Pili kēia holoholona nani i ka ʻohana squirrel, ke kaʻina o nā rodents. He pili ka marmot o ka squirrel, akā ʻokoʻa ia, noho ia ma ka honua i nā hui liʻiliʻi a i nā kolone he nui.
Hōʻike o marmots
ʻO ka anakahi kumu o ka heluna marmot ka ʻohana... He kulu ko kēlā me kēia ʻohana kahi i noho ʻia e nā mea pili pono. ʻO nā ʻohana nā ʻāpana o ke kolone. Hiki i ka nui o nā "ʻāina" o kekahi kolone ke hōʻea i nā nui kupaianaha - 4.5-5 maueka. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hāʻawi ʻia iā ia nā inoa he nui, no ka laʻana - puaʻa honua, mea hoʻokalakupua, makaʻu i nā kumulāʻau a me kahi mōneka ʻulaʻula hoʻi.
Hoihoi ia!Aia kekahi manaʻoʻiʻo inā ma ka lā Groundhog (Pepeluali 2) kolo ka groundhog mai kona lua i kahi lā ʻōpua, e wanaʻao loa ka puna.
Inā, i ka lā lā e kolo ai ka holoholona a makaʻu i kona aka ponoʻī, e kali no ka puna ma 6 mau pule hou aʻe. ʻO ka Punxsuton Phil ka marmot kaulana loa. Wahi a ke kuʻuna i hoʻokumu ʻia, wānana nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻōpala i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pūnāwai i ke kaona liʻiliʻi o Punxsutawney.
Helehelena
ʻO kahi marmot he holoholona me kahi kino plump a me kahi kaumaha i ka pae o 5-6 kg. ʻO kahi makua ma kahi o 70 cm ka lōʻihi. Ke ulu nei ka laha liʻiliʻi loa i 50 knm, a ʻo ka lōʻihi loa - ʻo ka marmot-steppe marmot, ulu a 75 cm. ʻOiai ko lākou ʻano lush, hiki i nā marmots ke neʻe wikiwiki, ʻauʻau a piʻi i nā kumulāʻau. Nui a poepoe ke poʻo o ka groundhog, a ʻo ke kūlana o nā maka e ʻae iā ia e uhi i kahi ākea o ka ʻike.
Liʻiliʻi a poepoe kona mau pepeiao, kokoke hūnā loa i ka huluhulu. Pono nā vibrissae he nui no nā marmots e noho i lalo o ka honua. Ua ulu maikaʻi lākou i nā incisors, nā niho ikaika a lōʻihi. Lōʻihi ka huelo, ʻeleʻele, uhi ʻia me ka lauoho, ʻeleʻele i ka piko. He mānoanoa a huluhulu hina ʻeleʻele ka hulu i ka hope, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka peritoneum he kala-kala. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka paʻi o ka mua a me nā ʻaoʻao hope he 6 cm.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
He holoholona kēia e makemake e lū i ka lā i nā hui liʻiliʻi. Hele ka marmots i ka lā a pau i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka lā a me nā pāʻani me kekahi kanaka ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, pili mau lākou i ka lua, kahi e hoʻi ai lākou i ke ahiahi. ʻOiai ke kaumaha o kēia koʻokoʻo, hiki iā ia ke holo, lele a neʻe i nā pōhaku me ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki. Ke makaʻu ka groundhog, hoʻokuʻu ia i kahi ʻano ʻoi loa ka ʻio.... Ke hoʻohana nei i nā paws a me nā māiʻuʻu lōʻihi, ʻeli ʻo ia i nā lua lōʻihi o nā nui like ʻole, e hoʻopili ana iā lākou me nā tunnels o ka honua.
He papau nā koho burrow kauwela a me kahi nui o nā puka. ʻO nā mea hoʻoilo, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kūkulu pono ʻia: hoʻohālikelike lākou i kahi hale kiʻi kiʻi, hiki ke komo i ia i mau mika ka lōʻihi a alakaʻi i kahi lumi nui i piha i ka mauʻu. I loko o ia mau puʻuhonua, hiki i nā marmots ke hoʻoilo a ʻeono mau mahina. Hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke ola a hana kope i kahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, kahi e kuhikuhi ʻia nā kūlana e nā mauna. I ka hopena o Kepakemapa, hoʻi lākou i kā lākou mau lua a hoʻomākaukau no ka wā hoʻoilo lōʻihi.
