ʻO Bison, a i ʻole European bison (Vison bonasus) nā holoholona pili i ka genus Bison (Vison) a me ka subfamily o nā bovines (Bovinae). ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana bovids (Bovidae) a me ke kauoha o artiodactyls (Artiodactyla) ʻo ia ka pili kokoke loa o ka bison ʻAmelika (Vison bison), ke hele pū ʻia me nā keiki momona i kapa ʻia ʻo bison.
Hōʻike o ka bison
ʻO nā bison ʻEulopa ka mea nui loa a me nā mea nui o nā ʻāina mammal ma ʻEulopa. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano i ka hōʻemi ʻike ʻia o ka nui o ka holoholona.
Hoihoi ia! ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa i ka nui o nā wahine a me nā kāne e ʻike ʻia e ka makahiki o ʻekolu mau makahiki, a hoʻomau i ke ola o nā artiodactyls.
I ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia i hala, aia he mau kāne makua kāne moekolohe o kekahi mau ʻohana, nona ke kaumaha o ke kino i hiki aku i ka 1,2 tausani kilokika.... ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka bison o kēia manawa i ko lākou mau kūpuna i ka nui, no laila ke ʻokoʻa ke kaumaha o nā mākua ma waena o 400-980 kg.
Helehelena
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka bipi makua ʻeono makahiki o ʻekolu mau makahiki ma kahi o ʻekolu mika, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka holoholona ma nā mea mae ke 1.9 m, me ke anapuni o ka umauma i loko o 2.8 m. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine bison wahine.
- ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 2.7 m;
- ke kiʻekiʻe o ka holoholona ma kahi maloʻo - 1.67 m;
- kaikamahine ma ka umauma - 2.46 ka m.
ʻO ka ʻāpana mua o ke kino o ka bison ka hiʻohiʻona e ka nui, a me ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka laulā i ʻike ʻia, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka holoholona. ʻO kahi puʻupuʻu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe mai ka piko o ka ʻāʻī pōkole a me ka mua o ka hope. He ākea ka wahi o ka umauma, a huki ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka bison, ʻaʻole e hāʻule.
ʻO ka udder, ʻoiai i loko o nā wahine lactating, ʻaʻole ʻike nui ʻia, no laila ʻehā mau nipples hiki ke ʻike akāka. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona ma muli o ke kūlana kūikawā o nā mammary glands i loko o kahi pā o nā ʻāpana e kau ana i ka waena o ka ʻōpū.
ʻO ke poʻo o ka bison he haʻahaʻa loa ia, no laila ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu o ka huelo ma mua o ka parietal. Pālahalaha ka lae a kolu, a ʻuʻuku ka waha. I ka ʻāpana parietal, aia nā pepeiaohao e kū ana i mua a ākea ākea, kahi i ākea i ke kumu.
Akā hoʻopaʻa lākou i nā wēlau. ʻEleʻele nā pepeiaohao, me kahi ʻoluʻolu, i hoʻonani ʻia, puha a pōʻai i ka ʻāpana ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā pepeiaohao o nā holoholona kahiko, he blunt a kīkē ʻia i lalo. Pōkole a ākea nā pepeiao o ka bison, uhi ʻia me ka hulu hipa a hūnā ʻia e nā lauoho mānoanoa ma ke poʻo.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hiʻohiʻona o ka bison ʻEulopa:
- ʻeleʻele ke alelo, nā lehelehe a me nā leʻo, polū-ʻeleʻele;
- ʻo ke kū ʻana o nā papillae nui ma luna o ka alelo ke ʻano;
- nā lehelehe lahilahi, uhi ʻia i loko me nā ulu ʻili kiko.
- 32 mau niho i ka waha o ka waha, me nā canine, premolars, molars a me nā incisors;
- ʻeleʻele nā maka, liʻiliʻi i ka nui, me nā ʻōnohi maka i neʻe ʻia a hoʻoneʻe ʻia;
- ʻeleʻele nā kihi o nā lihilihi, me nā maka maka lōʻihi a mānoanoa;
- mānoanoa a ikaika ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī, me ka ʻole o kahi dewlap sagging;
- ikaika nā lālā, mānoanoa, me nā mānoanoa nui a koʻikoʻi hoʻi, a me ke kū ʻana o nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hiki ʻole i ka papa o ka honua.
- kahi huelo a 76-80 knm ka lōʻihi, uhi ʻia me ka lauoho lōʻihi, me kahi pūnohu huluhulu mānoanoa e like me ka bun ma ka wēlau loa;
- uhi paʻa ʻia ke kino a me nā lālā o ka bison me kahi kapa mānoanoa, a aia ka ʻili ʻōlohelohe i waenakonu o ka lehelehe luna a ma ka mua o nā puka ihu;
- ma ke alo o ke kino a ma ka umauma, ua like ka lauoho lōʻihi me ka mane, a ʻo ka lauoho lōʻihi i ka ʻāʻī a me ka auwae ua hana he "ʻumiʻumi";
- uhi ʻia ke poʻo a me ka lae o ka holoholona me ka lauoho lauoho.
