ʻO nā ʻupena ʻupena - ʻo kēia ka inoa o nā manō silika e nā lawaiʻa e lawaiʻa ana ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka Moana Pākīpika. ʻImi ʻino nā Predators i ke ʻano tuna a maʻalahi lākou e hou i nā mea lawaiʻa.
Hōʻike o ka manō silika
ʻO ka lāhui, ʻo Florida, silky a me ka manō waha ākea, i hōʻike ʻia i ka honua e nā biologist Kelemania ʻo Jacob Henle lāua ʻo Johann Müller i ka makahiki 1839. Ua hāʻawi lākou i ka laha i ka inoa Lākina ʻo Carcharias falciformis, kahi falciformis ʻo ia hoʻi ka pahi, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā fector pectoral a me dorsal.
Loaʻa ka iʻa epithet "silika" ma muli o kona ʻoluʻolu kupaianaha (e kūʻē i ke kua o nā mano ʻē aʻe), nona ka ʻili e hana ʻia e nā unahi placoid liʻiliʻi. Liʻiliʻi loa lākou me he mea lā ʻaʻole lākou āpau, keu hoʻi i ka nānā ʻana i kahi manō e ʻauʻau ana i ka lā, ke ʻalohi kona kino me nā aka hina hina.
ʻIke, nā ana
He kino wīwī ko ka manō silky me kahi ihu poepoe elongated me kahi ʻili ʻike iki ʻole ʻia i mua.... Hoʻopili ʻia nā maka poepoe a me nā kaulike me nā membrane ʻimoʻimo. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ka manō silika i 2.5 m, a ulu wale nā mea laha ʻole a 3.5 m a kaupaona ma kahi o 0.35 mau tona. Kaha ʻia nā kaha pōkole papakū ma nā kihi o ka waha ʻano pahi. ʻO nā niho kiʻekiʻe o ka iwi ā luna e kahi ʻano triangular a me kahi hoʻonohonoho kūikawā: i waenakonu o ka iwi, ulu pololei lākou, akā pili i nā kihi. ʻOluʻolu, hāiki a pololei hoʻi nā niho o ka iwi ā lalo.
ʻO ka manō silika he ʻelima mau pai o nā aniani gill o ka lōʻihi awelika a me kahi fin caudal kiʻekiʻe loa me kahi pahi haʻahaʻa i haʻi ʻia. ʻO ka hope o ka ʻāpana luna ma lalo iki o ka hopena o ka fin dorsal mua. ʻO nā wīwī āpau o ka manō sickle (koe wale no ka dorsal mua) ʻeleʻele iki ma nā wēlau, i ʻike nui ʻia i nā holoholona ʻōpio. Ua uhi paʻa ʻia ka ʻili o ka ʻili me nā unahi placoid, a kēlā me kēia mea e hana hou i ke ʻano o ka rhombus a hāʻawi ʻia me ka pali me kahi niho ma ka wēlau.
Pena ʻia ka kua i ka hina hina a i ʻole nā kani brown brown, keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana māmā ma nā ʻaoʻao. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o kahi manō, nalowale koke kona kino i kāna silidescent a mae a hina a hina.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Aloha nā manō silika i ke kai ākea... ʻEleu lākou, hoihoi a huhū hoʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kū i ka hoʻokūkū me kekahi mea ʻino ʻē aʻe e noho kokoke mai ana - kahi manō lōʻihi lōʻihi lohi a lohi hoʻi. Hōʻuluʻulu mau ka Silky shark i mau hipa, hana ʻia e ka nui a i ʻole i ke kāne (e like me ka Moana Pākīpika). Kūkulu nā manō i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka hemo intraspecific, e wehe ana i ko lākou waha, e huli ʻaoʻao ana kekahi i kekahi a e puka ana hoʻi i kā lākou mauʻauʻau.
Mea nui! Ke kū mai kahi mea nani, ʻaʻole hōʻike ka manō pahi i kona hoihoi maoli, akā e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻopuni ʻana iā ia a huli ke poʻo i kekahi manawa. Makemake pū nā manō silika e mākaʻikaʻi kokoke i nā buoys a me nā lāʻau.
