ʻO Turtles (lat.Testudines) he ʻelele o kekahi o nā ʻehā o nā mea kolo hou o ka Chordate. ʻO ka makahiki o ke koena o nā honu he 200-220 miliona mau makahiki. ʻo 200-220 miliona mau makahiki.
Hōʻike o ka honu
Wahi a ka hōʻike a ka hapa nui o nā ʻepekema, ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua mau ka loli a me ke ʻano o nā honu.
Helehelena
ʻO ka hiʻona hiʻona nui o ka honu ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pūpū, i hōʻike ʻia e kahi hanana iwi-ʻili paʻakikī loa, e uhi ana i ke kino o ka mea kolo mai nā ʻaoʻao āpau a me ka pale ʻana i ka holoholona mai nā hoʻouka kaua a nā mea he nui. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka pūpū i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā pā iwi, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao i waho e ʻike ʻia e nā pale ʻili. ʻO kēlā pūpū kahi dorsal a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻōpū. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua, i kapa ʻia ʻo carapace, he ʻano kūlike kona, a he pālahalaha ka plastron, a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū.
Hoihoi ia! He fusion ikaika ka kino honu me ka ʻāpana pūpū, kahi e ʻike ai ke poʻo, ka huelo a me nā lālā i waena o ka plastron a me ka carapace. Ke ʻike ʻia kekahi pilikia, hiki i nā honu ke hūnā loa i loko o ka pūpū.
ʻAʻohe niho o ka honu, akā ua ʻoi ka nuku a ikaika hoʻi i hiki i ka holoholona ke nahu maʻalahi i nā ʻāpana o ka meaʻai.... ʻO nā honu, a me kekahi nāhesa a me nā kūpoki, e waiho ana i nā hua o ka ʻili, akā ʻaʻole mālama nui nā mea kolo i kā lākou mau keiki i hānau ʻia, no laila ua haʻalele koke lākou i kahi e waiho ai.
ʻO nā honu o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka nui a me ke kaumaha. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kahi honu spider ʻāina ma mua o 100 mm me ke kaupaona ma ke kaha o 90-100 g, a ʻo ka nui o kahi honu leatherback kai makua makua i hiki aku i ka 250 knm me ke kaona o ka hapa o ke kani. ʻO ka mahele o ka honu i waena o nā kuhukukū i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā e komo pū ana me nā honu ʻelepani Galapagos, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka iwi i hoʻokahi mika ka lōʻihi, a he ʻehā mau kenekulia ka nui.
ʻO ke kala o nā kuhukukū, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, akahai loa, e ʻae maʻalahi nei i ka mea kolo ke lilo i mau mea o ke kaiapuni. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻano i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi hiʻohiʻona nani a ʻokoʻa loa hoʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, he honu ʻeleʻele ka honu kukuna ma ka ʻaoʻao waena o ka carapace me nā kiko melemele ʻōlinolino a me nā kukuna kū i waho. ʻO ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī o ka honu pepeiao pepeiao i kāhiko ʻia me ke ʻano o nā aho wavy a me nā kaha, a aia nā kikoʻula ʻulaʻula ma hope o nā maka.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻOiai ke lawa ʻole o ka pae o ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo, ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e hōʻike ana ka ʻike o ka honu i nā hopena kiʻekiʻe. E hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole wale ka ʻāina ʻāina wale nō akā ʻo nā ʻano honu wai hou he nui, e like me nā maʻū ʻEulopa a me nā honu Caspian, i komo i loko o ia mau hoʻokolohua.
ʻO nā honu nā mea kolo e alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona mehameha, akā ʻo ia mau holoholona pono ka hui o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau moʻo... I kekahi manawa ʻākoakoa nā honu no ka wā hoʻoilo i nā hui liʻiliʻi. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano wai hou, e komo pū ana me nā honu poʻo poʻo (Phrynops geoffroanus), kahi ʻano kūpikipiki i ke alo o ko lākou poʻe hoahānau ma waho o ka wā hānau.
Ehia mau honu e noho nei
ʻAneʻane ʻo nā ʻano honu āpau e pili pono ana i ka mahele o nā ʻoki lōʻihi - nā mea hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa i waena o nā vertebrates lehulehu.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka honu kaulana ʻo Radiant Madagascar Turtle ka inoa ʻo Tui Malila ka mea i ola no aneane ʻelua haneli mau makahiki.