Hoʻololi ke kala o ka lole ma muli o nā mea kōkua... ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻike ʻia ka bisonowieza bison e kahi kala ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele me kahi hue ocher-brown. I ka bison o nā caucasian subspecies, ʻeleʻele ke kala, brownish-brown, me kahi kālaki kokoleka. ʻIke ʻeleʻele ke kala o ke poʻo ma mua o ke kala o ka ʻahu ma ke kino. ʻEleʻele ka ʻumiʻumi "ʻumiʻumi, a he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ka mane.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻo Bison i ka hoʻolohe a me ke ʻano o ka pilau, akā ʻaʻole hoʻomohala ʻia ka hihiʻo o kahi artiodactyl. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻeleʻele loa ke kala o ka holoholona i ka hoʻoilo, a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa a me ka lōʻihi o ka hulu hipa i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka curly.
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka helehelena ma waena o ka bison ʻEulopa a me ka bison ʻAmelika he mea liʻiliʻi. He puʻu kiʻekiʻe ko Bison, ʻokoʻa kona ʻano, a ʻo kahi huelo a me nā pepeiaohao lōʻihi. ʻO ke poʻo o ka bison kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kiʻekiʻe me ka bison. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kino o ka bison e kahi ʻano huinahā like, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka bison e hoʻomanaʻo hou ana i kahi huinahā lōʻihi elongated, ma muli o ke kua lōʻihi a me nā lālā pōkole.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka lawena
I ka hui ʻana me kekahi kanaka, ʻo nā niho ʻEulopa, ma ke ʻano he rula, e hana me ka mālie a me ka ʻole o ka hakakā. ʻAʻole makaʻu kahi holoholona kīpoki ʻia i ka makaʻu, akā ma lalo o kekahi ʻano a i ʻole no ka pale ʻana iā ia iho, e hoʻāʻo paha ia e hoʻoweliweli i kahi kanaka me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻole ʻana i kāna ala. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hele mai kahi bison kokoke i kahi kanaka me ka hōʻeha ʻole iā ia.
Wahi a nā nānā, mai hoʻāʻo ʻo bison e wāwahi i ka pā a hōʻeha paha i ka poʻe.... ʻO kēia ʻano hana maʻamau no nā lunamaka o nā laha i mālama ʻia i nā hale manu. I ka wā ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe, hana maikaʻi kahi holoholona ʻāhiu kolo hihiu e like me ka hiki, a hoʻāʻo e ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu i nā poʻe e kokoke iā ia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻOiai ke ʻano o ke ʻano maikaʻi a me ka maluhia, koi ʻia e hana akahele loa me ka bison ʻEulopa, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano o kahi holoholona hihiu i nā kūlana kūlohelohe hiki ke ʻike ʻole ʻia.
Ma muli o ka manaʻo kūlohelohe o ka mālama pilikino iā ia iho, ke hui ana i kahi kanaka, makemake ka holoholona e haʻalele. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, mālama ka makua wahine e kiaʻi ana i kāna bipi keiki i kahi pilikia nui i nā kānaka. I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pale aku i ka pēpē e nā ʻano hiki ke loaʻa, hiki i ka wahine ke kīkē i kēlā me kēia e hoʻokokoke mai.
ʻO ke ola a me ka ola lōʻihi
Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Bison i loko o nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi, nona nā 3-20 mau holoholona, kahi ʻāpana nui e hōʻike ʻia e nā wahine a me nā keiki bipi ʻōpio. ʻO ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka pūʻulu mau na ka wahine makua. Makemake nā kāne ʻōpio makua ʻole e noho hoʻokahi wale nō, akā hiki iā lākou ke hui pū me nā holoholona no ke kumu o ka male ʻana. No ka wā hoʻoilo, hiki i kēlā me kēia pā holoholona ke hui pū i nā hui nui.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻokomo maʻalahi nā kāne hoʻokūkū i nā hakakā, kahi e hoʻopau pinepine ai i nā hōʻeha koʻikoʻi.
Kuhi ʻia ka hiʻohiʻona o ka moekolohe e ka wela, ka hau a me ka ʻole o ka ikaika, no laila, i ka heluna kanaka maoli, aia ka wā rutting i ʻAukake-Kepakemapa. ʻO ke ola maʻamau o kahi bison ʻEulopa, ʻoiai ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka hapahā o ke kenekulia.
ʻO ka laulā o ka bison ʻEulopa
I ka mua, ua kaulana ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bison ma nā panalāʻau nui, mai ka Iberian Peninsula a i Siberia Komohana, me ka ʻaoʻao hema o Scandinavia a me ʻEnelani. I kēia manawa ma ka panalāʻau o ʻEulopa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana nui o ka bison ʻEulopa: ʻo ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa ʻo ʻEulopa, ʻo Bialowieza a i ʻole Lituania, a ʻo ka bison Caucasian. I kēia lā ʻike ʻia ia bison ma nā ʻāina he kanakolu, kahi e mālama manuahi ʻia ai lākou a ma nā paddock.