ʻIke nā ʻIchthyologists i kahi ʻano ʻē ma hope o nā manō (ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke wehewehe) - holo wikiwiki lākou mai ka hohonu a hiki i ka papa, a i ke kiʻi ʻana i kā lākou pahuhopu, huli lākou a holo i kahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. Mālama ʻoluʻolu nā manō Silk e hui pū me nā hammerheads keleawe, e hoʻokomo i kā lākou mau kula, a hoʻonohonoho i kekahi manawa i nā heihei no nā mea hānai kai. ʻIke ʻia, ma kahi laʻana, hoʻokahi mano manamana keʻokeʻo, 25 mau manō sickle a me 25 mau manō hina ʻeleʻele i alualu i kahi kula nui o nā dolphins bottlenose ma ke Kaiʻula.
ʻO ka nui o ka manō silika a me kona mau niho ʻoiʻoi (me ka ikaika nahu o 890 Newtons) he mea weliweli maoli i nā kānaka, a ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā mea like ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nui nā hihia like, i wehewehe ʻia e nā kipa kakaʻikahi a ka manō i ka hohonu pāpaʻu. Noho mālie ka iʻa pailaka a me ka quark me ka manō silky. Makemake ka mea mua e heʻe ma nā nalu i hana ʻia e ka manō, ʻoiai e kiʻi ka mea hope i nā koena o kāna pāʻina, a hamo hoʻi i ka ʻili o ka manō, e hemo nei i nā parasites.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi manō silika?
ʻIke nā ʻIchthyologists i ke ʻano pōʻaiapuni o nā manō silika e noho ana i nā aniau a me nā anuanu wela ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā manō e noho ana i nā wai mehana e ulu wikiwiki a komo i ka wā ʻōpio. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka awelika o ke ola o nā laha (me ka nānā ʻole i kahi o nā holoholona) 22-23 mau makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻIke ʻia ka manō silika ma nā wahi āpau e mahana ai nā wai o ka Honua Honua ma luna o +23 ° C. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā mea ʻano o ka pōʻaiapuni, ʻike ka poʻe ichthyologists i 4 mau kaʻawale ka nui o nā manō maʻi maʻi e noho ana i loko o nā ipu kai, e like me:
- ka ʻaoʻao komohana ʻākau o ka Moana ʻAkelanika;
- ʻo ka Pākīpika hikina;
- Ke Kai ʻInikia (mai Mozambique a i Western Australia);
- nā kikowaena waena a komohana o ka Moana Pākīpika.
Makemake ka manō silika e noho i ke kai ākea, a ʻike ʻia ma kahi kokoke o ka ʻili a i nā papa hohonu a hiki i 200-500 m (i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku). Ua ʻike ka poʻe loea i ʻike i ka manō ma ka ʻākau o ke awāwa ʻo Mexico a ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka Moana Pākīpika i ʻike ai ua ʻau ka liona o ka manawa (99%) o nā mea ʻaihue i ka hohonu o 50 m.
Mea nui! Noho mau nā manō maʻi ma kahi kokoke i ka pae moku / ʻĀinapuni ʻole a i ʻole nā kai ākea hohonu. I kekahi mau hihia, holo i ka manō ka pilikia o ke komo ʻana i ka wai kai, nona ka hohonu ma kahi o 18 m.
ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki nā manō silky: inā pono, ʻākoakoa lākou i nā hipa nui (a hiki i ka 1000 mau kanaka) a uhi i kahi mamao loa (a i 1,340 km). ʻAʻole i lawa ka aʻo ʻia ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka manō hiʻi, akā ʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, e ʻau ana kekahi mau manō ma kahi o 60 km i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻAi manō silika
ʻAʻole piha ka palahalaha o ka moana i nā iʻa i loaʻa i ka manō silika me ka hana ʻole... ʻO ka wikiwiki (hoʻonui ʻia e ka hoʻomanawanui), ka lohe maikaʻi a me ke ʻano o ka pilau e kōkua iā ia e nānā no nā kula iʻa paʻa.