ʻO ka makahiki o kēlā mea kolo kolo pinepine ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia. Wahi a nā ʻepekema, hiki i kahi honu ke noho no ʻelua haneli mau makahiki a ʻoi.
Pūpū honu
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka carapace o ka honu e kona ʻano kūpikipiki, hōʻike ʻia e kahi kumu iwi a me kahi uhi hoʻowalewale. ʻO nā kumu iwi o ke carapace he ʻewalu mau vertebrae pre-Sacal, a ʻo nā ʻāpana koina dorsal. ʻO nā honu maʻamau he kanalima mau papa o ke kumu i hui ʻia.
ʻO ke kinona a me ka helu o ia mau scutes kahi hiʻohiʻona nui loa no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā laha o ka honu.
- he ʻano kiʻekiʻe, convex a mānoanoa loa ʻo luna i nā ʻano ʻāina terrestrial, i pili pū ʻia me nā hōʻailona laulā o ka nui o ka ʻōpū. Hāʻawi ke kuhi kuhi i kahi ākea koʻikoʻi, e kōkua ai i ka digestion o ka lau nahele;
- aia nā ʻano ʻāina burrowing i kahi carapace elongated hou aʻe, kahi e kōkua ai i ka mea kolo e neʻe maʻalahi i loko o ka lua;
- ʻike pinepine ʻia nā honu wai hou a me nā honu kai e ke kū ʻana o kahi carapace pālahalaha, mālie a streamline, nona ka ovalid, ovoid a i ʻole ka waimaka waimaka, akā e hoʻoliʻiliʻi paha ka kumu iwi;
- ʻike ʻia nā ʻano honu o nā honu e kahi carapace pālahalaha, a ʻo ka kumu iwi o ia mea e hoʻoliʻiliʻi mau ʻia me ka ʻole o nā scute kornea a me ke kū ʻana o kahi uhi ʻili ma ka pūpū;
- ʻaʻohe pili o ka carapace i nā honu leatherback me ka ʻaoʻao axial o ka iwi, no laila, hana ʻia e mosaic o nā iwi liʻiliʻi i hui pū ʻia me kekahi, i uhi ʻia e ka ʻili;
- ʻike ʻia kekahi mau kuhukukū e carapace ma ke alo o kahi pilina semi-mobile i hana maikaʻi ʻia o ke ʻano synarthrous me nā aʻa cartilaginous ma nā hono o nā pā.
Hiki ke paʻi ʻia ka palena o nā scute corne carapace ma ka hapa nui o ka carapace iwi, a ʻo ka carapace corn, a i ʻole nā scutes o ka horny type, he inoa e like me nā pā iwi i loaʻa.
Lāʻano honu
I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ma mua o ʻekolu haneli mau ʻano o nā honu, nona ʻohana he ʻumikūmāhā. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea kolo kolohe e alakaʻi i kahi nohona terestrial wale nō, ʻoiai kahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e ke hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻana i ka wai kai.
Noho nā ʻano i lalo i ka panalāʻau o ko mākou ʻāina:
- honu loggerhead, a i ʻole caretta, a i ʻole ʻO Loggerhead (lat. Сarettа сaretta) - hiki i nā lōʻihi o 75-95 cm me ka awelika o ke kaupaona ma ke kaha o 80-200 kg. He ʻano puʻuwai ko kēia ʻano, brownish, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻoliva i ke kala. Hiki i ka plastron a me ke alahaka bony ke momona a melemele paha i ke kala. Ma ka ʻāpana o ke kua, aia he ʻumi mau papa kumukūʻai, a uhi ʻia ke poʻo nui me nā pā nui. Hāʻawi ʻia nā peʻa i mua me nā mākoʻu ʻelua;
- manu kuhukukū leatherback, a i ʻole waiwai loot (lat. Dermoshelys coriacea) - ke ʻano o nā lā hou e pili ana i ka honu Skinback ʻohana (Dermoshelyidae). ʻO ka Lunamakaʻāinana nā honu nui hou loa me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 260 cm me ka lōʻihi o ka flipper o mua o 250 cm a me ke kaumaha o ke kino a 890-915 kg;
- Manu kuhukukū hikina, a i ʻole trionics Pākē (lat. Perodisсus sinensis) He mau honu wai hou, a he lālā o ka ʻohana manu kuhukukū palalā I nā ʻāina ʻĀkia, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻiʻo no ka meaʻai, no laila ke kolo kolo i nā mea no ka hoʻoulu ʻenehana. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kahi carapace makua, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ka hapahā o ka mika, a ʻo ka awelika o ke kaulike he 4.0-4.5 kg;
