai ke kino.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono ʻoe e hoʻoikaika: e kolo ikaika nā nahesa ma ka mauʻu, e hoʻāʻo ana e paheʻe i waena o nā pōhaku. I ka lā mua ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, noho ka gyurza i ka puʻuhonua a i ʻole moe ʻoniʻoni aʻe e pili ana i kāna kolo.
ʻAwahia Gyurza
He like loa ia i ka hoʻohui / hana i ka liko o ka viper kaulana a Russell, ke kumu o ka coagulation koko (DIC) i hele pū ʻole ʻia me ka edema hemorrhagic nui. ʻAʻole makaʻu ʻo Gyurza me kāna onaona ikaika, ʻokoʻa ka hapa nui o nā nahesa i ka poʻe a noho mau i kahi, ʻaʻole e kolo ana i loko o ka uhi. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e wikiwiki e pakele, akā ma ke ʻano he kūmau a kakali no ka hoʻomōhala ʻana i nā hanana. ʻO ka mea huakaʻi i ʻike ʻole a hoʻopā ʻole i ka nahesa i ka pilikia o ka ʻeha ʻana mai ka hoʻolei wikiwiki ʻana a nahu.
E like me ka wikiwiki a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻole, nahu nā ʻāpala Levantine i nā kiaʻi kiaʻi a me nā holoholona i ka hānai ʻana. Ma hope o ka nahu ʻia ʻana e kahi gyurza, ʻaʻole ola nā holoholona. Ka hopena o ka lāʻau make i ke olakino o ke kanaka nahu ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole - ma ka mahele lāʻau o ka lāʻau make i injected i loko o ka ʻeha, ma ka localization o ka nahu, ma ka hohonu o ke komo ʻana o nā niho, akā me ke ola kino / noʻonoʻo o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
ʻO ke kiʻi o ka ʻona ke ʻano o ka onaona o nā moʻo moonihoawa a komo pū me nā ʻōuli aʻe (ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻelua i nā hihia maʻalahi):
- maʻi ʻehaʻeha loa;
- ʻōhū nui loa ma ka wahi nahu;
- nāwaliwali a me ka luʻuluʻu;
- nausea a me ka hanu o ka hanu;
- edema hemorrhagic nui loa;
- kāpili koko pio ʻole;
- poino i nā ʻōpū o loko;
- nāʻiʻo nekrosis ma ke kahua o ka nahu.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka lāʻau make o ka gyurza i ka hoʻohui ʻana o kekahi mau lāʻau. Hana ʻia ʻo Viprosal (kahi lapaʻau kaulana no ka rumatika / radikulitis) mai ka lāʻau make o ka gyurza, a me ka lāʻau heetoatic lebetox. ʻO ka lua ka mea i koi nui ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka hemophilia a me ka hana ʻoki ʻana no nā hana ma nā tonsil. Kū ke kahe ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Lebetox ma loko o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa minuke.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka helu make mai nā nahu o ka Transcaucasian gyurz kokoke i 10-15% (me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana). Ma ke ʻano he antidote, hoʻolauna lākou i ka serum anti-snake polyvalent a i ʻole lawe ʻia mai ka antigyurza serum (ʻaʻole hana ʻia i Lūkia). Pāpā loa ʻia ka lāʻau ponoʻī.
Nā ʻano o ka gyurza
Ua loli ka taxonomy reptile i nā loli nui, e hoʻomaka ana me ke kuhiakau e lilo ana ka pae ākea āpau e kahi ʻano hoʻokahi o nā moonihoawa nunui. I nā kenekulia XIX-XX. Ua hoʻoholo nā biologists ʻaʻole hoʻokahi, akā ʻehā mau ʻano pilina - V. mauritanica, V. schweizeri, V. deserti a me V. lebetina - noho ma ka Honua. Ma hope o kēia mahele, ʻo Vipera lebetina wale nō i kapa ʻia ʻo gyurza. Hoʻohui ʻia, hānai nā luna ʻauhau i nā nahesa mai ka genus o nā vipers maʻalahi (Vipera), a ua lilo ka gyurza iā Macrovipera.
Hoihoi ia! I ka makahiki 2001, ma muli o nā anamanaʻo molekola, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻelua mau ʻano ʻĀkau ʻApelika o ghurz (M. deserti a me M. mauritanica) i ka genus Daboia, a i ʻole nā kaulahao kaulahao (D. siamensis a me D. russeli) a me nā vipers Palestinian (D. palestinae).