Hoʻokaʻawale ka manō ma waena o nā leo o ka wai i lalo i ke kani haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa pinepine ʻia e nā manu lele a i ʻole nā nalo i loaʻa i ka mea pio. He mea nui nō hoʻi ke ʻano o ka honi, me ka ʻole o kahi manō silky e hoʻopololei i ka mānoanoa o ka wai kai: hiki i ka meʻa ke honi i ka iʻa he haneli mau mika ka mamao mai ona aku.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka leʻaleʻa gastronomic nui loa kēia ʻano o ka manō ʻike mai ka tuna. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa nā iʻa iwi like ʻole a me nā cephalopod i ka papa o ka manō sickle. I mea e māʻona ai ka pōloli, hoʻokuke ka manō i ka iʻa i loko o nā kula poepoe, e hele ana iā lākou me ka waha o ka waha.
ʻO ka ʻai manō silika (koe wale no nā tuna) nā:
- sardine a me ka mackerel lio;
- mullet a me ka mackerel;
- snappers a me nā kai o ke kai;
- ʻalohā nā heleuma a me katrans;
- ʻeleʻele a me ka puhi;
- hedgehog iʻa a me ka iʻa iʻa;
- nā heʻe, nā pāpaʻi a me nā argonauts (heʻe).
ʻAi kekahi mau manō i hoʻokahi wahi i ka manawa hoʻokahi, akā hoʻouka kēlā me kēia o lākou, ʻaʻole e nānā i ka ʻohana. Manaʻo ʻia ka dolphin bottlenose ka hoʻokūkū ʻai o ka manō sickle. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa i ka ichthyologists ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻulua kēia ʻano manō e ʻai i nā kino kohola.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
E like me nā ʻelele āpau o ke ʻano o nā mano ʻāhinahina, no ka viviparous hoʻi ka manō maʻi. Kuhi nā ʻIchthyologists e hānai ia i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa ma kahi o nā wahi āpau, koe wale nō ke kahawai ʻo Mexico, kahi e hānau ai ka hānau ʻana a hānau keiki paha i ka hopena o ke kauwela a kauwela paha (ʻo Mei a ʻAukake paha)
Hānau nā wahine i nā pēpē no 12 mau mahina i kēlā me kēia makahiki a i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i nā wahine wahine kolohe i hoʻokahi ovary hana (ʻākau) a me 2 uterus hana, i hoʻokaʻawale lōʻihi ʻia i nā keʻena kūʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia embryo.
Mea nui! ʻO ka placenta kahi e loaʻa ai i ka fetus ka meaʻai ka ʻeke yolk hakahaka. ʻOkoʻa ia mai nā placentas o nā manō viviparous ʻē aʻe a me nā māmela ʻē aʻe i pili ʻole nā kiko o ka embryo a me ka makuahine i kekahi i kekahi.
Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hunaola ʻulaʻula makuahine ma mua o nā "pēpē". Ma ka hānau ʻana, komo nā wahine i nā pali o ka papa ʻaina, kahi i ʻole nā manō pelagic nui a me nā meaʻai kūpono. Lawe mai ka manō silika mai 1 a 16 mau manō (ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 6 a 12), e ulu ana ma 0.25-0.30 m i ka makahiki mua o kona ola ʻana. I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, hele ka ʻōpio i ka hohonu o ke kai, mai kahi o ka hānau.