- Honu honu ʻEulopa (lat. Emys orbiсularis) - nā kuhukukū hou me kahi oval, haʻahaʻa a hoʻowahāwahie, carapace ʻoluʻolu, kahi pili pūnaewele me ka plastron ma o kahi ligament ololi a lahilahi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kahi mākua o kēia laha he 12-35 cm me ke kaumaha o ke kino ma loko o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua kilokika;
- Honu Caspian (lat. Mauremys caspisa) - nā mea kolo e pili ana i ka honu Aquatic manu kuhukukū a me ka ʻohana o nā honu wai wai ʻĀsia. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano e nā ʻohana ʻekolu. No kahi makua, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 28-30 cm a me kahi carapace oval he ʻano. Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā ʻōpio o kēia ʻano e ka carapace keeled. Loaʻa i nā kāne makua i ka pūpū elongated me kahi plastron concave liʻiliʻi;
- waena waena, a i ʻole Helene, a i ʻole Honu Caucasian (lat. Testo graesa) He ʻano laha i loaʻa kahi lōʻihi a me ka oval, kahi carrace serrated, mai ka lōʻihi mai 33-35 knm, o kahi ʻoliva māmā a i ʻole nā kala ʻeleʻele melemele me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā wāwae o mua he ʻehā a ʻelima mau māiʻuʻu. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kua o nā ʻūhā me kahi tubercle horny. ʻO ka honu o kēia ʻano he pale pale supra-tail ʻole ia, a ʻo ka plastron ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ke kala māmā a me nā kiko ʻeleʻele.
Ma nā panalāʻau o Kazakhstan a me nā ʻāina o ʻAkia Waena, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka honu Central a i ʻole steppe (Agrionemys horsfieldii). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia ʻano e kahi pūpū haʻahaʻa, poepoe, melemele-ʻeleʻele me kahi ʻano vague o nā kiko ʻeleʻele. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka carapace e nā ʻumikūmākolu horny scutes, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka plastron i ʻumikūmāono mau ʻelima. ʻO nā ʻalalā i kēia manawa ma nā scutes maʻalahi e hoʻoholo i ka helu o nā makahiki i noho ʻia e ka honu. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka awelika o ka honu ma mua o 15-20 cm, a ʻo nā wahine o kēia ʻano, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kāne.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO ka laulā a me nā wahi noho o nā ʻano honu ʻokoʻa loa.
- Honu Elephant (Сhelоnоidis еleрhаntоpus) - Nā Moku ʻo Galapagos;
- Honu ʻAigupita (Testo kleinmanni) - ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻApelika a me ka Hikina Waena;
- Honu ʻAsia waena (Hōʻikeʻike (ʻO Agrionеmys) hоrsfiеldii) - Kyrgyzstan a me Uzbekistan, a me Tajikistan a me Afghanistan, Lebanona a me Suria, ka ʻĀkau hikina o ʻIran, ke komohana ʻākau o India a me Pakistan;
- Paʻi Leopadi a i ʻole honu panther (ʻO Geochelone pardalis) - Nā ʻāina ʻApelika;
- Manu kuhukukū Speckled Cape (ʻO Homopus Signatus) - ʻApelika Hema a me Namibia hema;
- Pena ʻia a i ʻole honu hoʻonani ʻia (Сhrysеmys рiсta) - Kanada a me USA;
- Manu kuhukukū palaho (Еmys orbiсulаris) - nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ka moku o ka Caucasus;
- Lohe ʻulaʻula a i ʻole honu melemele-ʻōluʻu (Trachemys scripta) - USA a me Kanada, ʻaoʻao komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema, e like me Colombia ʻākau a me Venezuela;
- ʻO Cayman a i ʻole honu honu (ʻO Serrentina Сhelydra) - USA a me ka hikina hikina o Kanada.
Hoʻopili pū nā kamaʻāina o ke kai a me ka moana Caretta maoli (Еrеtmochelys imbricata), Honu leatherback (Dermoshelys coriacea), Honu hupa ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Сhelonia mydаs). Noho nā mea kolo wai hou i nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā kahawai o ke kāʻei wela ʻo Eurasia, a noho pū i nā waihona wai ma ʻApelika, ʻAmelika Hema, ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia.