ʻEwalu mau kikowaena ma Belarus e pili ana i ka mālama a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā subpopulation ola manuahi o ka bison ʻEulopa. ʻO nā wahi nui o nā artiodactyls e hōʻike ʻia e nā ākea ākea, nāhelehele deciduous a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau coniferous-deciduous i hui pū ʻia, a me nā wahi e ulu ai nā kahawai me kahi uhi mauʻu ulu maikaʻi o ka ulu ulu.
Meaʻai, he aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka bison
I ka wā kauwela-kauwela, makemake ka bison ʻEulopa e noho i nā wahi i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka nui o nā lau nahele. I ke kauwela i hala o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, nā holoholona ʻāpana ʻia, ma ke ʻano he mālama, e mālama i nā wahi pāpū o ka nahele a me nā ululāʻau alder, kahi i pulu a lepo hoʻi i nā lepo e hāʻawi i ka mālama lōʻihi loa o ka lau nahele ulu ʻole.
I ka hopena o ke kau hoʻoilo, makemake ʻo bison ʻEulopa i nā wahi me ka nui o nā kumu ʻoka. I ka hoʻoilo, noʻonoʻo nā holoholona i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻāpana me ka kokoke i nā wahi hānai paʻa.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mehana o ka pūnāwai, e lūlū ʻia nā māla hānai nui no ka bison, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ke kumu o ka "conveyor ʻōmaʻomaʻo".
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hiki i nā wahine ke oʻo moekolohe i ka ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mau makahiki o ka makahiki, akā ʻo ka pinepine o ka hele ʻana o ka holoholona i ka wā hānau ma 4.5 mau makahiki. Lawe ka bison kāne kāne ʻEulopa i ka rut no ka manawa mua ma kahi o ʻekolu mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki. Hoʻonui lōʻihi ʻia ka wā rutting, akā ma kahi o 70% o nā holoholona i hoʻopili ʻia i komo i loko o ka rut mai nā lā he 10 i hala o Iulai a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻOkakopa.
ʻO Gestation ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 257-272 mau lā, a ʻo nā wahine i ka makahiki 4-14 makahiki momona loa. Ma waena o Mei a me waena o ke kauwela, hānau ʻia hoʻokahi cub, e hānai ana i ka waiū o ka makuahine no hoʻokahi makahiki.
Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā kāne ʻōpio i ka pūʻā makuahine, ua hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia nā bipi holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōpio ʻōpio. Ma hope o ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki, ʻike ʻia ka nāwaliwali o ka spermatogenesis i nā kāne o ka bison ʻEulopa, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka helu a me ka maikaʻi o nā keiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i nā mākua a me nā kāne makua o ka bison ʻEulopa, e like me ia, ua aneane pau loa, akā hiki i nā ʻāhi wolf ke hoʻoweliweli i kekahi poʻe ʻōpio. Wahi a nā helu helu a me nā nānā wā lōʻihi, na ka poʻe ka hewa no ka nalo ʻana o ka bison i ka nāhelehele.
ʻO ka hopena o ka ʻaihue ʻana, ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā wahi noho a me ka pana nui ʻole ʻana o nā holoholona i ka hoʻopau piha ʻana i ka bison i ke ʻano ma 1927. ʻO ka mālama ʻana wale nō i kahi helu o ka bison i nā pāka Zoological a me nā mea nona ponoʻī i hiki ʻole ke nalowale loa i kēia ʻano holoholona i hoʻopili ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻOiai ka mana o ka bison he kumukānāwai ikaika, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o kahi holoholona e māmā a wikiwiki, no laila hiki i ka holoholona kīpoki ke neʻe wikiwiki i kahi ala, e lanakila maʻalahi i nā pā mika ʻelua, a holo ʻeleu me nā pali kūpikipiki.
Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka bison e ke kaʻina hana o ka hānau pono ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i nā kahu hana kūikawā a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻōnaehana o nā holoholona ʻōpio i ke ʻano kūlohelohe.
Noho kūlana, pale holoholona
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kahua mua o ka hana i mālama ʻia ka bison ʻEulopa, no laila ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka luku ʻia o kahi holoholona ʻano manuʻahiwi liʻiliʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana.... Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka IUCN Red List, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano ʻo Vulnerable a i ʻole "VU". I loko o ka Russian Data Data Book, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka bison ʻEulopa ma ke ʻano he holoholona kokoke
I kēia lā, hana ka poʻe zoologist i ka hoʻopakele ʻana o ka heluna bison ʻEulopa, no laila ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona i hoʻopili ʻia o kēia ʻano ma kahi o ʻekolu kaukani mau kānaka. Mālama ʻia kekahi o nā bison ʻEulopa i nā pāka zooological like ʻole, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi helu lawa i nā wahi kūlohelohe i pale ʻia, ʻo ka mea nui ʻo ia ka mālama kūlohelohe ʻo Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