Hiki i kēlā me kēia lua ke kūkulu hale mai 3 a 15 mau marmots. Aia ka manawa hibernation i ka paʻakikī o ke aniau, ma ke ʻano he rula, mau kēia pae mai ʻOkakopa a ʻApelila. Hoʻonui ka rodent hiamoe i kona manawa e ola ai i ke kau anuanu, pōloli, hau. I ka hibernation, hana ka marmot i kahi hana mana maoli maoli. Ua heleleʻi ka mahana o kona kino mai 35 a 5 a ma lalo o ke kekelē Celsius, a lohi kona puʻuwai mai 130 a 15 mau paʻi i kēlā me kēia minuke. I ka wā o kēlā "lull" e ʻike iki ʻole ai ka hanu ʻana o ka marmot.
Hoihoi ia!I loko o kēia wā, hoʻohana lohi ʻo ia i nā mālama momona i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā maikaʻi, i hiki ai iā ia ke hiamoe nui no 6 mau mahina ma hope o ke koena o kona ʻohana. Ala ala ka marmot ma kahi liʻiliʻi. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, kū wale kēia ke iho ka mahana i loko o ka lua ma lalo o ʻelima mau kekelē.
He paʻakikī loa e ola i ka hoʻoilo. I kēia kumuhana, ʻo ka sociability o ka groundhog kahi mea e hoʻoholo ai no ke ola. Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike e ola paha nā pēpē ke hibernate lākou i ka lua like me ko lākou mau mākua a me nā ʻohana makua.
Inā make kekahi o nā mākua a i ʻole ʻelua paha no kekahi kumu, i 70% o nā hihia ʻaʻole ʻae nā keiki i ke anuanu ʻino. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole ʻae ka nui o nā pēpē iā lākou e hōʻiliʻili i ka momona e hiki ke ola. Hoʻomehana lākou i ke kaomi ʻana i ko lākou kino i ke kino o nā mākua. A ʻo ka poʻe mākua, ʻehaʻeha loa i ka pohō kaumaha ke ʻike ʻia nā keiki hānau hou i ka lua.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi marmot
ʻO ka awelika o ke ola o kahi holoholona he 15-18 mau makahiki. I nā kūlana wao nahele kūpono, aia kekahi mau hanana o ka lōʻihi me nā marmots e ola ana a 20 mau makahiki. I kahi nohona kūloko, hoʻemi nui ʻia ko lākou ola. ʻO ke kiko holoʻokoʻa ka pono e hoʻolauna i kahi rodent i loko o hibernation. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hana i kēia, ʻaʻole e ola ka marmot i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki.
Nā ʻano marmots
Aia ma mua o ʻumikūmālima mau ʻano marmots, eia kēia:
- ʻo bobak kahi marmot maʻamau e noho ana i nā steppe o ka ʻāina ʻo Eurasia;
- kashchenko - noho ka nahele-steppe marmot ma kapa o ka muliwai Ob;
- i nā pae mauna o ʻAkau ʻĀkau, ke ola nei ka marmot lauoho hina;
- ʻo Jeffi hoʻi - ʻulaʻula lōʻihi lōʻihi,
- melemele-ʻōpū melemele - he kamaʻāina ʻo Kanada;
- Maretot Tibeta;
- ʻO Mountain Asian, Altai, a kapa ʻia hoʻi he marmot hina, i noho ma nā pae mauna ʻo Sayan a me Tien Shan;
- alpine marmot;
- ʻo worm-cap, mahele, ua māhele ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa - Lena-Kolyma, Kamchatka a i ʻole Severobaikalsky;
- wahie o ke kikowaena a me ka ʻākau hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa;
- ʻO ka marmot a Menzbir - ʻo ia ʻo Talas ma nā kuahiwi ʻo Tien Shan;
- ʻO Mongolian Tarbagan, ka mea e noho nei ma Mongolia wale nō, akā ma ka ʻākau hoʻi o Kina a me Tuva;
- ʻO Wanekoua marmot mai ka mokupuni ʻo Wanekoua.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa kahi hānau o marmots.... I kēia manawa, ua hoʻolaha lākou ma waena o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. Noho ka marmot i ke kiʻekiʻe. Aia kona mau lua ma kahi kiʻekiʻena o 1500 mika (pinepine ma waena o 1900 a 2600 mau mika), ma kahi o nā lua wai a hiki i ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ka ululāʻau, kahi liʻiliʻi o nā lāʻau.
Hiki ke loaʻa ma nā Alps, ma nā Carpathians. Mai ka 1948, ua ʻike ʻia a hiki i ka Pyrenees. Hoʻoholo ka marmot i kahi o ka noho e pili ana i kona ʻano. ʻO ka marmots kekahi alpine a me lowland. No laila, kūpono ko lākou wahi noho.
ʻAiʻai Marmot
ʻO ka marmot ka mea ʻai i ke ʻano. ʻAi ʻia i nā mauʻu, nā wana a me nā aʻa liʻiliʻi, nā pua, nā hua, a me nā ʻāpu. Mālama wale ʻia, nā meaʻai mea kanu e hiki ke loaʻa ma ka honua.