ʻAi honu
Pili pono nā makemake o nā honu i nā ʻano laha a me nā wahi noho o ia mea kolo. ʻO ke kumu o ka papaʻai o nā kuhukukū e hōʻike ʻia e nā meaʻai mea kanu, e like me nā lālā ʻōpio o nā kumu lāʻau like ʻole, nā mea kanu a me nā hua hua, nā mauʻu a me nā lau, a me nā nīnū, nā slug a i nā ilo paha e ʻai ʻia e nā holoholona e hoʻopiha i ka nui o ka protein. ʻO ka pono o ka wai e hoʻokō pinepine ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻāpana momona o ka mea kanu.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā honu wai kai a me nā kuhukū e like me nā predators maʻamau, e hānai nei i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā rana, nā hano a me nā crustacean, nā hua manu, nā mea kolo, nā molluscs like ʻole a me nā arthropods. ʻAi ʻia ka meaʻai mea ʻai i nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai holoholona kahi ʻano o nā mea hānai. Aia kekahi mau ʻano o nā honu wai hou e hoʻololi e kanu i nā meaʻai ke ulu lākou i ʻelemakule. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia nā kuhukukū ʻo Omnivorous.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau moʻo, hoʻonohonoho nā kuhukukū kāne makua i nā hakakā hoʻokūkū kuʻuna a me nā hakakā no ka pono e hoa me ka wahine. Alualu nā kuhukukū ma ia manawa i ko lākou hoa paio a hoʻāʻo e hoʻohuli iā ia, ke kuʻi a nahu paha i mua o ka pūpū. Hāʻawi nā ʻano wai i loko o nā kaua i ka makemake i ka nahu ʻana a me ka alualu ʻana i ka hoa paio. ʻO ka ʻāpana pili aʻe e ʻae i ka wahine e lawe i kahi kūlana hōʻoluʻolu loa no ka male ʻana.
ʻO nā kāne e pili ana i kekahi ʻano, i ke kaʻina o ka moʻa, hiki ke hana i nā kani kahiko. No nā holoholona oviparous nā ʻano honu āpau i ʻike ʻia, no laila, hoʻomoe nā wahine i nā hua i loko o kahi fossa ʻano like i ʻeli ʻia e ko lākou mau wāwae hope a hoʻomaʻū ʻia me ka wai i hūnā ʻia e ka cloaca.
Hoʻopiha ʻia ka fossa me nā hua spherical keʻokeʻo a elliptical paha, a hoʻopili ʻia ka lepo me ke kōkua o ka plastron. ʻO nā honu kai a me kekahi mau manu kuhukū ʻāʻī e hoʻomoe i nā hua i uhi ʻia me nā pūpū palupalu a me nā ʻili. Hoʻololi ka helu o nā hua manu i waena o nā lunamaka o nā ʻano laha like ʻole a hiki ke pae ʻia mai 1 a 200 mau ʻāpana.
Hoihoi ia! Nā honu nunui (Megalochelys gigantea) loaʻa nā ʻano hana e kāohi ai i ka nui o ka lehulehu e ka helu o nā hua i kau ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Hoʻomoe ka honu he nui i nā paʻa lima i hoʻokahi kau, a ʻo ka manawa incubation, ma ke ʻano he loina, mau ka hala ʻana mai ʻelua mau mahina a i ʻeono mau mahina.... ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa nāna e mālama i kāna keiki ka honu ʻeleʻele (Manouria emys), nā wahine e kiaʻi i ka pūnana me ka hoʻomoe hua manu a hiki i ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻōpio. Hoihoi nō hoʻi ka hana a ka honu i hoʻonaninani ʻia ʻo Bahamian (Pseudemys malonei), kahi e ʻeli ai i ka hoʻomoe hua manu ʻana a kōkua i ka puka o ka ʻōpio.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻOiai ke alo o kahi pūpū ikaika a hilinaʻi hoʻi, he nui nā ʻenemi o nā kuhukukū e hoʻoweliweli i ka mea kolo ma ka ʻāina wale nō, akā i ka wai kai hoʻi. ʻO ka ʻenemi nui o kahi honu ke kanaka nāna i hopu a pepehi i kēlā mau holoholona i mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻiʻo a me nā hua manu, a me ka pūpū hoʻi. Hoʻopili pū ʻia nā honu e nā maʻi viral a me fungal, ectoparasites a me nā helminths.