A hiki i kēia manawa, ua ʻike nā herpetologists he 5 mau ʻāpana o ka gyurza, 3 o ia mau mea i loaʻa ma Caucasus / Central Asia (ma ka panalāʻau o ka Soviet Union mua). I Lūkia, ola ka Transcaucasian gyurza, me nā pale o ka ʻōpū he nui a me ka loaʻa ʻole (kahi liʻiliʻi) o nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻōpū.
I kēia manawa he mea maʻamau ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā ʻohana he 6, e nīnau ʻia nei kekahi o lākou:
- Macrovipera lebetina lebetina - noho ma ka mokupuni. Kupelo;
- Macrovipera lebetina turanica (Central Asian gyurza) - noho ma ka hema o Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Western Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan a me Northwest India;
- Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Transcaucasian gyurza) - noho ma Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran a me Syria;
- Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea;
- Macrovipera lebetina cernovi;
- Macrovipera lebetina peilei he subspecies ʻike ʻole ʻia.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
He pae nui loa ʻo Gyurza - noho ʻo ia i nā panalāʻau ākea ma ʻAkau Hema-ʻApelika, ʻĀkia (Waena, Hema a me Komohana), ka ʻAlapia ʻAlapia, Suria, ʻIraka, ʻIrani, Tureke, Komohana Komohana, ʻApekikana, ʻAkau Komohana ʻĀkau a me nā mokupuni o ke Kai Kai.
ʻIke pū ʻia ʻo Gyurza ma ka wahi ma hope o Soviet - ma Central Asia a me Transcaucasia, e pili pū ana me ka Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan). Noho ka poʻe noho kaʻawale o Gyurza i Dagestan... Ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana, ua koe he mau nahesa ma ka hema o Kazakhstan.
Mea nui! Makemake ʻo Gyurza i nā biotopes o nā wao akua, nā wao akua a me nā ʻanuʻu mauna, kahi e nui ai ka waihona meaʻai i ke ʻano o nā voles, nā mea ʻai a me nā pikas. Hiki iā ia ke piʻi i nā mauna a hiki i 2.5 km (Pamir) a i 2 km ma luna o ka ʻilikai (Turkmenistan a me Armenia).
Hoʻopili ka nahesa i nā kapuaʻi maloʻo a me nā pali me nā kumu lāʻau, koho i nā ulu lāʻau pistachio, nā kapa o nā ʻauwai, nā pali a me nā awāwa, nā kahawai me nā kahawai a me nā kahawai. Ke kolo pinepine nei i ke kaona kūlanakauhale, ʻume ʻia e ka honi o nāʻiole a me ke alo o nā hale.
ʻO kaʻai Gyurza
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano kikoʻī o ka mea ola i ka papaʻai e hoʻohuli ʻia e ka wahi o ka gyurza - i kekahi mau wahi e hilinaʻi ia i nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi, a ʻo kekahi makemake i nā manu. Hōʻike ʻia kahi mea makemake no ka mea hope, e laʻa, e nā Gyurze o Central Asia, ka mea nānā ʻole i kekahi manu e like me ka nui o ka manu nūnū.
ʻO ka papaʻai maʻamau o gyurza kahi o nā holoholona aʻe:
- gerbils a me nā voles;
- nāʻiole hale a me nāʻiole;
- nā hamsters a me nā jerboas;
- nā hares ʻōpio;
- hedgehogs a me nā porcupine cubs;
- manu kuhukukū liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻalalā;
- nā melemele, nā phalanges a me nā moʻo.