Hoihoi ia!ʻO nā mea kanu kāna punahele punahele, akā i nā manawa maʻamau ka ʻai pū ka marmot i nā meaola liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻohe makemake o ka marmot-ʻulaʻula i ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻūhini, nā ʻenuhe, a me nā hua manu hoʻi. Pono nā meaʻai he nui, no ka mea i mea e ola ai i ka hibernation, pono ʻo ia e loaʻa ka momona i ka hapalua o kona kino pono.
Loaʻa i ka holoholona ka wai i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu. Ma kahi o ka puka waena i ka "noho" o marmots kā lākou "māla" pilikino. ʻO kēia mau mea, ma ke ʻano he rula, nā mānoanoa o ka papapa, ka laau awaawa, a me nā sereala. ʻO kēia hanana ma muli o ka ʻano like ʻole o ka lepo, hoʻonui ʻia me ka nitrogen a me nā minelala.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ka wā hānau hānau mai ʻApelila a Iune. ʻO ka hāpai ʻana o ka wahine he mau mahina wale nō, a ma hope o laila hānau ʻo 2 a 5 mau marmots liʻiliʻi, ʻōlohelohe a makapō hoʻi. Wehe lākou i ko lākou mau maka ma 4 mau pule wale nō o ke ola.
Ma ke kino o ka wahine he 5 pālua o nā nipples āna e hānai ai i nā pēpē a hiki i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mahina. Kūʻokoʻa loa lākou i 2 mau makahiki o ko lākou makahiki. Hiki i ka Marmots ke oʻo moekolohe ma kahi o 3 mau makahiki. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomaka lākou i ko lākou mau ʻohana ponoʻī, noho mau i ke kolone like.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO kona mau ʻenemi koʻikoʻi loa ka aeto gula a me ka ʻalopeke.... He holoholona Teritore nā marmots. Mahalo i nā glands i nā pads o kā lākou mau mua paws, ma ka waha a ma ka ihu, hiki i ka pilau ke hāʻawi i kahi ʻala kūikawā e hōʻailona ana i nā palena o ko lākou ʻāina.
Mālama lākou i ko lākou mau panalāʻau i pale ʻia mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻia e nā marmots ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā hakakā a me nā alualu ke ʻano ʻoiaʻiʻo loa e wehewehe ai i ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokipa ʻia ma aneʻi. Ke hoʻokokoke mai kahi mea ʻino, holo ka marmot, ma ke ʻano he rula. A i mea e hana wikiwiki ai i kēia, ua hoʻomohala nā marmots i kahi ʻōnaehana kūpono: ʻo ka mea i ʻike mua i ka makaʻu, hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona, a i loko o kekona kekona ua puʻuhonua ka hui holoʻokoʻa i kahi lua.
Maʻalahi ke kaʻina hōʻailona. Kū ke "kahu". Ke kū nei ma kona mau wāwae hope, i kahi ihoiho kukui, hāmama kona waha a hoʻopuka aku i kahi ʻalalā, e like me ke kīwī, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ea ma o nā kaula leo, a, e like me ka ʻepekema, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo o ka holoholona. Huli ʻia nā marmots e nā ʻīlio hae, cougars, coyotes, bea, ʻaeto a me nā ʻīlio. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, hoʻopakele ʻia lākou e ko lākou hiki ke hānau hānau kiʻekiʻe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻAno - woodchuck, aia ma lalo o ka pale. I loko o ka Red Book of Endangered Species, ua hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana o kahi lāhui liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi... I kēia manawa, hoʻonui paha ka nui o nā holoholona. Loaʻa iā lākou ka pōmaikaʻi mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāina hihiu. ʻO kaʻae, hoʻoneoneo a me nā ululāʻau e ʻae ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lua hou, a me ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu i hōʻoia i ka hānai ʻole ʻana.
Hoihoi ia!He hopena maikaʻi kā ka Marmots ma ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lepo. Kōkua ka Burrowing e hoʻokomo iā ia, a ʻo nā feces kahi momona nui. Akā, minamina, hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke hōʻino nui i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi me kahi kolone nui.
Eia kekahi, he mea ʻimi holoholona ʻo marmots. Hoʻohana ʻia ko lākou hulu no ka humuhumu ʻana i nā huahana huluhulu. Eia kekahi, manaʻo ʻia kēia hana he hoʻokipa, mahalo i ka wikiwiki o ka holoholona a me kona hiki ke hūnā koke i nā lua. Hoʻohana pū ʻia kā lākou hopu ʻia no nā hoʻokolohua ma nā hana o ka momona, ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā tumo malignant, a me nā cerebrovascular a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