Hoihoi ia! Maikaʻi ka Jaguars i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i mau kuhukukū no kā lākou pāʻina i ka manawa hoʻokahi, huli ka mea ʻino i kahi papa pālahalaha ma kona kua a hemo iā lākou mai ka pūpū me ke kōkua o nā māiʻuʻoi loa.
Hānai ʻia nā honu e noho ana i ka wai e nā holoholona predatory, hōʻike ʻia e nā pāpaʻi a me nā mackerel lio, nā iʻa predatory nui a ʻo nā manō pū kekahi. Hiki i nā manu lele ke hoʻolei aku i nā kuhukukū mai kahi kiʻekiʻe i lawa i kahi papa pōhaku, a ma hope e hemo lākou i ka holoholona mai ka pūpū i māhele ʻia i mau ʻāpana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
228 mau ʻano mai nā mea ola a pau ʻole i pili i ka Red Data Book a me nā mea i mālama ʻia i ke kūlana pale o ka International Union of the OP, a ma kahi o 135 i lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make loa. ʻO nā honu kaulana loa, kākaʻikahi a hoʻoweliweli ʻia hoʻi o kēia mau honu e ka honu Far East (Тriоnyх sinensis), a me nā honu Helene a me ke Kaiwaenahonua (Testudo graaisa Iberia).
Aia pū ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o IUCN:
- 11 mau mea kōkua pūnaewele Geochelcne elephantcpus;
- ʻO Geochelcne carbonaria;
- ʻO Geochelone chilensis;
- Geochelone dénticulata;
- Astеrochelys yniрhora;
- Asterochelys radioata;
- ʻO Geochelone elegans;
- Geochelone pardalis;
- Geochelone sulcata;
- Gorherus agassizii;
- Gorherus berlandieri;
- Gorherus flavomarglnatus;
- Gorerus polyphemus;
- Malasosherus tоrniеri;
- ʻO Psammobates geometriсus;
- Рsаmmоbаtes tеntоrius;
- ʻO Psammobates osulifer;
- Ryxis planicauda;
- Рyхis аrасhnоids;
- Сhеrsine аngulata;
- Hormus boulengery;
- Hormus fеmоrаlis;
- Hormus signatus;
- Homopus areolatus;
- Agrionеmys hоrsfiеldi;
- Testo Hermanni;
- Тstudо kleinmаnni;
- ʻO Testo mаrginаta.
ʻO nā mea nui e hoʻoweliweli nei i ka heluna kanaka e hōʻike ʻia e ka emi ʻana o ka wahi maoli o nā honu ma lalo o ka mana o nā mahi mahiʻai a me nā hana kūkulu, a me ka ʻimi holoholona hoʻi.
Waiwai waiwai
ʻAʻole nui ka ʻāina a me nā honu wai i makemake nui ʻia e nā mea aloha i nā exotic... Hoʻohana ākea ka honu manu kuhukukū no nā meaʻai a ʻai ʻia maka, hoʻomoʻa ʻia a palu ʻia paha, a ʻo ka maʻalahi o ia mau holoholona e kōkua i ka halihali ʻana o nā mea kolo ola ma ke ʻano he "meaʻai ʻai kini". Hoʻohana ʻia ka carapace holoholona i ka hana ʻana i nā kāhiko lauoho wahine maʻamau e like me kanzashi.
Hoihoi ia!ʻAe ʻia nā holoholona honu akā ʻaʻole koi ʻia ma ka hapanui o nā mokuʻāina ʻo US, akā pāpā ʻia kēlā ʻano holoholona ma Oregon. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia nō hoʻi ke kapu loa ʻana o ke kānāwai pekelala o ʻAmelika i ke kālepa a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana o nā honu, ʻo ka nui o ia mea ma lalo o 100 mm, a ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka heihei kuhukukū kaulana loa ia, ʻo ia kahi hoʻokipa maikaʻi maoli.
ʻAʻole like me nā mea kolo i ʻike nui ʻia a aʻo ʻia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli maoli i kekahi honu i ke ola a me ke olakino. Hōʻike ʻia ka mea ʻokoʻa e nā honu ʻili kāne kāne, ka mea, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau moʻo, hiki iā lākou ke hopu i nā ʻauʻauʻau me nā palule a hoʻomoe ʻia lākou, a ʻo ka honu ʻana a me nā kuhukukū hōʻeuʻeu hiki ke hōʻeha i kahi kanaka.