Ma ke ala, hoʻouka kaua ʻia nā mea kolo e nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a me nā pōloli pōpō, ka mea i loaʻa ʻole nā mea hoʻonanea a me nā calorie kiʻekiʻe. Nānā ka nahesa i nā manu i lele i ka lua wai, e peʻe ana i nā ulu lāʻau a i ʻole ma waena o nā pōhaku. Ke lilo ka makaʻala o ka manu, hopu ʻo ka gyurza iā ia me kona mau niho ʻoi, akā ʻaʻole loa e alualu iā ia inā e pakele ka wahine maikaʻi ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole lōʻihi ka lele - ma lalo o ka mana o ka lāʻau make, hāʻule make ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO kahi nahesa i ale i kāna mea pio e loaʻa i ke aka a i kahi malu kūpono, e waiho ana i kahi ʻāpana o ke kino me ke kupapaʻu i loko o lalo o ka lā. ʻAʻole neʻe kahi gyurza piha i nā lā he 3-4, e ʻeli ana i nā mea o ka ʻōpū.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia e kōkua ʻo gyurza e mālama i nā mea kanu i nā māla, e hoʻopau ana i nā hui o nā mea kanu mahiʻai mahiʻai, nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ka hoʻomaka o ke kau moʻo o gyurza kaukaʻi ʻia i ka laulā o nā subspecies, ke aniau a me ke anilā: no ka laʻana, nā moʻo e noho kiʻekiʻe ana i nā kuahiwi e hoʻomaka i ke alo ʻana ma hope. Inā lōʻihi a anuanu ka puna, ʻaʻole wikiwiki nā moʻo e haʻalele i nā wahi hoʻoilo, kahi e hoʻololi ai i ka manawa o ka hāpai ʻana o nā keiki. ʻO ka hapanui o nā lunamaka o ka moʻo wahine ma ʻApelila-Mei ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka moekolohe ka mea i mua ʻia e nā pāʻani aloha, ke hui pū nā hoa me kekahi me kekahi, e kīloi ana ma kahi o ka hapahā o ko lākou lōʻihi.
ʻAʻole nā ovipine levantine āpau he oviparous - i ka hapa nui o kā lākou pae he ovoviviparous lākou. Hoʻomaka ʻo Gyurza e waiho hua i Iulai - ʻAukake, e waiho ana i 6-63 mau hua, e pili ana i ka nui o ka wahine. Kaupaona ka hua manu i 10-20 g me ke anawaena o 20-54 mm. ʻIke ʻia nā paʻa liʻiliʻi (6-8 mau hua i kēlā me kēia) ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka pae, kahi e loaʻa ai nā gyurzy liʻiliʻi loa.
ʻO nā lua i haʻalele ʻia a me nā hakahaka pōhaku i lilo i mea hoʻouluulu, kahi e hua ai nā hua (ma muli o ka wela o ka ea) no 40-50 mau lā. ʻO kahi palena nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā embryos he māū, ʻoiai hiki i nā hua manu ke loaʻa i ka wai, e hoʻonui nei i ka nui. Akā ʻeha wale ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe - hana nā punahelu i ka pūpū, a make ka embryo... Hoʻomoʻa nui ʻia mai nā hua manu i ka hopena o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa. ʻAʻole hiki ke hānau ma gyurz ma mua o 3-4 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka moʻo ka ʻenemi weliweli loa o ka gyurza, ʻoiai ka pale ʻole ia i kāna lāʻau ʻawaʻawa nui. Akā ʻimi pū ʻia nā mea kolo e nā mea hānai o nā mea momona, ʻaʻole i kū iki ʻia e ka manawa kūpono e nahu ʻia ai - nā pōpoki ulu, nā ʻīlio hae, nā ʻīlio hae a me nā ʻalopeke. Hoʻouka ʻia ʻo Gyurza mai ka lewa - ʻike ʻia nā buzzards steppe a me nā mea ʻai nahesa i kēia. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea kolo, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōpio, hoʻopau pinepine ma ka papa o nā moʻo ʻē aʻe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Hōʻike nā hui mālama honua āpau i ka hopohopo ʻole e pili ana i nā ʻāpala ʻo Levant, e noʻonoʻo ana he nui ka heluna o ko lākou honua.
Hoihoi ia! Kākoʻo ʻia ka hopena e nā helu: ma kahi ʻano maʻamau o gurz aia a hiki i ka 4 nahesa ma ka 1 hectare, a kokoke i nā waihona kūlohelohe (i ʻAukake-Kepakemapa) a 20 mau kānaka e hōʻiliʻili i kēlā me kēia heketa.
Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau wahi (me nā wahi Lūkia o ka pae), ua emi iho ka nui o nā holoholona o Gyurza ma muli o ka hana hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hopu pio ʻole ʻia o nā mea kolo. Hoʻomaka e nalo nui nā moʻo mai kā lākou wahi noho, e pili ana i ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia ka lāhui Macrovipera lebetina i loko o ka Red Book of Kazakhstan (II mahele) a me Dagestan (II waeʻano), a ʻo ia pū kekahi i loko o ka puke hou o ka Red Book o ka Russian Federation (mahele III).