ʻIke ʻia nā helu ulu kiʻekiʻe loa i nā manō ma ka ʻākau o ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mekiko, a ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa loa i ka poʻe e mahi ana i ka wai ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau hikina o Taiwan. Ua hōʻoia pū kekahi nā ʻIchthyologists ʻo ka pōʻaiapuni o ka manō silky e hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole wale e ka nohona, akā e ka ʻokoʻa kāne hoʻi: ulu ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine Hiki i nā kāne ke hoʻohua i nā keiki ma mua o 6-10 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o 7-12 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻohe loaʻa ka manō silika i ka niho o ka manō nui a me nā kohola kohola... Ke kakali nei i kahi hanana hanana, hui pū nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā laha i nā hui lehulehu e pale aku iā lākou iho i kahi ʻenemi hiki.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- Mano manaka
- Mano mākeke
- Mano kūmū
- Mano kohola
Inā ʻaʻole i hiki ke alo ʻia ka hoʻokuʻi, hōʻike ka manō i kona mākaukau e hakakā i hope ma ke hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kona kua, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe aʻe nei i kona poʻo a e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i nā ʻāpana pectoral / ka huelo. A laila hoʻomaka ka neʻe e neʻe wikiwiki i nā pōʻai, ʻaʻole poina e huli i ka ʻaoʻao i kahi weliweli hiki.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I kēia manawa, aia ka nui o nā hōʻike e hōʻemi a emi iki ana nā manō silika ma nā moana. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hāʻule e nā kumu ʻelua - ka pālākiō o ka hana kalepa a me ka hiki ke hānau ʻia o nā laha, kahi manawa ʻole e hoʻihoʻi i kāna mau helu. Me kēia, he hapa nui o ka manō (ma ke ʻano he bycatch) e make i nā ʻupena i hoʻolei ʻia i ke tuna, kahi mea ʻai nanea punahele.
ʻImi ʻia nā manō Silk ponoʻī no kā lākou mau wili, e pili ana i ka ʻili, nā ʻiʻo, nā momona a me nā aʻa manō i nā huahana i loaʻa. I nā ʻāina he nui, ʻike ʻia ka manō sickle he mea nui o ka lawaiʻa kalepa a me nā hana leʻaleʻa. Wahi a ka Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, i ka makahiki 2000 ka huina makahiki o ka hana silika he 11.7 tausani tona, a ma 2004 - 4.36 tausani wale nō mau tona. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano maikaʻi ʻole i nā hōʻike ʻāina pū kekahi.
Hoihoi ia! No laila, ua hoʻolaha nā luna o Sri Lankan ma 1994 ka hopu ʻana o ka manō silky he 25.4 tausani tona, ua hoʻemi ʻia i 1.96 tausani tona i ka makahiki 2006 (kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka hiolo ʻana o ka mākeke kūloko).
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nā ʻepekema a pau i noʻonoʻo i nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi i ka mokuʻāina o nā heluna kanaka e noho ana ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAkelanika a me ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mexico e pololei.... A ʻo nā ʻoihana lawaiʻa Kepani e hana nei ma ka Pākīpika / Ke Kai ʻInikia ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka hana i ka wā mai nā 70 a i nā 90 o ke kenekulia i hala.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2007 (mahalo i nā hana a ka International Union for the Conservation of Nature), ua hāʻawi ʻia ka manō silika i ke kūlana hou e holo nei ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa - "kokoke i kahi kūlana nāwaliwali." Ma ka pae āpana, ʻoi aku ka pololei, ma ka hikina / hikina hema o ka Moana Pākīpika a ma ke komohana / komohana komohana o ka Waena ʻAkelanika, he kūlana "palupalu" kēia ʻano.
Lana ka manaʻo o ka Conservationist ka pāpā ʻoki loa ʻana ma Australia, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka ʻUulopa e kōkua ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna manō o ka maʻi manō. Ua hoʻomohala ʻelua mau ʻoihana koʻikoʻi i kā lākou ana e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka lawaiʻa ʻana e hōʻemi ai i ka paʻa ʻana o nā manō silika.
- Komikina waena-ʻAmelika no ka mālama ʻana i ka Tuna Tropical;
- Komisina International no ka mālama ʻana i ka Tuna ʻAkelanika.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻae ka poʻe loea ʻaʻohe ala maʻalahi e hōʻemi ai i ka hopu i kēia manawa. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka neʻe pinepine ʻana o nā ʻano i pili me nā neʻe o ke tuna.
